postgresql/contrib/pgbench/pgbench.c

/*
 * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/contrib/pgbench/pgbench.c,v 1.32 2004/08/29 05:06:36 momjian Exp $
 *
 * pgbench: a simple TPC-B like benchmark program for PostgreSQL
 * written by Tatsuo Ishii
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2004	Tatsuo Ishii
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
 * its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
 * granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
 * copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission
 * notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of the
 * author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
 * distribution of the software without specific, written prior
 * permission. The author makes no representations about the
 * suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as
 * is" without express or implied warranty.
 */
#include "postgres_fe.h"

#include "libpq-fe.h"

#include <errno.h>

#ifdef WIN32
#include "win32.h"
#else
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_H
#include <getopt.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
#include <sys/select.h>
#endif

/* for getrlimit */
#include <sys/resource.h>
#endif   /* ! WIN32 */

extern char *optarg;
extern int	optind;


/********************************************************************
 * some configurable parameters */

#define MAXCLIENTS 1024			/* max number of clients allowed */

int			nclients = 1;		/* default number of simulated clients */
int			nxacts = 10;		/* default number of transactions per
								 * clients */

/*
 * scaling factor. for example, tps = 10 will make 1000000 tuples of
 * accounts table.
 */
int			tps = 1;

/*
 * end of configurable parameters
 *********************************************************************/

#define nbranches	1
#define ntellers	10
#define naccounts	100000

FILE	   *LOGFILE = NULL;

bool		use_log;			/* log transaction latencies to a file */

int			remains;			/* number of remaining clients */

int			is_connect;			/* establish connection  for each
								 * transaction */

char	   *pghost = "";
char	   *pgport = NULL;
char	   *pgoptions = NULL;
char	   *pgtty = NULL;
char	   *login = NULL;
char	   *pwd = NULL;
char	   *dbName;

typedef struct
{
	PGconn	   *con;			/* connection handle to DB */
	int			id;				/* client No. */
	int			state;			/* state No. */
	int			cnt;			/* xacts count */
	int			ecnt;			/* error count */
	int			listen;			/* 0 indicates that an async query has
								 * been sent */
	int			aid;			/* account id for this transaction */
	int			bid;			/* branch id for this transaction */
	int			tid;			/* teller id for this transaction */
	int			delta;
	int			abalance;
	struct timeval txn_begin;	/* used for measuring latencies */
}	CState;

static void
usage()
{
	fprintf(stderr, "usage: pgbench [-h hostname][-p port][-c nclients][-t ntransactions][-s scaling_factor][-n][-C][-v][-S][-N][-l][-U login][-P password][-d][dbname]\n");
	fprintf(stderr, "(initialize mode): pgbench -i [-h hostname][-p port][-s scaling_factor][-U login][-P password][-d][dbname]\n");
}

/* random number generator */
static int
getrand(int min, int max)
{
	return (min + (int) (max * 1.0 * rand() / (RAND_MAX + 1.0)));
}

/* set up a connection to the backend */
static PGconn *
doConnect()
{
	PGconn	   *con;
	PGresult   *res;

	con = PQsetdbLogin(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName,
					   login, pwd);
	if (con == NULL)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName);
		fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocatin problem?\n");
		return (NULL);
	}

	if (PQstatus(con) == CONNECTION_BAD)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName);

		if (PQerrorMessage(con))
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		else
			fprintf(stderr, "No explanation from the backend\n");

		return (NULL);
	}

	res = PQexec(con, "SET search_path = public");
	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		exit(1);
	}
	PQclear(res);

	return (con);
}

/* throw away response from backend */
static void
discard_response(CState * state)
{
	PGresult   *res;

	do
	{
		res = PQgetResult(state->con);
		if (res)
			PQclear(res);
	} while (res);
}

