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e444d9a966
< The proper solution to this will probably the use of a master/slave < replication solution like Sloney and a connection pooling tool like < pgpool. > The proper solution to this will probably the use of a master/slave > replication solution like Sloney and a connection pooling tool like > pgpool. 114,116c114,116 < You can use any of the master/slave replication servers to use a < standby server for data warehousing. To allow read/write queries to < multiple servers, you need multi-master replication like pgcluster. > You can use any of the master/slave replication servers to use a > standby server for data warehousing. To allow read/write queries to > multiple servers, you need multi-master replication like pgcluster. 166,167c166,167 < Currently large objects entries do not have owners. Permissions can < only be set at the pg_largeobject table level. > Currently large objects entries do not have owners. Permissions can > only be set at the pg_largeobject table level. 173c173 < This requires the TOAST column to be stored EXTERNAL. > This requires the TOAST column to be stored EXTERNAL. 359,360c359,360 < One complexity is whether moving a schema should move all existing < schema objects or just define the location for future object creation. > One complexity is whether moving a schema should move all existing > schema objects or just define the location for future object creation. 364,365c364,365 < Currently non-global system tables must be in the default database < schema. Global system tables can never be moved. > Currently non-global system tables must be in the default database > schema. Global system tables can never be moved. 371,375c371,375 < This might require some background daemon to maintain clustering < during periods of low usage. It might also require tables to be only < paritally filled for easier reorganization. Another idea would < be to create a merged heap/index data file so an index lookup would < automatically access the heap data too. > This might require some background daemon to maintain clustering > during periods of low usage. It might also require tables to be only > paritally filled for easier reorganization. Another idea would > be to create a merged heap/index data file so an index lookup would > automatically access the heap data too. 379,380c379,380 < To do this, determine the ideal cluster index for each system < table and set the cluster setting during initdb. > To do this, determine the ideal cluster index for each system > table and set the cluster setting during initdb. 385,386c385,386 < This requires the use of a savepoint before each COPY line is < processed, with ROLLBACK on COPY failure. > This requires the use of a savepoint before each COPY line is > processed, with ROLLBACK on COPY failure. 