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2104f9af87
postgresql/doc/FAQ_farsi
Bruce Momjian b9de4a26cf Here's the patch to fix a lot of markup errors in the HTML FAQs. Doesn't 
change content (at least not supposed to).

Magnus Hagander
2005-03-11 21:46:54 +00:00

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s+w+a+l+a+t+y+ k+h+ a+i+l+b+ d+r+ m+w+r+d+ PostgreSQL p+r+s+y+d+h+ m+y+ snw+n+d +
t+a+r+y+x+ aMx+r+y+n+ a+c+l+a+hk a+y+n+ f+a+y+l+: 28 snh+r+یw+r+
1383 h+g+r+ی snm+s+ی
n+gfh+d+a+r+n+d+h+ a+c+l+y+ f+a+y+l+ (z+b+a+n+ a+n+gfl+y+s+y+)d+r+
hka+l+ hka+ddr+ : Bruce Momjian pgman@candle.pha.pa.us
n+gfh+d+a+r+n+d+h+ f+a+y+l+ b+h+ z+b+a+n+ f+a+r+s+y+:
m.taghizadeh@imenafzar.net m+hkm+w+d+ t+q+y+z+a+d+h+
m+h+r+g+r+d+ی
aMx+r+y+n+ n+s+x+h+ a+y+n+ f+a+y+l+ r+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ a+z+ a+y+n+
aMd+r+s+ b+gfy+r+y+d+ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/FAQ.html
s+w+a+l+a+t+y+ k+h+ d+r+ m+w+r+d+ y+k+
s+کw+ی(p+l+t+f+r+m+) x+a+c+ a+s+t+ d+r+ a+y+n+ aMd+r+s+
g+w+a+b+ d+a+d+h+ snd+h+ a+n+d+
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/index.html
_________________________________________________________________
s+w+a+l+a+t+ e+m+w+m+y+
1.1) PostgreSQL tcy+s+t+ w+ tcgfw+n+h+ b+a+y+d+ aMn+ r+a+ t+l+f+zH
k+r+d+?+
1.2) q+a+n+w+n+ k+p+y+ r+a+y+t+ (hkq+w+q+ m+e+n+w+y+) d+r+ m+w+r+d+
PostgreSQL b+h+ tch+ c+w+r+t+ a+s+t+?+
1.3) PostgreSQL r+w+y+ tch+ n+w+e+ y+w+n+y+k+s+h+a+y+y+ a+g+r+a+ m+y+
snw+d+?+
1.4) r+w+y+ tch+ m+hky+tjh+a+y+ i+y+r+ y+w+n+y+k+s+y+ m+y+t+w+a+n+
aMn+ r+a+ a+g+r+a+ k+r+d+?+
1.5) PostgreSQL r+a+ a+z+ k+g+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ b+gfy+r+m+?+
1.6) a+z+ k+g+a+ x+d+m+a+t+ p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ b+gfy+r+m+?+
1.7) aMx+r+y+n+ n+s+x+h+ a+e+l+a+m+ snd+h+ tcy+s+t+?+
1.8) tch+ m+s+t+n+d+a+t+ w+ r+a+h+n+m+a+yHy+h+a+y+y+ w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+n+d+?+
1.9) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ a+z+a+snk+a+l+a+t+ snn+a+x+t+h+ snd+h+
w+ y+a+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+y+ k+h+ d+r+ a+y+n+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
w+g+w+d+ n+d+a+r+d+ m+tjl+e+ snw+m+?+
1.10) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ z+b+a+n+ SQL r+a+ y+a+d+ b+gfy+r+m+?+
1.11) aMy+a+ PostgreSQL m+snk+l+ Y2K d+a+r+d+ y+a+ x+y+r+?+
1.12) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ b+h+ t+y+m+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ n+w+y+s+
PostgreSQL m+l+hkq+ snw+m+?+
1.13) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ y+k+ a+snk+a+l+ r+a+ b+h+ gfr+w+h+
b+r+n+a+m+h+ n+w+y+s+ a+e+l+a+m+ k+n+m+?+
1.14) w+dde+y+t+ PostgreSQL d+r+ m+q+a+y+s+h+ b+a+ s+a+y+r+ DBMSh+a+
b+h+ tch+ c+w+r+t+ a+s+t+?+
1.15) m+n+ tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ a+z+ n+zHr+ m+a+l+y+ b+h+
PostgreSQL k+m+k+ k+n+m+?+
s+w+a+l+a+t+ m+r+b+w+tj b+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
2.1) aMy+a+ h+y+tc d+r+a+y+w+r+ ODBC b+r+a+y+ PostgreSQL w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+d+?+
2.2) tch+ a+b+z+a+r+h+a+y+y+ b+r+a+y+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ PostgreSQL
b+a+ c+f+hka+t+ w+b+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+?+
2.3) aMy+a+ PostgreSQL y+k+ w+a+s+tj k+a+r+b+r+y+ gfr+a+f+y+k+y+
d+a+r+d+?+
2.4) b+a+ tch+ z+b+a+n+h+a+y+ b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+y+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ b+a+
PostgreSQL a+r+t+b+a+tj b+r+q+r+a+r+ k+r+d+?+
s+w+a+l+a+t+ m+r+b+w+tj b+h+ r+a+h+b+r+y+
3.1) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ PostgreSQL r+a+ d+r+ sna+x+h+a+y+
i+y+r+ a+z+ /usr/local/pgsql/ n+c+b+ k+n+m+?+
3.2) tcr+a+ m+w+q+e+y+ k+h+ m+n+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ postmaster r+a+ a+g+r+a+
m+y+ k+n+m+ p+y+a+m+ Bad system call w+ y+a+ core dump m+y+gfy+r+m+?+
3.3) tcr+a+ m+w+q+e+y+ k+h+ m+n+ s+e+y+ m+y+k+n+m+ b+r+n+a+m+h+
postmaster r+a+ a+g+r+a+ k+n+m+ x+tja+y+ IpcMemoryCreate m+y+
gfy+r+m+?+
3.4) tcr+a+ m+w+q+e+y+ k+h+ m+n+ s+e+y+ m+y+k+n+m+ b+r+n+a+m+h+
postmaster r+a+ a+g+r+a+ k+n+m+ x+tja+y+ IpcSemaphoreCreate m+y+