/* check to see if the SQL result was good */
static int
check(CState * state, PGresult *res, int n, int good)
{
	CState	   *st = &state[n];

	if (res && PQresultStatus(res) != good)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in state %d: %s", n, st->state, PQerrorMessage(st->con));
		remains--;				/* I've aborted */
		PQfinish(st->con);
		st->con = NULL;
		return (-1);
	}
	return (0);					/* OK */
}

/* process a transaction */
static void
doOne(CState * state, int n, int debug, int ttype)
{
	char		sql[256];
	PGresult   *res;
	CState	   *st = &state[n];

	if (st->listen)
	{							/* are we receiver? */
		if (debug)
			fprintf(stderr, "client %d receiving\n", n);
		if (!PQconsumeInput(st->con))
		{						/* there's something wrong */
			fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in state %d. Probably the backend died while processing.\n", n, st->state);
			remains--;			/* I've aborted */
			PQfinish(st->con);
			st->con = NULL;
			return;
		}
		if (PQisBusy(st->con))
			return;				/* don't have the whole result yet */

		switch (st->state)
		{
			case 0:				/* response to "begin" */
				res = PQgetResult(st->con);
				if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
					return;
				PQclear(res);
				discard_response(st);
				break;
			case 1:				/* response to "update accounts..." */
				res = PQgetResult(st->con);
				if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
					return;
				PQclear(res);
				discard_response(st);
				break;
			case 2:				/* response to "select abalance ..." */
				res = PQgetResult(st->con);
				if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_TUPLES_OK))
					return;
				PQclear(res);
				discard_response(st);
				break;
			case 3:				/* response to "update tellers ..." */
				res = PQgetResult(st->con);
				if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
					return;
				PQclear(res);
				discard_response(st);
				break;
			case 4:				/* response to "update branches ..." */
				res = PQgetResult(st->con);
				if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
					return;
				PQclear(res);
				discard_response(st);
				break;
			case 5:				/* response to "insert into history ..." */
				res = PQgetResult(st->con);
				if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
					return;
				PQclear(res);
				discard_response(st);
				break;
			case 6:				/* response to "end" */

				/*
				 * transaction finished: record the time it took in the
				 * log
				 */
				if (use_log)
				{
					double		diff;
					struct timeval now;

					gettimeofday(&now, 0);
					diff = (int) (now.tv_sec - st->txn_begin.tv_sec) * 1000000.0 +
						(int) (now.tv_usec - st->txn_begin.tv_usec);

					fprintf(LOGFILE, "%d %d %.0f\n", st->id, st->cnt, diff);
				}

				res = PQgetResult(st->con);
				if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
					return;
				PQclear(res);
				discard_response(st);

				if (is_connect)
				{
					PQfinish(st->con);
					st->con = NULL;
				}

				if (++st->cnt >= nxacts)
				{
					remains--;	/* I'm done */
					if (st->con != NULL)
					{
						PQfinish(st->con);
						st->con = NULL;
					}
					return;
				}
				break;
		}

		/* increment state counter */
		st->state++;
		if (st->state > 6)
			st->state = 0;
	}

	if (st->con == NULL)
	{
		if ((st->con = doConnect()) == NULL)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in establishing connection.\n",
					n);
			remains--;			/* I've aborted */
			PQfinish(st->con);
			st->con = NULL;
			return;
		}
	}

	switch (st->state)
	{
		case 0:			/* about to start */
			strcpy(sql, "begin");
			st->aid = getrand(1, naccounts * tps);
			st->bid = getrand(1, nbranches * tps);
			st->tid = getrand(1, ntellers * tps);
			st->delta = getrand(1, 1000);
			if (use_log)
				gettimeofday(&(st->txn_begin), 0);
			break;
		case 1:
			snprintf(sql, 256, "update accounts set abalance = abalance + %d where aid = %d\n", st->delta, st->aid);
			break;
		case 2:
			snprintf(sql, 256, "select abalance from accounts where aid = %d", st->aid);
			break;
		case 3:
			if (ttype == 0)
			{
				snprintf(sql, 256, "update tellers set tbalance = tbalance + %d where tid = %d\n",
						 st->delta, st->tid);
				break;
			}
		case 4:
			if (ttype == 0)
			{
				snprintf(sql, 256, "update branches set bbalance = bbalance + %d where bid = %d", st->delta, st->bid);
				break;
			}
		case 5:
			snprintf(sql, 256, "insert into history(tid,bid,aid,delta,mtime) values(%d,%d,%d,%d,'now')",
					 st->tid, st->bid, st->aid, st->delta);
			break;
		case 6:
			strcpy(sql, "end");
			break;
	}