395,398c395,398 < This requires using the row ctid to map cursor rows back to the < original heap row. This become more complicated if WITH HOLD cursors < are to be supported because WITH HOLD cursors have a copy of the row < and no FOR UPDATE lock. > This requires using the row ctid to map cursor rows back to the > original heap row. This become more complicated if WITH HOLD cursors > are to be supported because WITH HOLD cursors have a copy of the row > and no FOR UPDATE lock. 405,406c405,406 < Because WITH HOLD cursors exist outside transactions, this allows < them to be listed so they can be closed. > Because WITH HOLD cursors exist outside transactions, this allows > them to be listed so they can be closed. 413,415c413,415 < This is useful for returning the auto-generated key for an INSERT. < One complication is how to handle rules that run as part of < the insert. > This is useful for returning the auto-generated key for an INSERT. > One complication is how to handle rules that run as part of > the insert. 422c422 < This is basically the same as SET search_path. > This is basically the same as SET search_path. 426,427c426,427 < This requires a checking function to be called after the server < configuration file is read. > This requires a checking function to be called after the server > configuration file is read. 432c432 < Currently only constants are supported. > Currently only constants are supported. 438,439c438,439 < This requires the cached PL/PgSQL byte code to be invalidated when < an object referenced in the function is changed. > This requires the cached PL/PgSQL byte code to be invalidated when > an object referenced in the function is changed. 512,513c512,513 < Document differences between ecpg and the SQL standard and < information about the Informix-compatibility module. > Document differences between ecpg and the SQL standard and > information about the Informix-compatibility module. |
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|---|---|---|
| .. | ||
| src | ||
| TODO.detail | ||
| bug.template | ||
| FAQ | ||
| FAQ_AIX | ||
| FAQ_brazilian | ||
| FAQ_CYGWIN | ||
| FAQ_czech | ||
| FAQ_DEV | ||
| FAQ_farsi | ||
| FAQ_french | ||
| FAQ_german | ||
| FAQ_HPUX | ||
| FAQ_hungarian | ||
| FAQ_IRIX | ||
| FAQ_japanese | ||
| FAQ_MINGW | ||
| FAQ_polish | ||
| FAQ_QNX4 | ||
| FAQ_russian | ||
| FAQ_SCO | ||
| FAQ_Solaris | ||
| FAQ_turkish | ||
| KNOWN_BUGS | ||
| Makefile | ||
| MISSING_FEATURES | ||
| README.mb.big5 | ||
| README.mb.jp | ||
| TODO | ||
PostgreSQL 7.3 multi-byte (MB) support README 2002/10/21 $B:n@.(B $B@P0fC#IW(B ishii@postgresql.org $B"#$O$8$a$K(B PostgreSQL $B$K$*$1$k%^%k%A%P%$%H%5%]!<%H$O0J2<$N$h$&$JFCD'$r;}$C$F$$$^$9!%(B 1. $B%^%k%A%P%$%HJ8;z$H$7$F!$F|K\8l!$Cf9q8l$J$I$N3F9q$N(B EUC$B!$(BUnicode$B!$(B mule internal code, ISO-8859-* $B$,%G!<%?%Y!<%9:n@.;~$KA*Br2DG=!%(B $B%G!<%?%Y!<%9$K$O$3$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$N$^$^3JG<$5$l$^$9!%(B 2. $B%F!<%V%kL>$K%^%k%A%P%$%HJ8;z$,;HMQ2DG=(B 3. $B%+%i%`L>$K%^%k%A%P%$%HJ8;z$,;HMQ2DG=(B 4. $B%G!<%?