gfy+r+m+?+
3.5) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ a+t+c+a+l+a+t+ s+a+y+r+ m+a+sny+n+h+a+
r+a+ k+n+t+r+l+ k+n+m+?+
3.6) b+r+a+y+ k+a+r+a+y+y+ b+a+l+a+t+r+ w+ b+h+t+r+ p+a+y+gfa+h+
d+a+d+h+ m+n+ tch+ t+n+zHy+m+a+t+y+ r+a+ b+a+y+d+ a+n+g+a+m+ d+h+m+?+
3.7) tch+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+y+ b+r+a+y+ p+y+d+a+ k+r+d+n+ a+snk+a+l+
w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+?+
3.8) tcr+a+ m+w+q+e+y+ k+h+ m+n+ m+y+x+w+a+h+m+ b+h+ p+a+y+gfa+h+
d+a+d+h+ w+c+l+ snw+m+ p+y+a+m+ "Sorry, too many clients" m+y+
gfy+r+m+?+
3.9) d+r+ sna+x+h+ pgsql_tmp tch+ tcy+z+y+ q+r+a+r+ d+a+r+d+?+
3.10) tcr+a+ b+r+a+y+ b+h+ r+w+z+ k+r+d+n+ n+s+x+h+ p+a+y+gfa+h+
d+a+d+h+ m+n+ b+a+y+d+ k+l+ d+a+d+h+ h+a+ r+a+ dump w+ m+g+d+d+a+:+
restore k+n+m+?+
3.11) a+z+ tch+ s+x+t+ a+f+z+a+r+y+ b+a+y+d+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+m+?+
s+w+a+l+a+t+ e+m+l+y+a+t+y+
4.1) t+f+a+w+t+ b+y+n+ binary cursors w+ Normal cursors tcy+s+t+?+
4.2) m+n+ tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ f+q+tj r+w+y+ tcn+d+ r+d+y+f+
a+w+l+ y+a+ y+k+ r+d+y+f+ t+c+a+d+f+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ SELECT
b+z+n+m+?+
4.3) m+n+ tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ l+y+s+t+y+ a+z+ g+d+a+w+l+ y+a+
s+a+y+r+ tcy+z+h+a+y+y+ k+h+ d+r+ psql w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ r+a+
b+b+y+n+m+?+
4.4) tcgfw+n+h+ y+k+ s+t+w+n+ g+d+w+l+ r+a+ hkdkf+ m+y+k+n+y+d+?+
tcgfw+n+h+ n+w+e+ d+a+d+h+ aMn+ r+a+ e+w+dd k+n+y+m+?+
4.5) hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ y+k+ r+d+y+f+,+ g+d+w+l+ w+ x+w+d+
p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ tcq+d+r+ a+s+t+?+
4.6) tcq+d+r+ f+dda+y+ d+y+s+k+ s+x+t+ b+r+a+y+ dkx+y+r+h+ k+r+d+n+
d+a+d+h+h+a+y+ y+k+ f+a+y+l+ m+t+n+y+ m+w+r+d+ n+y+a+z+ a+s+t+?+
4.7) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ b+f+h+m+m+ k+h+ tch+ k+a+r+b+r+a+n+,+
p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+,+ n+m+a+y+h+ w+ g+d+a+w+l+y+ d+r+ s+y+s+t+m+
t+e+r+y+f+ snd+h+ a+s+t+?+
4.8) tcr+a+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+y+ m+n+ k+n+d+ a+g+r+a+ m+y+snw+n+d+
y+a+ tcr+a+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+ h+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ n+m+y+k+n+n+d+?+
4.9) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ n+hkw+h+ b+r+r+s+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ r+a+
t+w+s+tj b+h+y+n+h+s+a+z+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+ m+sna+h+d+h+ k+n+m+?+
4.10) n+m+a+y+h+ R-tree tcy+s+t+?+
4.11) b+h+y+n+h+ s+a+z+ t+k+w+y+n+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ tcy+s+t+?+
(Genetic Query Optimizer)
4.12) tcgfw+n+h+ a+z+ e+b+a+r+a+t+ m+n+zHm+ b+r+a+y+ g+s+t+g+w+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+m+?+ tcgfw+n+h+ g+s+t+g+w+y+y+ a+n+g+a+m+ d+h+m+
k+h+ hks+a+s+ b+h+ m+t+n+ n+b+a+snd+?+ tcgfw+n+h+ b+r+a+y+ y+k+
g+s+t+g+w+y+ i+y+r+ hks+a+s+ b+h+ m+t+n+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+m+?+
4.13) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ d+r+ y+k+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ t+snx+y+c+
d+h+m+ k+h+ y+k+ f+y+l+d+ NULL a+s+t+?+
4.14) t+f+a+w+t+ b+y+n+ gfw+n+h+h+a+y+ m+x+t+l+f+ character tcy+s+t+?+
4.15.1) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ y+k+ f+y+l+d+ s+r+y+a+l+ y+a+
a+f+z+a+y+sny+ a+y+g+a+d+ k+n+m+?+
4.15.2) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ m+q+d+a+r+ y+k+ d+r+g+ s+r+y+a+l+y+
r+a+ b+d+a+n+m+?+
4.15.3) aMیa+ t+w+a+b+e+ ()nextval w+ ()currval m+n+g+r+ b+h+
a+یg+a+d+ snr+a+یtj race b+r+a+ی s+a+یr+
کa+r+b+r+a+n+ m+ی snw+n+d+?+
4.15.4) tcr+a+ a+e+d+a+d+ s+r+یa+l+ی m+r+b+w+tj b+h+
t+r+a+کn+snh+a+ی abort snd+h+ m+g+d+d+a+:+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
n+m+ی snw+d+?+ tcr+a+ b+یn+ a+e+d+a+d+
s+r+یa+l+ی یک f+a+c+l+h+ x+a+l+ی
a+یg+a+d+ m+ی snw+d+?+
4.16) OID w+ TID tch+ h+s+t+n+d+?+
4.17) m+e+n+y+ b+e+ddy+ a+z+ t+r+m+h+a+ w+ k+l+m+a+t+y+ k+h+ d+r+
PostgreSQL a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+snw+d+ tcy+s+t+?+
4.18) tcr+a+ m+n+ x+tja+y+ "ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc"