	if (debug)
		fprintf(stderr, "client %d sending %s\n", n, sql);
	if (PQsendQuery(st->con, sql) == 0)
	{
		if (debug)
			fprintf(stderr, "PQsendQuery(%s)failed\n", sql);
		st->ecnt++;
	}
	else
	{
		st->listen++;			/* flags that should be listened */
	}
}

/* process a select only transaction */
static void
doSelectOnly(CState * state, int n, int debug)
{
	char		sql[256];
	PGresult   *res;
	CState	   *st = &state[n];

	if (st->listen)
	{							/* are we receiver? */
		if (debug)
			fprintf(stderr, "client %d receiving\n", n);
		if (!PQconsumeInput(st->con))
		{						/* there's something wrong */
			fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in state %d. Probably the backend died while processing.\n", n, st->state);
			remains--;			/* I've aborted */
			PQfinish(st->con);
			st->con = NULL;
			return;
		}
		if (PQisBusy(st->con))
			return;				/* don't have the whole result yet */

		switch (st->state)
		{
			case 0:				/* response to "select abalance ..." */
				res = PQgetResult(st->con);
				if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_TUPLES_OK))
					return;
				PQclear(res);
				discard_response(st);

				if (is_connect)
				{
					PQfinish(st->con);
					st->con = NULL;
				}

				if (++st->cnt >= nxacts)
				{
					remains--;	/* I've done */
					if (st->con != NULL)
					{
						PQfinish(st->con);
						st->con = NULL;
					}
					return;
				}
				break;
		}

		/* increment state counter */
		st->state++;
		if (st->state > 0)
			st->state = 0;
	}

	if (st->con == NULL)
	{
		if ((st->con = doConnect()) == NULL)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in establishing connection.\n",
					n);
			remains--;			/* I've aborted */
			PQfinish(st->con);
			st->con = NULL;
			return;
		}
	}

	switch (st->state)
	{
		case 0:
			st->aid = getrand(1, naccounts * tps);
			snprintf(sql, 256, "select abalance from accounts where aid = %d", st->aid);
			break;
	}

	if (debug)
		fprintf(stderr, "client %d sending %s\n", n, sql);

	if (PQsendQuery(st->con, sql) == 0)
	{
		if (debug)
			fprintf(stderr, "PQsendQuery(%s)failed\n", sql);
		st->ecnt++;
	}
	else
	{
		st->listen++;			/* flags that should be listened */
	}
}

/* discard connections */
static void
disconnect_all(CState * state)
{
	int			i;

	for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
	{
		if (state[i].con)
			PQfinish(state[i].con);
	}
}

/* create tables and setup data */
static void
init(void)
{
	PGconn	   *con;
	PGresult   *res;
	static char *DDLs[] = {
		"drop table branches",
		"create table branches(bid int not null,bbalance int,filler char(88))",
		"drop table tellers",
		"create table tellers(tid int not null,bid int,tbalance int,filler char(84))",
		"drop table accounts",
		"create table accounts(aid int not null,bid int,abalance int,filler char(84))",
		"drop table history",
	"create table history(tid int,bid int,aid int,delta int,mtime timestamp,filler char(22))"};
	static char *DDLAFTERs[] = {
		"alter table branches add primary key (bid)",
		"alter table tellers add primary key (tid)",
	"alter table accounts add primary key (aid)"};


	char		sql[256];

	int			i;

	if ((con = doConnect()) == NULL)
		exit(1);