$=$N$b$N$K$b%^%k%A%P%$%HJ8;z$,;HMQ2DG=(B 5. $B%^%k%A%P%$%HJ8;z$N@55,I=8=8!:w$,;HMQ2DG=(B 6. $B%^%k%A%P%$%HJ8;z$N(B LIKE $B8!:w$,;HMQ2DG=(B 7. character_length(), position(), substring() $B$J$I$NJ8;zNs4X?t$G(B $B$N%^%k%A%P%$%H%5%]!<%H(B 8. $B%U%m%s%H%(%s%IB&$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$,%P%C%/%(%s%IB&$H0[$k>l9g$K!$(B $B<+F0E*$K%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0JQ49$r9T$J$$$^$9!%(B 9. $B%f!<%6Dj5A$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0JQ49$r:n@.2DG=!%(B $B%^%k%A%P%$%H%5%]!<%H$,07$&$3$H$N$G$-$k%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$O0J2<$K$J$j$^(B $B$9!%(B SQL_ASCII ASCII EUC_JP $BF|K\8l(B EUC EUC_CN GB $B$r%Y!<%9$K$7$?CfJ8(BEUC$B!%(Bcode set 2 $B$O(B SS2+2$B%P%$%H%3!<%I(B = 3$B%P%$%HI=8=$G$9!%(B EUC_KR $B4Z9q8l(B EUC$B!%(B JOHAB $B%O%s%0%k%Y!<%9$N4Z9q8l(BEUC. EUC_TW $BBfOQ$N(B EUC$B!%(Bcode set 2 $B$O(B SS2+$BLLHV9f(B+2$B%P%$%H%3!<%I(B = 4$B%P%$%HI=8=$G$9!%(B UNICODE UTF-8$B!%$?$@$7%5%]!<%H$9$k$N$O(B UCS-2 $B$NHO0O!$(B $B$9$J$o$A(B 0xffff $B$^$G$G$9!%(B MULE_INTERNAL mule $B$NFbIt%3!<%I!%$?$@$7!$(BType N $B$NITDjD9J8;z$O(B $B%5%]!<%H$7$F$$$^$;$s!%(B LATIN1 $B$+$i(B LATIN10$B$^$G(B ISO_8859_1 $B$+$i(B 16$B$^$G(B $B%-%j%kJ8;z(B KOI8(KOI8-R), WIN(CP1251), ALT(CP866)$B$r%5%]!<%H(B $B$7$F$$$^$9!%$b$A$m$s(B ISO 8859-5 $B$b;HMQ2DG=$G$9!%(B $B$3$N>l9g!$(B"LATIN5" $B$H$7$F;XDj$7$F2<$5$$!%(B WIN1256 $B%"%i%V=t9q8l(BWindows$BMQ%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0(B. TCVN $B%Y%H%J%`8l(B."ABC"$B$d(B"VSCII"$B$b;HMQ2DG=(B. WIN874 $B%?%$8l(B. $B%U%m%s%H%(%s%IB&$G$O$5$i$K0J2<$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$,;HMQ$G$-$^$9!%(B SJIS $B%7%U%H(BJIS(MS932$B$H$[$\8_49(B) BIG5 $BBfOQ$d9a9A$G;HMQ$5$l$F$$$kCf9q8l!%(BEUC_TW$B$H8_49(B $B@-$,$"$j$^$9!%(B GBK Windows-936 UHC Windows-949 WIN1250 Windows-1250 GB18030 GB18030 $B"#F|K\8l$r;HMQ$9$k$3$H$N$G$-$k%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0(B $BA*Br$NL\0B$H$7$F$O!$1Q8l$HF|K\8l$7$+;H$o$J$$>l9g$O(B EUC_JP($BF1MM$K!$Cf(B $B9q8l$7$+;H$o$J$$>l9g$O(B EUC_CN... $B$J$I$H$J$j$^$9(B)$B!$$=$NB>$N8@8l$b;H$$$?(B $B$$>l9g$O(B UNICODE $B$b$7$/$O(B MULE_INTERNAL $B$H$J$k$G$7$g$&!%(B $BCm0U!'(BMULE_INTERNAL $B$rA*$V$H!$$?$/$5$s$NJ8;z=89g$KBP1~$G$-$FJXMx$G$9(B $B$,!$@55,I=8=$GJ#?t$NJ8;z=89g$K$^$?$,$k$h$&$JHO0O;XDj(B($B$?$H$($P!$(B[a-$BHO(B] $B$H$+!$(B[abc$BHO0O(B]$B$N$h$&$J(B)$B$O;H$($^$;$s!%J#?t$NHO0O;XDj$G0[$J$kJ8;z=89g(B $B$r;H$&$N$O9=$$$^$;$s(B($B$?$H$($P(B [abc][$BHO(B-$B0O(B])$B!%$^$?!$(B[^a] $B$N$h$&$JI=8=(B $B$O!$(B"a" $B$NB0$9$kJ8;z=89g(B($B$3$N>l9g!$(BUS-ASCII)$B$K$*$$$F(B "a" $B0J30$G$"$k(B $B$3$H$rI=$7$^$9!%7h$7$F4A;z$dJ?2>L>$J$I(B "a" $B0J30$r$9$Y$FI=$9$o$1$G$O(B $B$J$$$3$H$KCm0U$7$F2<$5$$!%(B $B"#%$%s%9%H!<%k(B PostgreSQL 7.3$B$+$i$O(Bconfigure$B$N%*%W%7%g%s;XDj$NM-L5$K4X$o$i$:!$%^%k(B $B%A%P%$%H%5%]!<%H$,M-8z$K$J$C$F$$$^$9$N$G!$FC$K(Bconifgure$B;~$K%^%k%A%P(B $B%$%HMQ$NFCJL$J%*%W%7%g%s$r;XDj$9$kI,MW$O$"$j$^$;$s!