m+y+gfy+r+m+?+
4.19) a+z+ k+g+a+ t+snx+y+c+ d+h+m+ k+h+ w+y+r+a+y+sn y+a+ n+s+x+h+
PostgreSQLy+y+ k+h+ m+n+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+k+n+m+ tcy+s+t+?+
4.20) tcr+a+ d+r+ hkیn+ a+g+r+a+ی e+m+l+یa+t+
r+w+ی large-objecth+a+ x+tja+ی "invalid large obj
descriptor"b+h+ w+g+w+d+ m+ی aMیd+?+
4.21) tcgfw+n+h+ y+k+ s+t+w+n+ a+y+g+a+d+ k+n+m+ k+h+ m+q+d+a+r+
z+m+a+n+ g+a+r+y+ r+a+ b+h+ e+n+w+a+n+ m+q+d+a+r+ p+y+snf+r+dd
d+a+snt+h+ b+a+snd+?+
4.22) tcr+a+ z+y+r+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+y+y+ k+h+ a+z+ IN a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
m+y+k+n+n+d+ k+n+d+ h+s+t+n+d+?+
4.23) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ y+k+ a+l+hka+q+ x+a+r+g+y+ (outer
join) a+n+g+a+m+ d+h+m+?+
4.24) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+y+y+ a+z+ tcn+d+
p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ t+w+l+y+d+ k+r+d+?+
4.25) tcgfw+n+h+ x+r+w+g+y+ y+k+ t+a+b+e+ m+y+t+w+a+n+d+ tcn+d+
r+d+y+f+ y+a+ s+t+w+n+ b+a+snd+?+
4.26) d+r+ t+w+a+b+e+ PL/PgSQL tcr+a+ n+m+y+t+w+a+n+ b+a+
a+tjm+y+n+a+n+ g+d+a+w+l+ m+w+q+t+ r+a+ a+y+g+a+d+ y+a+ hkdkf+
k+r+d+?+
4.27) tch+ gfz+y+n+h+h+a+y+y+ b+r+a+y+ t+k+r+a+r+ (replication)
w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+?+
4.28) tch+ gfz+y+n+h+h+a+y+y+ b+r+a+y+ r+m+z+n+gfa+r+y+ w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+d+?+
t+w+s+e+h+ PostgreSQL
5.1) m+n+ y+k+ t+a+b+e+ n+w+snt+h+a+m+. tcgfw+n+h+ aMn+ r+a+ d+r+ psql
a+g+r+a+ k+n+m+?+ tcr+a+ b+a+ a+g+r+a+y+ aMn+ core dump m+y+gfy+r+m+?+
5.2) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ d+r+ t+w+l+y+d+ n+w+e+h+a+ w+
t+w+a+b+e+ g+d+y+d+ w+ g+a+l+b+ b+r+a+y+ PostgreSQL h+m+k+a+r+y+ w+
m+sna+r+k+t+ d+a+snt+h+ b+a+snm+.
5.3) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ y+k+ t+a+b+e+ b+h+ z+b+a+n+ C
b+n+w+y+s+m+ k+h+ x+r+w+g+y+ aMn+ y+k+ tuple (tcn+d+ t+a+y+y+)
b+a+snd+?+
5.4) m+n+ y+k+ f+a+y+l+ m+n+b+e+ r+a+ e+w+dd k+r+d+h+ a+m+ tcr+a+ d+r+
e+m+l+y+a+t+ k+a+m+p+y+l+ m+g+d+d+ aMn+ t+i+y+y+r+ d+y+d+h+ n+m+y+
snw+d+?+
_________________________________________________________________
s+w+a+l+a+t+ e+m+w+m+y+
1.1) PostgreSQL tcy+s+t+ w+ tcgfw+n+h+ aMn+ r+a+ b+a+y+d+ t+l+f+zH k+r+d+?+
PostgreSQL b+h+ c+w+r+t+ Post-Gres-Q-L t+l+f+zH m+y+snw+d+. y+k+
f+a+y+l+ c+w+t+y+ d+r+ aMd+r+s+
http://www.postfresql.org/postgresql.mp3 b+r+a+y+ k+s+a+n+y+ k+h+
m+a+y+l+n+d+ t+l+f+zH c+hky+hk r+a+ b+snn+w+n+d+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
PostgreSQL a+z+ r+w+y+ s+y+s+t+m+ m+d+y+r+y+t+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
POSTGRES t+w+s+e+h+ d+a+d+h+ snd+h+ a+s+t+ (h+n+w+z+ h+m+ b+e+ddy+
m+w+a+q+e+ b+r+a+y+ s+a+d+gfy+ b+h+ aMn+ Postgres gff+t+h+ m+y+snw+d+)
k+h+ y+k+ n+m+w+n+h+ t+hkq+y+q+a+t+y+ a+z+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+
n+s+l+ b+e+d+ a+s+t+. PostgreSQL h+m+a+n+ a+l+gfw+y+ d+a+d+h+ q+w+y+
w+ a+n+w+a+e+ d+a+d+h+ r+a+ hkf+zH k+r+d+h+ a+s+t+ w+l+y+ z+b+a+n+
PostQuel r+a+ b+a+ y+k+ z+y+r+m+g+m+w+e+h+ p+y+snr+f+t+h+ a+z+ SQL
g+a+y+gfz+y+n+ k+r+d+h+ a+s+t+. PostgreSQL m+t+n+ b+a+z+ b+w+d+h+ w+
m+t+n+ k+a+m+l+ aMn+ d+r+ d+s+t+r+s+ a+s+t+.
PostgreSQL t+w+s+tj y+k+ t+y+m+ b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+ k+h+ h+m+gfy+
d+r+ gfr+w+h+ p+s+t+ a+l+k+t+r+w+n+y+k+ b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+a+n+
PostgreSQL e+ddw+ h+s+t+n+d+,+ a+n+g+a+m+ m+y+snw+d+. h+m+a+h+n+gf
k+n+n+d+h+ a+c+l+y+ d+r+ hka+l+ hka+ddr+ Marc G. Fournier b+h+
aMd+r+s+ scrappy@PostgreSQL.org m+y+b+a+snd+. (b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+
n+hkw+h+ m+l+hkq+ snd+n+ b+h+ a+y+n+ t+y+m+ q+s+m+t+ 1.6 r+a+
b+b+y+n+y+d+). a+y+n+ t+y+m+ d+r+ hka+ddr+ m+s+yHw+l+y+t+ t+m+a+m+
m+s+a+yHl+ m+r+b+w+tj b+h+ b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+y+ PostgreSQL r+a+ b+r+
e+h+d+h+ d+a+r+d+. a+y+n+ y+k+ p+r+w+zjh+ gfr+w+h+y+ a+s+t+ w+ t+hkt+
k+n+t+r+l+ h+y+tc snr+k+t+y+ n+y+s+t+. b+r+a+y+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+
b+y+snt+r+ d+r+ m+w+r+d+ a+y+n+ t+y+m+ b+h+ aMd+r+s+
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html m+r+a+g+e+h+
k+n+y+d+.