	for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(DDLs) / sizeof(char *)); i++)
	{
		res = PQexec(con, DDLs[i]);
		if (strncmp(DDLs[i], "drop", 4) && PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
			exit(1);
		}
		PQclear(res);
	}

	res = PQexec(con, "begin");
	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		exit(1);
	}
	PQclear(res);

	for (i = 0; i < nbranches * tps; i++)
	{
		snprintf(sql, 256, "insert into branches(bid,bbalance) values(%d,0)", i + 1);
		res = PQexec(con, sql);
		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
			exit(1);
		}
		PQclear(res);
	}

	for (i = 0; i < ntellers * tps; i++)
	{
		snprintf(sql, 256, "insert into tellers(tid,bid,tbalance) values (%d,%d,0)"
				 ,i + 1, i / ntellers + 1);
		res = PQexec(con, sql);
		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
			exit(1);
		}
		PQclear(res);
	}

	res = PQexec(con, "end");
	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		exit(1);
	}
	PQclear(res);

	/*
	 * occupy accounts table with some data
	 */
	fprintf(stderr, "creating tables...\n");
	for (i = 0; i < naccounts * tps; i++)
	{
		int			j = i + 1;

		if (j % 10000 == 1)
		{
			res = PQexec(con, "copy accounts from stdin");
			if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COPY_IN)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
				exit(1);
			}
			PQclear(res);
		}

		snprintf(sql, 256, "%d\t%d\t%d\t\n", j, i / naccounts + 1, 0);
		if (PQputline(con, sql))
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "PQputline failed\n");
			exit(1);
		}

		if (j % 10000 == 0)
		{
			/*
			 * every 10000 tuples, we commit the copy command. this should
			 * avoid generating too much WAL logs
			 */
			fprintf(stderr, "%d tuples done.\n", j);
			if (PQputline(con, "\\.\n"))
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "very last PQputline failed\n");
				exit(1);
			}

			if (PQendcopy(con))
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "PQendcopy failed\n");
				exit(1);
			}

#ifdef NOT_USED

			/*
			 * do a checkpoint to purge the old WAL logs
			 */
			res = PQexec(con, "checkpoint");
			if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
				exit(1);
			}
			PQclear(res);
#endif   /* NOT_USED */
		}
	}
	fprintf(stderr, "set primary key...\n");
	for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(DDLAFTERs) / sizeof(char *)); i++)
	{
		res = PQexec(con, DDLAFTERs[i]);
		if (strncmp(DDLs[i], "drop", 4) && PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
			exit(1);
		}
		PQclear(res);
	}

	/* vacuum */
	fprintf(stderr, "vacuum...");
	res = PQexec(con, "vacuum analyze");
	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		exit(1);
	}
	PQclear(res);
	fprintf(stderr, "done.\n");

	PQfinish(con);
}

/* print out results */
static void
printResults(
			 int ttype, CState * state,
			 struct timeval * tv1, struct timeval * tv2,
			 struct timeval * tv3)
{
	double		t1,
				t2;
	int			i;
	int			normal_xacts = 0;
	char	   *s;

	for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
		normal_xacts += state[i].cnt;

	t1 = (tv3->tv_sec - tv1->tv_sec) * 1000000.0 + (tv3->tv_usec - tv1->tv_usec);
	t1 = normal_xacts * 1000000.0 / t1;

	t2 = (tv3->tv_sec - tv2->tv_sec) * 1000000.0 + (tv3->tv_usec - tv2->tv_usec);
	t2 = normal_xacts * 1000000.0 / t2;

	if (ttype == 0)
		s = "TPC-B (sort of)";
	else if (ttype == 2)
		s = "Update only accounts";
	else
		s = "SELECT only";

	printf("transaction type: %s\n", s);
	printf("scaling factor: %d\n", tps);
	printf("number of clients: %d\n", nclients);
	printf("number of transactions per client: %d\n", nxacts);
	printf("number of transactions actually processed: %d/%d\n", normal_xacts, nxacts * nclients);
	printf("tps = %f (including connections establishing)\n", t1);
	printf("tps = %f (excluding connections establishing)\n", t2);
}