%(B $B"#(Binitdb/createdb/create database $B$K$*$1$k%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$N;XDj$K$D$$$F(B initdb $B$G$O0J2<$N%*%W%7%g%s$G%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$,;XDj$G$-$^$9!%(B -E $B%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0(B --encoding=$B%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0(B $B$3$3$G;XDj$7$?%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$O!$0J8e(B createdb/create database $B$G%((B $B%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$r>JN,$7$?>l9g$K@_Dj$5$l$k%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$K$J$j$^$9!%(B -E $B$^$?$O(B --encoding $B%*%W%7%g%s$r>JN,$7$?>l9g$O!$%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$H(B $B$7$F(BSQL_ASCII$B$,:NMQ$5$l$F$7$^$&$N$G!$F|K\8l$r%G%U%)%k%H$G;HMQ$9$k>l(B $B9g$O!$(B -E EUC_JP $B$"$k$$$O(B --encoding=EUC_JP $B$H$7$FI,$:L@<(E*$K%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$r;XDj$7$F$/$@$5$$!%(B $B$J$*!$(BPostgreSQL 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$B$9$k$+$i$G$9!%(B $B%G!<%?%Y!<%9$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$O!$(Bpsql -l$B!$(Bpsql $B$N(B \l $B$G;2>H$G$-$^$9!%(B $ psql -l List of databases Database | Owner | Encoding ---------------+---------+--------------- euc_cn | t-ishii | EUC_CN euc_jp | t-ishii | EUC_JP euc_kr | t-ishii | EUC_KR euc_tw | t-ishii | EUC_TW mule_internal | t-ishii | MULE_INTERNAL regression | t-ishii | SQL_ASCII template1 | t-ishii | EUC_JP test | t-ishii | EUC_JP unicode | t-ishii | UNICODE (9 rows) $B"#J8;z7?$N%G!<%?7?$K$D$$$F(B 7.2$B$G$O!$(BCHAR(n)$B$H(BVARCHAR(n)$B$N(B n $B$OJ8;z?t$r0UL#$7$^$9!%(Bn $B$,%P%$%H?t$r(B $B0UL#$9$k(B 7.1 $B0JA0$H$O0[$J$j$^$9$N$G$4Cm0U2<$5$$!%(B $BNc$r<($7$^$9!%(B 7.2$B$G$O!$(BCHAR(1)$B$K(B"$B$"(B"$B$r3JG<$G$-$^$9$,!$(B7.1$B0JA0$G$O3JG<$G$-$^$;$s$3(B $B$l$O!$(B"$B$"(B"$B$r3JG<$9$k$?$a$K>/$J$/$H$b(B2$B%P%$%H0J>e$rMW$9$k$+$i$G$9!%(B $B5U$K!$(B"a" $B$O(B1$B%P%$%H$7$+>CHq$7$J$$$?$a!$(B7.1$B$G$b(B CHAR(1) $B$K3JG<$G$-$^(B $B$9!%(B 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LATIN5, WIN, ALT, UNICODE LATIN6,7,8,9,10 LATIN6,7,8,9,10, UNICODE ISO_8859_5,6,7,8 ISO_8859_5,6,7,8, UNICODE WIN1256 WIN1256, UNICODE TCVN TCVN, UNICODE WIN874 WIN874, UNICODE MULE_INTERNAL EUC_JP, SJIS, EUC_KR, EUC_CN, EUC_TW, BIG5, LATIN1$B$+$i(B5, WIN, ALT, WIN1250 UNICODE EUC_JP, SJIS, EUC_KR, UHC, EUC_CN, GBK, EUC_TW, BIG5, LATIN1$B$+$i(B10, ISO_8859_5$B$+$i(B8, WIN, ALT, WIN1250, WIN1256, TCVN, WIN874, JOHAB ---------------------------------------------------------------- $B%P%C%/%(%s%I$H%U%m%s%H%(%s%I$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$,0[$J$k>l9g!$$=$N$3$H(B $B$r%P%C%/%(%s%I$KEA$($kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!%$=$N$?$a$NJ}K!$,$$$/$D$+$"$j$^(B $B$9!%(B o psql $B$N(B \encoding $B%3%^%s%I$r;H$&J}K!(B psql$B$G$O!$(B\encoding$B%3%^%s%I$r;H$C$FF0E*$K%U%m%s%H%(%s%IB&$NJ8;z%3!<(B $B%I$r@ZBX$($k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%Nc(B: \encoding SJIS o libpq $B$N4X?t(B PQsetClientEncoding $B$r;H$&J}K!