a+w+l+y+n+ n+s+x+h+ PostgreSQL t+w+s+tj Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen b+h+
w+g+w+d+ aMm+d+. a+f+r+a+d+ b+s+y+a+r+y+ d+r+ t+w+s+e+h+ w+ r+f+e+
a+snk+a+l+ w+ a+n+t+q+a+l+ aMn+ snr+k+t+ k+r+d+h+a+n+d+. m+t+n+
a+c+l+y+ Postgres k+h+ PostgreSQL a+z+ r+w+y+ aMn+ n+w+snt+h+ snd+h+
a+s+t+,+ t+w+s+tj t+e+d+a+d+ z+y+a+d+y+ d+a+n+sng+w+y+
k+a+r+snn+a+s+y+ a+r+snd+w+ d+a+n+sng+w+y+ k+a+r+snn+a+s+y+ w+ t+y+m+
b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+y+ k+h+ t+hkt+ n+zHr+ p+r+w+f+s+w+r+ Michael
Stonebrake d+r+ d+a+n+sngfa+h+ b+r+k+l+y+,+k+a+l+y+f+r+n+y+a+ k+a+r+
m+y+k+r+d+h+a+n+d+ n+w+snt+h+ snd+h+ a+s+t+.
n+a+m+ a+c+l+y+ n+r+m+ a+f+z+a+r+ d+r+ d+a+n+sngfa+h+ b+r+k+l+y+
Postgres b+w+d+. d+r+ s+a+l+ 1995 b+e+d+ a+z+ a+dda+f+h+ snd+n+ SQL
n+a+m+ aMn+ b+h+ Postgres95 t+i+y+y+r+ d+a+d+h+ snd+. d+r+ s+a+l+ 1996
n+a+m+ aMn+ b+h+ PostgreSQL t+i+y+y+r+ d+a+d+h+ snd+.
1.2) q+w+a+n+y+n+ k+p+y+ r+a+y+t+ d+r+ m+w+r+d+ PostgreSQL b+h+ tch+
c+w+r+t+ a+s+t+?+
PostgreSQL t+hkt+ q+a+n+w+n+ k+p+y+ r+a+y+t+ z+y+r+ q+r+a+r+ d+a+r+d+:
PostgreSQL Data Base Management System
Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written
agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice
and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all
copies.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY
FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,
INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND
ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE
PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT,
UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
q+a+n+w+n+ b+a+l+a+ l+y+s+a+n+s+ BSD k+h+ y+k+ l+y+s+a+n+s+
k+l+a+s+y+k+ b+r+a+y+ m+t+n+h+a+y+ b+a+z+ a+s+t+ m+y+b+a+snd+. h+y+tc
m+hkd+w+d+y+t+y+ d+r+ m+w+r+d+ n+hkw+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ m+t+n+
d+r+ aMn+ d+y+d+h+ n+m+y+snw+d+. m+a+ aMn+ r+a+ d+w+s+t+ d+a+r+y+m+ w+
h+y+tc q+c+d+y+ b+r+a+y+ t+i+y+y+r+ aMn+ n+d+a+r+y+m+.
1.3) PostgreSQL r+w+y+ tch+ n+w+e+ y+w+n+y+k+s+h+a+y+y+ a+g+r+a+ m+y+
snw+d+?+
d+r+ hka+l+t+ k+l+y+ PostgreSQL r+w+y+ h+r+ p+l+t+f+r+m+ (s+k+w+y+)
s+a+z+gfa+r+ b+a+ y+w+n+y+k+s+ a+g+r+a+ m+y+snw+d+. l+y+s+t+
p+l+t+f+r+m+h+a+y+y+ k+h+ t+a+k+n+w+n+ PostgreSQL r+w+y+ aMn+h+a+
n+c+b+ w+ t+s+t+ snd+h+ a+s+t+ d+r+q+s+m+t+ d+s+t+w+r+a+l+e+m+l+h+a+y+
n+c+b+ aMm+d+h+ a+s+t+.
1.4) r+w+y+ tch+ m+hky+tjh+a+y+ i+y+r+ y+w+n+y+k+s+y+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ aMn+
r+a+ a+g+r+a+ k+r+d+?+
Client
m+y+t+w+a+n+ psql, k+t+a+b+x+a+n+h+ libpq w+ s+a+y+r+ w+a+s+tjh+a+ w+
b+r+n+a+m+h+h+a+y+ k+a+r+b+r+d+y+ r+a+ tjw+r+y+ k+a+m+p+y+l+ k+r+d+
k+h+ r+w+y+ m+hky+tjh+a+y+ w+y+n+d+w+z+ n+y+z+ a+g+r+a+ snw+n+d+. d+r+
a+y+n+ hka+l+t+ Client r+w+y+ w+y+n+d+w+z+ a+g+r+a+ m+y+snw+d+ w+ a+z+
tjr+b+q+ snb+k+h+ w+ p+r+w+t+k+l+ TCP/IP b+a+ y+k+ s+r+w+r+ k+h+
r+w+y+ y+k+ p+l+t+f+r+m+ l+y+n+w+k+s+ d+r+ hka+l+ a+g+r+a+s+t+
a+r+t+b+a+tj b+r+q+r+a+r+ m+y+k+n+d+.y+k+ f+a+y+l+ win32.mak
h+m+r+a+h+ b+a+ k+d+h+a+y+ PostgreSQL w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ k+h+ b+r+a+y+
k+a+m+p+y+l+ k+r+d+n+ k+t+a+b+x+a+n+h+ libpq w+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ psql m+y+
b+a+snd+. PostgreSQL h+m+tcn+y+n+ a+m+k+a+n+ a+r+t+b+a+tj b+h+
c+w+r+t+ ODBC r+a+ n+y+z+ d+a+r+d+.
Server
b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ Cygwin w+ k+t+a+b+x+a+n+h+ Cygnus m+y+
t+w+a+n+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ r+a+ r+w+y+ w+y+n+d+w+z+ NT w+ y+a+
Win2K a+g+r+a+ k+r+d+.b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+
f+a+y+l+ pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN r+a+ k+h+ b+h+m+r+a+h+ t+w+z+b+e+h+a+y+
PostgreSQL aMm+d+h+ a+s+t+ b+b+y+n+y+d+ w+ y+a+ a+y+n+k+h+ b+h+ a+y+n+
c+f+hkh+ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/text/FAQ_MSWIN
m+r+a+g+e+h+ k+n+y+d+.
d+r+ hka+l+ hka+ddr+ y+k+ e+m+l+y+a+t+ a+n+t+q+a+l+ PostgreSQL b+h+
r+w+y+ s+k+w+h+a+y+ Win NT/2000/XP d+r+ g+r+y+a+n+ a+s+t+. b+r+a+y+
d+y+d+n+ w+dde+y+t+ a+y+n+ p+r+w+zjh+ b+h+ s+a+y+t+h+a+y+
http://momjian.postgresql.org/main/writings/pgsql/win32.htm w+
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/Windows m+r+a+g+e+h+ k+n+y+d+.
h+m+tcn+y+n+ y+k+ e+m+l+y+a+t+ a+n+t+q+a+l+ b+r+ r+w+y+ Novell Netware
6 n+y+z+ d+r+ hka+l+ a+n+g+a+m+ a+s+t+ k+h+ d+r+ s+a+y+t+
http://forge.novell.com m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+
r+a+ b+b+y+n+y+d+.