int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	int			c;
	int			is_init_mode = 0;		/* initialize mode? */
	int			is_no_vacuum = 0;		/* no vacuum at all before
										 * testing? */
	int			is_full_vacuum = 0;		/* do full vacuum before testing? */
	int			debug = 0;		/* debug flag */
	int			ttype = 0;		/* transaction type. 0: TPC-B, 1: SELECT
								 * only, 2: skip update of branches and
								 * tellers */

	static CState *state;		/* status of clients */

	struct timeval tv1;			/* start up time */
	struct timeval tv2;			/* after establishing all connections to
								 * the backend */
	struct timeval tv3;			/* end time */

	int			i;

	fd_set		input_mask;
	int			nsocks;			/* return from select(2) */
	int			maxsock;		/* max socket number to be waited */

#ifndef __CYGWIN__
	struct rlimit rlim;
#endif

	PGconn	   *con;
	PGresult   *res;
	char	   *env;

	if ((env = getenv("PGHOST")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
		pghost = env;
	if ((env = getenv("PGPORT")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
		pgport = env;
	else if ((env = getenv("PGUSER")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
		login = env;

	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ih:nvp:dc:t:s:U:P:CNSl")) != -1)
	{
		switch (c)
		{
			case 'i':
				is_init_mode++;
				break;
			case 'h':
				pghost = optarg;
				break;
			case 'n':
				is_no_vacuum++;
				break;
			case 'v':
				is_full_vacuum++;
				break;
			case 'p':
				pgport = optarg;
				break;
			case 'd':
				debug++;
				break;
			case 'S':
				ttype = 1;
				break;
			case 'N':
				ttype = 2;
				break;
			case 'c':
				nclients = atoi(optarg);
				if (nclients <= 0 || nclients > MAXCLIENTS)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "invalid number of clients: %d\n", nclients);
					exit(1);
				}
#ifndef __CYGWIN__
#ifdef RLIMIT_NOFILE			/* most platform uses RLIMIT_NOFILE */
				if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim) == -1)
				{
#else							/* but BSD doesn't ... */
				if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_OFILE, &rlim) == -1)
				{
#endif   /* HAVE_RLIMIT_NOFILE */
					fprintf(stderr, "getrlimit failed. reason: %s\n", strerror(errno));
					exit(1);
				}
				if (rlim.rlim_cur <= (nclients + 2))
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "You need at least %d open files resource but you are only allowed to use %ld.\n", nclients + 2, (long) rlim.rlim_cur);
					fprintf(stderr, "Use limit/ulimt to increase the limit before using pgbench.\n");
					exit(1);
				}
#endif   /* #ifndef __CYGWIN__ */
				break;
			case 'C':
				is_connect = 1;
				break;
			case 's':
				tps = atoi(optarg);
				if (tps <= 0)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "invalid scaling factor: %d\n", tps);
					exit(1);
				}
				break;
			case 't':
				nxacts = atoi(optarg);
				if (nxacts <= 0)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "invalid number of transactions: %d\n", nxacts);
					exit(1);
				}
				break;
			case 'U':
				login = optarg;
				break;
			case 'P':
				pwd = optarg;
				break;
			case 'l':
				use_log = true;
				break;
			default:
				usage();
				exit(1);
				break;
		}
	}

	if (argc > optind)
		dbName = argv[optind];
	else
	{
		if ((env = getenv("PGDATABASE")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
			dbName = env;
		else if (login != NULL && *login != '\0')
			dbName = login;
		else
			dbName = "";
	}

	if (is_init_mode)
	{
		init();
		exit(0);
	}

	remains = nclients;

	state = (CState *) malloc(sizeof(*state) * nclients);
	memset(state, 0, sizeof(*state) * nclients);

	if (use_log)
	{
		char		logpath[64];

		snprintf(logpath, 64, "pgbench_log.%d", getpid());
		LOGFILE = fopen(logpath, "w");

		if (LOGFILE == NULL)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open logfile \"%s\": %s", logpath, strerror(errno));
			exit(1);
		}
	}

	if (debug)
	{
		printf("pghost: %s pgport: %s nclients: %d nxacts: %d dbName: %s\n",
			   pghost, pgport, nclients, nxacts, dbName);
	}