(B 7.0 $B$+$i?7$7$$(B libpq $B4X?t(B PQsetClientEncoding $B$,DI2C$5$l$F$$$^$9!%(B PQsetClientEncoding(PGconn *conn, const char *encoding) $B$3$N4X?t$r;H$($P!$%3%M%/%7%g%sKh$K%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$r@ZBX$($k$3$H$,$G(B $B$-$^$9!%8=:_$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$NLd$$9g$o$;$O(B int PQclientEncoding(const PGconn *conn) $B$G$9!%(B o postgresql.conf $B$G@_Dj$9$kJ}K!(B $B%U%m%s%H%(%s%I$N%G%U%)%k%H%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$r;XDj$9$k$K$O!$(B postgresql.conf $B$N(B client_encoding $B$r;XDj$7$^$9!%;XDjNc(B: client_encoding = SJIS o $B4D6-JQ?t(B PGCLIENTENCODING $B$r;H$&J}K!(B (1) postmaster $B5/F0;~$K4D6-JQ?t$r@_Dj$9$kJ}K!(B $B4D6-JQ?t(B PGCLIENTENCODING $B$r@_Dj$9$k$3$H$K$h$j!$(B postgresql.conf $B$G(B $B%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$r;XDj$9$k$N$HF1$88z2L$,F@$i$l$^$9!%$?$@$7!$$3$l$ONr(B $B;KE*7P0^$+$i;D$5$l$F$$$k5!G=$G!$:#8e$O$3$N5!G=$rMxMQ$7$J$$$3$H$r$*$9(B $B$9$a$7$^$9!%@_DjNc(B: export PGCLIENTENCODING=SJIS postmaster -S (2) $B%/%i%$%"%s%H!$%U%m%s%H%(%s%IKh$K%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$r@_Dj$7$?$$>l9g(B $B$=$N%U%m%s%H%(%s%I(B($B$?$H$($P(B psql)$B$r5/F0$9$kA0$K4D6-JQ?t(B PGCLIENTENCODING $B$r@_Dj$7$^$9!%(B o set client_encoding $B%3%^%s%I$r;H$&J}K!(B SET CLIENT_ENCODING SQL$B%3%^%s%I$r;H$C$FF0E*$K%U%m%s%H%(%s%I$N%(%s%3!<(B $B%G%#%s%0$rJQ99$G$-$^$9!%Nc(B: SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO SJIS; $B"#8=:_@_Dj$5$l$F$$$k%U%m%s%H%(%s%IB&$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$rD4$Y$k(B $B8=:_@_Dj$5$l$F$$$k%U%m%s%H%(%s%IB&$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$O(B show client_encoding; $B$G;2>H$G$-$^$9(B($B>.J8;z$GI=<($5$l$^$9(B)$B!%(B $B"#%G%U%)%k%H$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$X$NI|5"(B SQL$B%3%^%s%I(B: RESET CLIENT_ENCODING; $B$O!$%G%U%)%k%H$N%U%m%s%H%(%s%I%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0@_Dj$KI|5"$5$;$^$9!%(B postmaster$B$rN)$A>e$2$k$H$-$K(B postgresql.conf $B$N(B client_encoding $B$d4D(B $B6-JQ?t(B PGCLIENTENCODING $B$,@_Dj$5$l$F$$$k$H$=$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$K!$$=(B $B$&$G$J$1$l$P%G!<%?%Y!<%9$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0$HF1$8$K$J$j$^$9!%(B $B"#L@<(E*$J%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0JQ49(B 7.2$B$G$O!$(Bconvert$B$H$$$&4X?t$r;H$$!$L@<(E*$J%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0JQ49$,$G$-(B $B$^$9!%(B convert(string text, [src_encoding name,] dest_encoding name) $B$3$3$G(Bsrc_encoding$B$O(Btext$B$N%(%s%3!<%G%#%s%0L>$G$9!%>JN,$9$k$H!$%G!<%?(B 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8859-10.TXT ISO 8859-13 8859-13.TXT ISO 8859-14 8859-14.TXT ISO 8859-15 8859-15.TXT ISO 8859-16 8859-16.TXT EUC_JP JIS0201.TXT, JIS0208.TXT, JIS0212.TXT, CP932.TXT, sjis.map SJIS CP932.TXT EUC_CN GB2312.TXT GBK CP936.TXT EUC_KR KSX1001.TXT UHC CP949.TXT JOHAB JOHAB.TXT EUC_TW CNS11643.TXT Big5 BIG5.TXT WIN1256 CP1256.TXT TCVN CP1258.TXT WIN874 CP874.TXT ============================================================ $B<U<-!'