1.5) PostgreSQL r+a+ a+z+ k+g+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ b+gfy+r+m+?+
PostgreSQL r+a+ a+z+ s+a+y+t+ a+c+l+y+ aMn+
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ b+gfy+r+y+d+. d+r+
c+f+hkh+ a+c+l+y+ s+a+y+t+ l+y+s+t+ s+a+y+r+ aMd+r+s+h+a+y+y+ k+h+
m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ PostgreSQL r+a+ a+z+ aMn+h+a+ b+gfy+r+y+d+ aMm+d+h+
a+s+t+.
1.6) a+z+ k+g+a+ x+d+m+a+t+ p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ b+gfy+r+m+?+
gfr+w+h+ p+s+t+y+ a+c+l+y+ pgsql-general@PostgreSQL.org m+y+b+a+snd+.
a+y+n+ gfr+w+h+ b+r+a+y+ b+hktk d+r+ m+w+r+d+ m+w+ddw+e+a+t+
m+x+t+l+f+ d+r+ z+m+y+n+h+ PostgreSQL a+s+t+. b+r+a+y+ e+ddw+ snd+n+
d+r+ a+y+n+ gfr+w+h+ p+s+t+y+ y+k+ n+a+m+h+ a+l+k+t+r+w+n+y+k+y+ b+h+
aMd+r+s+ gfr+w+h+ b+a+ m+hkt+w+y+a+t+ی k+h+ d+r+ a+d+a+m+h+
aMm+d+h+ a+s+t+ a+r+s+a+l+ k+n+y+d+. d+r+ q+s+m+t+ Subject tcy+z+y+
n+n+w+y+s+y+d+.
subscribe
end
aMd+r+s+ gfr+w+h+: pgsql-general-request@PostgreSQL.org
h+m+tcn+y+n+ y+k+ gfr+w+h+ p+s+t+y+ h+m+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ a+r+s+a+l+
tck+y+d+h+ p+y+a+m+h+a+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+. b+r+a+y+ e+ddw+ snd+n+ d+r+
a+y+n+ gfr+w+h+ y+k+ n+a+m+h+ b+a+ m+hkt+w+y+a+t+ z+y+r+ b+h+
a+یn+ aMd+r+s+ a+r+s+a+l+ k+n+y+d+.
pgsql-general-digest-request@PostgreSQL.org
subscribe
end
d+r+ a+y+n+ gfr+w+h+ h+r+ m+w+q+e+ hkg+m+ n+a+m+h+h+a+ b+h+ 30
k+y+l+w+b+a+y+t+ r+s+y+d+ b+r+a+y+ t+m+a+m+ a+e+dda+H' a+r+s+a+l+ m+y+
snw+d+.
gfr+w+h+ p+s+t+y+ b+r+r+s+y+ a+1+snk+a+l+a+t+ h+m+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
b+r+a+y+ e+ddw+ snd+n+ d+r+ a+y+n+ gfr+w+h+ y+k+ n+a+m+h+ b+a+
m+hkt+w+y+a+t+ z+y+r+ b+h+ pgsql-bugs-request@PostgreSQL.org
a+r+s+a+l+ k+n+y+d+.
subscribe
end
gfr+w+h+ p+s+t+y+ m+x+c+w+c+ t+w+s+e+h+ d+h+n+d+gfa+n+ (b+r+n+a+m+h+
n+w+y+s+a+n+) n+y+z+ w+g+w+d+d+a+r+d+. b+r+a+y+ e+ddw+y+t+ d+r+ a+y+n+
gfr+w+h+ y+k+ n+a+m+h+ b+h+ aMd+r+s+ z+y+r+ b+a+ m+hkt+w+y+a+t+
m+snx+c+ snd+h+ a+r+s+a+l+ k+n+y+d+.
pgsql-hackers-request@PostgreSQL.org
subscribe
end
gfr+w+h+h+a+y+ p+s+t+y+ d+y+gfr+y+ n+y+z+ d+r+ z+m+y+n+h+ PostgreSQL
w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ k+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ d+r+ s+a+y+t+
http://www.postgresql.org b+b+y+n+y+d+.
h+m+tcn+y+n+ y+k+ k+a+n+a+l+ IRC r+w+y+ Freenode w+ EFNet b+n+a+m+
PostgreSQL# w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+. snm+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ a+z+ f+r+m+a+n+
y+w+n+y+k+s+y+ irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net. y+a+ irc
-c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.freenode.net a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+y+d+.
l+y+s+t+ snr+k+t+h+a+y+y+ k+h+ a+z+ tjr+y+q+ aMn+h+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+
x+d+m+a+t+ p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ t+g+a+r+y+ d+r+ z+m+y+n+h+ PostgreSQL
d+r+y+a+f+t+ k+n+y+d+ d+r+ a+y+n+ aMd+r+s+
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php m+w+g+w+d+ a+s+t+.
1.7) aMx+r+y+n+ n+s+x+h+ a+e+l+a+m+ snd+h+ tcy+s+t+?+
aMx+r+y+n+ n+s+x+h+ PostgreSQL k+h+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ 7.4.3 a+s+t+.
h+d+f+ m+a+ aMn+ a+s+t+ k+h+ h+r+ 6 m+a+h+ t+a+ 8 m+a+h+ y+k+ n+s+x+h+
g+d+y+d+ a+r+a+yHh+ snw+d+.
1.8) tch+ m+s+t+n+d+a+t+ w+ r+a+h+n+m+a+yHy+h+a+y+y+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+n+d+?+
tcn+d+y+n+ k+t+a+b+tch+ w+ c+f+hka+t+ r+a+h+n+m+a+ w+ m+tka+l+h+a+y+
k+w+tck+ h+m+r+a+h+ b+a+ m+t+n+ a+c+l+y+ PostgreSQL d+r+ sna+x+h+ doc
w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+. b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ c+f+hka+t+ r+a+h+n+m+a+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+y+d+ b+h+ s+a+y+t+ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs n+y+z+
m+r+a+g+e+h+ n+m+a+y+y+d+.
d+w+ k+t+a+b+ d+r+ z+m+y+n+h+ PostgreSQL d+r+ aMd+r+s+h+a+y+
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.htm w+
http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+. l+y+s+t+y+ a+z+
k+t+a+b+h+a+y+y+ k+h+ q+a+b+l+ x+r+y+d+ a+s+t+ d+r+ aMd+r+s+
http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+d+. h+m+tcn+y+n+ l+y+s+t+y+ a+z+ m+q+a+l+a+t+ f+n+y+ d+r+
m+w+r+d+ PostgreSQL d+r+ aMd+r+s+ http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org
w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
b+r+n+a+m+h+ psql y+k+ d+s+t+w+r+ d\ d+a+r+d+ k+h+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+y+
d+r+ m+w+r+d+ a+n+w+a+e+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+ q+a+b+l+ t+e+r+y+f+ w+
e+m+l+gfr+h+a+ w+ t+w+a+b+e+ w+ ... b+h+ m+a+ n+sna+n+ m+y+d+h+d+.
d+r+ s+a+y+t+ a+c+l+y+ m+a+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+y+ r+a+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+y+d+ p+y+d+a+ k+n+y+d+.