	/* opening connection... */
	con = doConnect();
	if (con == NULL)
		exit(1);

	if (PQstatus(con) == CONNECTION_BAD)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName);
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		exit(1);
	}

	/*
	 * get the scaling factor that should be same as count(*) from
	 * branches...
	 */
	res = PQexec(con, "select count(*) from branches");
	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		exit(1);
	}
	tps = atoi(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
	if (tps < 0)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "count(*) from branches invalid (%d)\n", tps);
		exit(1);
	}
	PQclear(res);

	if (!is_no_vacuum)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "starting vacuum...");
		res = PQexec(con, "vacuum branches");
		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
			exit(1);
		}
		PQclear(res);

		res = PQexec(con, "vacuum tellers");
		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
			exit(1);
		}
		PQclear(res);

		res = PQexec(con, "delete from history");
		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
			exit(1);
		}
		PQclear(res);
		res = PQexec(con, "vacuum history");
		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
			exit(1);
		}
		PQclear(res);

		fprintf(stderr, "end.\n");

		if (is_full_vacuum)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "starting full vacuum...");
			res = PQexec(con, "vacuum analyze accounts");
			if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
				exit(1);
			}
			PQclear(res);
			fprintf(stderr, "end.\n");
		}
	}
	PQfinish(con);

	/* set random seed */
	gettimeofday(&tv1, 0);
	srand((uint) tv1.tv_usec);

	/* get start up time */
	gettimeofday(&tv1, 0);

	if (is_connect == 0)
	{
		/* make connections to the database */
		for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
		{
			state[i].id = i;
			if ((state[i].con = doConnect()) == NULL)
				exit(1);
		}
	}

	/* time after connections set up */
	gettimeofday(&tv2, 0);

	/* send start up queries in async manner */
	for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
	{
		if (ttype == 0 || ttype == 2)
			doOne(state, i, debug, ttype);
		else if (ttype == 1)
			doSelectOnly(state, i, debug);
	}

	for (;;)
	{
		if (remains <= 0)
		{						/* all done ? */
			disconnect_all(state);
			/* get end time */
			gettimeofday(&tv3, 0);
			printResults(ttype, state, &tv1, &tv2, &tv3);
			if (LOGFILE)
				fclose(LOGFILE);
			exit(0);
		}

		FD_ZERO(&input_mask);

		maxsock = 0;
		for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
		{
			if (state[i].con)
			{
				int			sock = PQsocket(state[i].con);

				if (sock < 0)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "Client %d: PQsocket failed\n", i);
					disconnect_all(state);
					exit(1);
				}
				FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
				if (maxsock < sock)
					maxsock = sock;
			}
		}

		if ((nsocks = select(maxsock + 1, &input_mask, (fd_set *) NULL,
						  (fd_set *) NULL, (struct timeval *) NULL)) < 0)
		{
			if (errno == EINTR)
				continue;
			/* must be something wrong */
			disconnect_all(state);
			fprintf(stderr, "select failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
			exit(1);
		}
		else if (nsocks == 0)
		{						/* timeout */
			fprintf(stderr, "select timeout\n");
			for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "client %d:state %d cnt %d ecnt %d listen %d\n",
						i, state[i].state, state[i].cnt, state[i].ecnt, state[i].listen);
			}
			exit(0);
		}

		/* ok, backend returns reply */
		for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
		{
			if (state[i].con && FD_ISSET(PQsocket(state[i].con), &input_mask))
			{
				if (ttype == 0 || ttype == 2)
					doOne(state, i, debug, ttype);
				else if (ttype == 1)
					doSelectOnly(state, i, debug);
			}
		}
	}
}