(B o $BFA2H(B@$B;06(1?M"%5!<%S%9$5$s$+$i!$(BCP932.TXT$B$h$j@8@.$7$?(BSJIS$BMQ$NJQ49%F!<(B $B%V%k$rDs6!$7$F$$$?$@$-$^$7$?!%$3$l$K$h$j!$(BIBM $B3HD%J8;zNN0h(B (SJIS 115$B!A(B120 $B6h(B), NEC $BA*Dj(B IBM $B3HD%J8;zNN0h(B (SJIS 89$B!A(B92 $B6h(B)$B$KBP1~$9$k(B $B$3$H$,$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$j$^$7$?!%(B $B;29M(B1$B!'(B Pavel Behal$B;a$K$h$jDs6!$5$l$?(BWIN1250$B%5%]!<%H$G$9$,!$(BWindows$B4D6-$G$N(B $BMxMQ$N;EJ}$K$D$$$F;29M$K$J$k%I%-%e%a%s%H$,IUB0$7$F$$$k$N$G!$$3$3$KE:(B $BIU$7$F$*$-$^$9!%(B ------------------------------------------------------------------- Version: 0.91 for PgSQL 6.5 Author: Pavel Behal Revised by: Tatsuo Ishii Email: behal@opf.slu.cz Licence: The Same as PostgreSQL Sorry for my Eglish and C code, I'm not native :-) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! NO WARRANTY !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Instalation: ------------ 1) Change three affected files in source directories (I don't have time to create proper patch diffs, I don't know how) [PostgreSQL 6.5.1$B$G$O$3$N%9%F%C%W$OI,MW$"$j$^$;$s!%(B-- $B@P0f(B] 2) Compile with enabled locale and multibyte set to LATIN2 3) Setup properly your instalation, do not forget to create locale variables in your profile (environment). Ex. (may not be exactly true): LC_ALL=cs_CZ.ISO8859-2 LC_COLLATE=cs_CZ.ISO8859-2 LC_CTYPE=cs_CZ.ISO8859-2 LC_MONETARY=cs_CZ.ISO8859-2 LC_NUMERIC=cs_CZ.ISO8859-2 LC_TIME=cs_CZ.ISO8859-2 4) You have to start the postmaster with locales set! 5) Try it with Czech language, it have to sort 5) Install ODBC driver for PgSQL into your M$ Windows 6) Setup properly your data source. Include this line in your ODBC configuration dialog in field "Connect Settings:" : SET CLIENT_ENCODING = 'WIN1250'; 7) Now try it again, but in Windows with ODBC. Description: ------------ - Depends on proper system locales, tested with RH6.0 and Slackware 3.6, with cs_CZ.iso8859-2 loacle - Never try to set-up server multibyte database encoding to WIN1250, always use LATIN2 instead. There is not WIN1250 locale in Unix - WIN1250 encoding is useable only for M$W ODBC clients. The characters are on thy fly re-coded, to be displayed and stored back properly Important: ---------- - it reorders your sort order depending on your LC_... setting, so don't be confused with regression tests, they don't use locale - "ch" is corectly sorted only in some newer locales (Ex. RH6.0) - you have to insert money as '162,50' (with comma in aphostrophes!) - not tested properly ------------------------------------------------------------------- $B;29M(B2$B!'(BSJIS$B%f!<%6Dj5AJ8;z(B (UDC) $B$r$I$&07$&$+$H8@$&$3$H$K$D$$$FCf>r$5$s(B (nak@email.com)$B$+$i$$$?$@$$$?LdBjDs5/$H2r@b$G$9!%(B -------------------------- $B0zMQ3+;O(B ---------------------------------- --- 1. 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