1.9) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ a+z+a+snk+a+l+a+t+ snn+a+x+t+h+ snd+h+ w+
y+a+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+y+ k+h+ d+r+ a+y+n+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ w+g+w+d+
n+d+a+r+d+ m+tjl+e+ snw+m+?+
PostgreSQL y+k+ z+y+r+ m+g+m+w+e+h+ p+y+snr+f+t+h+ a+z+ SQL-92 r+a+
p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ m+y+k+n+d+. d+r+ l+y+s+t+ TODO a+1+snk+a+l+a+t+
snn+a+x+t+h+ snd+h+ y+a+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+y+ k+h+ w+g+w+d+ n+d+a+r+d+ w+
y+a+ b+r+n+a+m+h+h+a+y+ aMy+n+d+h+ aMm+d+h+ a+s+t+.
1.10) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ z+b+a+n+ SQL r+a+ y+a+d+ b+gfy+r+m+?+
k+t+a+b+ PostgreSQL d+r+ aMd+r+s+ SQL
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html r+a+ aMm+w+z+sn m+y+d+h+d+.
h+m+tcn+y+n+ y+k+ k+t+a+b+ d+r+ aMd+r+s+
http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+. y+k+
r+a+h+n+m+a+y+ x+y+l+y+ x+w+b+ h+m+ d+r+ s+a+y+t+h+a+y+
http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm w+
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM
w+ http://sqlcourse.com d+r+ m+w+r+d+ SQL w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
k+t+a+b+ d+y+gfr+y+ k+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ b+r+a+y+ y+a+d+gfy+r+y+ SQL a+z+
aMn+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+r+d+ k+t+a+b+ "SQL r+a+ d+r+ 21 r+w+z+ y+a+d+
b+gfy+r+y+d+,+ w+y+r+a+y+sn d+w+m+" d+r+ s+a+y+t+
http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm m+y+b+a+snd+.
t+e+d+a+d+ z+y+a+d+y+ a+z+ k+a+r+b+r+a+n+ k+t+a+b+ The Practical SQL
r+a+ t+r+g+y+hk m+y+d+h+n+d+. k+t+a+b+ d+y+gfr+ The Complete Refrence
SQL a+n+t+sna+r+a+t+ McGraw-Hill m+y+b+a+snd+.
1.11) aMy+a+ PostgreSQL m+snk+l+ Y2K d+a+r+d+ y+a+ x+y+r+?+
x+y+r+,+PostgreSQL b+a+ t+a+r+y+x+h+a+y+ q+b+l+ w+ b+e+d+ a+z+ 2000
m+snk+l+y+ n+d+a+r+d+.
1.12) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ b+h+ t+y+m+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ n+w+y+s+
PostgreSQL m+l+hkq+ snw+m+?+
a+b+t+d+a+,+aMx+r+y+n+ s+w+r+s+ r+a+ d+w+n+l+w+d+ k+r+d+h+ w+
m+s+t+n+d+a+t+ m+r+b+w+tj b+h+ b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+y+ PostgreSQL r+a+
d+r+ s+a+y+t+ m+tja+l+e+h+ k+n+y+d+. s+p+s+ b+h+ gfr+w+h+h+a+y+
p+s+t+y+ pgsql-patches w+ pgsql-hackers e+ddw+ snw+y+d+. d+r+
m+r+hkl+h+ aMx+r+ w+c+l+h+h+a+y+ b+a+ k+y+f+y+t+ b+a+l+a+ r+a+ b+h+
pgsql-patches a+r+s+a+l+ k+n+y+d+.
t+e+d+a+d+ z+y+a+d+y+ a+z+ b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+a+n+ w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+n+d+ k+h+ a+m+t+y+a+z+ a+n+g+a+m+ t+i+y+y+r+a+t+ d+r+ cvs r+a+
d+a+r+n+d+. h+r+ k+d+a+m+ a+z+ aMn+h+a+ t+e+d+a+d+ z+y+a+d+y+ w+c+l+h+
b+a+ k+y+f+y+t+ b+a+l+a+ b+h+ gfr+w+h+ a+r+s+a+l+ k+r+d+h+a+n+d+ k+h+
a+e+t+m+a+d+ gfr+d+a+n+n+d+gfa+n+ PostgreSQL r+a+ b+h+ d+s+t+
aMw+r+d+h+a+n+d+.
1.13) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ y+k+ a+1+snk+a+l+ r+a+ b+h+ gfr+w+h+
b+r+n+a+m+h+ n+w+y+s+ a+e+l+a+m+ k+n+m+?+
l+tjf+a+:+ c+f+hkh+ m+r+b+w+tj b+h+ a+1+snk+a+l+a+t+ PostgreSQL r+a+
d+r+ s+a+y+t+ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/bugs/bugs.php m+sna+h+d+h+
k+n+y+d+. d+r+ a+y+n+ s+a+y+t+ n+hkw+h+ gfz+a+r+sn w+ a+r+s+a+l+ y+k+
a+snk+a+l+ t+w+ddy+hk d+a+d+h+ snd+h+ a+s+t+.
h+m+tcn+y+n+ b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ n+s+x+h+h+a+y+ g+d+y+d+t+r+ PostgreSQL
w+ y+a+ w+g+w+d+ y+k+ w+c+l+h+ g+d+y+d+ a+z+ s+a+y+t+
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub b+a+z+d+y+d+ k+n+y+d+.
1.14) w+dde+y+t+ PostgreSQL d+r+ m+q+a+y+s+h+ b+a+ s+a+y+r+ DBMSh+a+ b+h+
tch+ c+w+r+t+ a+s+t+?+
r+a+h+h+a+y+ m+x+t+l+f+y+ b+r+a+y+ a+n+d+a+z+h+gfy+r+y+ w+
m+q+a+y+s+h+ n+r+m+a+f+z+a+r+h+a+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ k+h+
e+b+a+r+t+n+d+ a+z+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+,+ k+a+r+a+y+y+,+ q+a+b+l+y+t+
a+e+t+m+a+d+,+ p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ w+ q+y+m+t+
a+m+k+a+n+a+t+
PostgreSQL b+y+snt+r+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+ m+w+g+w+d+ d+r+
s+y+s+t+m+h+a+y+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ t+g+a+r+y+
b+z+r+gf n+zHy+r+ transactions, subselets, triggers,
views, foreign key referential integrity w+ sophisticated
locking r+a+ d+a+r+d+. d+r+ PostgreSQL a+m+k+a+n+a+t+y+
w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ k+h+ p+a+y+gfa+h+h+a+y+ d+a+d+h+
d+y+gfr+ aMn+ r+a+ n+d+a+r+n+d+ n+zHy+r+ user-defined
typesw+ Inheritancew+ rulesw+ multi-version concurrency
control
k+a+r+a+y+y+
k+a+r+a+y+y+ PostgreSQL d+r+ hkd+ b+q+y+h+ s+y+s+t+m+
h+a+y+ t+g+a+r+y+ w+ m+t+n+ b+a+z+ a+s+t+. d+r+ b+e+ddy+
m+w+a+r+d+ s+r+y+e+t+r+ w+ d+r+ b+e+ddy+ m+w+a+r+d+ a+z+
aMn+h+a+ k+n+d+t+r+ a+s+t+. d+r+ m+q+a+y+s+h+ b+a+ MySQL
b+r+a+y+ k+a+r+b+r+a+n+ b+y+snt+r+ w+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+y+
p+y+tcy+d+h+ w+ b+a+r+ z+y+a+d+ x+w+a+n+d+n+/n+w+snt+n+
s+r+y+e+t+r+ a+s+t+. d+r+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+y+ s+a+d+h+ SELECT
a+z+ MySQL k+n+d+t+r+ a+s+t+. a+l+b+t+h+ MySQL x+y+l+y+ a+z+
a+m+k+a+n+a+t+ PostgreSQL k+h+ d+r+ b+a+l+a+ b+h+ aMn+
a+sna+r+h+ snd+ r+a+ n+d+a+r+d+. h+d+f+ a+c+l+y+ m+a+
a+m+k+a+n+a+t+ w+ q+a+b+l+y+t+ a+e+t+m+a+d+ b+a+l+a+s+t+ d+r+
ddm+n+ aMn+k+h+ t+l+a+sn m+y+k+n+y+m+ t+a+ k+a+r+a+y+y+ aMn+
n+y+z+ b+h+b+w+d+ y+a+b+d+. d+r+ aMd+r+s+
http://openacs.org/philosophy/why-not-mysql.html y+k+
m+q+a+y+s+h+ g+a+l+b+ b+y+n+ MySQL w+ PostgreSQL w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+d+. a+z+ tjr+f+ d+y+gfr+ MySQL y+k+ snr+k+t+ a+s+t+ k+h+
m+hkc+w+l+ x+w+d+ r+a+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ m+t+n+ b+a+z+ a+r+a+yHh+
m+y+k+n+d+ w+l+y+ b+r+a+y+ n+r+m+a+f+z+a+r+ i+y+r+ m+t+n+
b+a+z+ x+w+d+ a+hkt+y+a+g+ b+h+ l+y+s+a+n+s+ t+g+a+r+y+
d+a+r+d+ b+r+ x+l+a+f+ PostgreSQL k+h+ y+k+ gfr+w+h+
k+a+m+l+a+:+ m+t+n+ b+a+z+ h+s+t+n+d+.
q+a+b+l+y+t+ a+tjm+y+n+a+n+
m+a+ f+k+r+ m+y+k+n+y+m+ k+h+ y+k+ s+y+s+t+m+
p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+a+y+ k+h+ m+tjm+yHn+ n+b+a+snd+
a+r+z+sny+ n+d+a+r+d+. m+a+ t+m+a+m+ t+l+a+snm+a+n+ r+a+
b+r+a+y+ a+r+a+yHh+ k+d+h+a+y+ p+a+y+d+a+r+y+ k+h+ b+h+
x+w+b+y+ t+s+t+ snd+h+ b+a+snn+d+ w+ k+m+t+r+y+n+
a+1+snk+a+l+a+t+ r+a+ d+a+snt+h+ b+a+snn+d+ m+y+k+n+y+m+.
h+r+ n+s+x+h+ g+d+y+d+y+ k+h+ a+r+a+yHh+ m+y+snw+d+
hkd+a+q+l+ y+k+ m+a+h+ r+a+ d+r+ m+r+hkl+h+ t+s+t+ b+t+a+
m+y+gfdkr+a+n+d+. m+a+ b+r+ a+y+n+ b+a+w+r+ h+s+t+y+m+
k+h+ q+a+b+l+y+t+ a+tjm+y+n+a+n+ PostgreSQL d+r+
m+q+a+y+s+h+ b+a+ s+a+y+r+ s+y+s+t+m+h+a+y+ p+a+y+gfa+h+
d+a+d+h+ q+a+b+l+ t+w+g+h+ a+s+t+ w+ n+s+x+h+h+a+y+y+
k+h+ t+a+k+n+w+n+ a+r+a+yHh+ snd+h+ a+s+t+ n+sna+n+ m+y+
d+h+d+ k+h+ m+a+ t+w+a+n+a+y+y+ a+r+a+yHh+ y+k+
s+y+s+t+m+ q+w+y+ w+ m+hkk+m+ w+ m+tjm+yHn+ r+a+ k+h+
aMm+a+d+h+ b+h+r+h+b+r+d+a+r+y+ a+s+t+ d+a+r+y+m+.
p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+
gfr+w+h+h+a+y+ p+s+t+y+ m+a+ a+m+k+a+n+ a+r+t+b+a+tj w+
t+m+a+s+ b+h+ gfr+w+h+ b+z+r+gfy+ a+z+ b+r+n+a+m+h+
n+w+y+s+a+n+ w+ k+a+r+b+r+a+n+ r+a+ m+y+d+h+d+ k+h+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+n+d+ d+r+ hkl+ m+snk+l+a+t+ b+h+ d+y+gfr+a+n+
k+m+k+ k+n+n+d+. d+s+t+r+s+y+ m+s+t+q+y+m+ b+h+
b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+a+n+ w+ gfr+w+h+h+a+y+ k+a+r+b+r+a+n+
w+ r+a+h+n+m+a+h+a+ w+ k+d+a+c+l+y+ b+a+e+tk m+y+snw+d+
k+h+ p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ PostgreSQL n+s+b+t+ b+h+ s+a+y+r+
p+a+y+gfa+h+h+a+y+ d+a+d+h+ b+h+ n+hkw+ b+h+t+r+y+
a+n+g+a+m+ snw+d+. h+m+tcn+y+n+ a+m+k+a+n+ a+r+a+yHh+
x+d+m+a+t+ p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ t+g+a+r+y+
n+y+z+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+. b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+
a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+ b+h+ FAQ section 1.6
m+r+a+g+e+h+ k+n+y+d+.
q+y+m+t+
h+m+ b+r+a+y+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ t+g+a+r+y+ w+ h+m+ i+y+r+
t+g+a+r+y+ h+y+tc h+z+y+n+h+a+y+ n+b+a+y+d+ p+r+d+a+x+t+
snw+d+. h+y+tc m+hkd+w+d+y+t+y+ b+r+a+y+ a+n+g+a+m+
t+i+y+y+r+a+t+ d+r+ PostgreSQL t+w+s+tj a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
k+n+n+d+gfa+n+ w+g+w+d+ n+d+a+r+d+ b+h+ g+z+ m+w+a+r+d+y+
k+h+ d+r+ l+y+s+a+n+s+ BSD b+h+ aMn+ a+sna+r+h+ snd+h+
a+s+t+.
1.15) m+n+ tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ a+z+ n+zHr+ m+a+l+y+ b+h+ PostgreSQL
k+m+k+ k+n+m+?+
PostgreSQL d+a+r+a+y+ y+k+ s+a+x+t+a+r+ t+snk+y+l+a+t+y+ d+r+g+h+
a+w+l+ a+s+t+ k+h+ aMn+ r+a+ m+d+y+w+n+ Marc Fournier a+s+t+ k+h+
a+y+n+ s+a+x+t+a+r+ r+a+ a+y+g+a+d+ k+r+d+h+ a+s+t+.
k+y+f+y+t+ y+k+ s+a+x+t+a+r+ b+r+a+y+ y+k+ p+r+w+zjh+ m+t+n+ b+a+z+
b+s+y+a+r+ a+h+m+y+t+ d+a+r+d+. y+k+ s+a+x+t+a+r+ x+w+b+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+d+ m+a+n+e+ a+z+ hkw+a+d+tky+ snw+d+ k+h+ d+r+ hkr+k+t+
r+w+b+h+g+l+w+y+ p+r+w+zjh+ x+l+l+y+ w+a+r+d+ m+y+k+n+n+d+.
a+l+b+t+h+ a+y+n+ s+a+x+t+a+r+ t+snk+y+l+a+t+y+ a+r+z+a+n+ n+y+s+t+.
h+z+y+n+h+h+a+y+ tka+b+t+ m+a+h+a+n+h+ w+ r+w+z+m+r+h+ b+r+a+y+
n+gfh+d+a+r+y+ w+ hkf+zH a+y+n+ s+a+x+t+a+r+ m+w+r+d+ n+y+a+z+ a+s+t+.
a+gfr+ snm+a+ y+a+ snr+k+t+ snm+a+ m+a+y+l+ a+s+t+ k+h+ a+z+ n+zHr+
m+a+l+y+ b+h+ a+y+n+ hkr+k+t+ k+m+k+ k+n+d+ l+tjf+a+:+ b+h+ s+a+y+t+
http://store.pgsql.com/shopping m+r+a+g+e+h+ k+r+d+h+ w+ k+m+k+ x+w+d+
r+a+ a+h+d+a+ k+n+y+d+.
h+r+ tcn+d+ d+r+ c+f+hkh+ a+c+l+y+ e+b+a+r+t+ PostgreSQL,Inc dkk+r+
snd+h+ a+s+t+ w+l+y+ m+sna+r+k+t+ e+m+d+t+a+:+ b+r+a+y+
p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ a+z+ p+r+w+zjh+ PostgreSQL m+y+ b+a+snd+ w+ n+h+
b+r+a+y+ y+k+ snr+k+t+ m+snx+c+. a+gfr+ t+r+g+y+hk m+y+d+h+y+d+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+y+d+ y+k+ tck+ b+h+ aMd+r+s+ m+snx+c+ snd+h+ a+r+s+a+l+
k+n+y+d+.
a+gfr+ y+k+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+w+f+q+ a+z+ PostgreSQL s+r+a+i+
d+a+r+y+d+ l+tjf+a+:+ aMn+ r+a+ b+h+ s+a+y+t+
http://advocacy.postgresql.org gfz+a+r+sn d+h+y+d+.
_________________________________________________________________
s+w+a+l+a+t+ m+r+b+w+tj b+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
2.1) aMy+a+ h+y+tc d+r+a+y+w+r+ ODBC b+r+a+y+ PostgreSQL w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+d+?+
d+w+ d+r+a+y+w+r+ ODBC b+n+a+m+h+a+y+ psqlODBC w+ OpenLink b+r+a+y+
PostgreSQL w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
b+r+a+y+ gfr+f+t+n+ psqlODBC b+h+ s+a+y+t+
http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php
m+r+a+g+e+h+ k+n+y+d+.
OpenLlink r+a+ a+z+ a+y+n+ s+a+y+t+ http://www.openlinksw.com m+y+
t+w+a+n+y+d+ b+gfy+r+y+d+. a+y+n+ d+r+a+y+w+r+ b+a+ n+r+m+
a+f+z+a+r+h+a+y+ m+x+t+l+f+ ODBC k+a+r+ m+y+k+n+d+ b+n+a+b+r+a+y+n+
snm+a+ q+a+d+r+ x+w+a+h+y+d+ b+w+d+ b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ OpenLink
r+w+y+ a+k+tkr+ s+k+w+h+a+y+y+ k+h+ n+r+m+a+f+z+a+r+ODBCd+a+r+n+d+
b+d+w+n+ m+snk+l+ b+h+ PostgreSQL n+y+z+ m+t+c+l+ snw+y+d+.
a+y+n+ m+hkc+w+l+ b+h+ k+s+a+n+y+ k+h+ a+hkt+y+a+g+ b+h+ x+d+m+a+t+
p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ t+g+a+r+y+ d+a+r+n+d+ f+r+w+x+t+h+ m+y+snw+d+. w+l+y+
n+s+x+h+ aMz+a+d+ a+y+n+ n+r+m+a+f+z+a+r+ h+m+y+snh+ d+r+ d+r+s+t+r+s+
m+y+b+a+snd+. b+r+a+y+ k+s+b+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+ s+w+a+l+a+t+
x+w+d+ r+a+ b+h+ aMd+r+s+ postgres95@openlink.co.uk a+r+s+a+l+
n+m+a+y+y+d+.
2.2) tch+ a+b+z+a+r+h+a+y+y+ b+r+a+y+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ PostgreSQL b+a+
c+f+hka+t+ w+b+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+?+
d+r+ s+a+y+t+ http://www.webreview.com b+r+a+y+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+
PostgreSQL d+r+ c+f+hka+t+ w+b+ r+a+h+n+m+a+y+y+h+a+y+ x+w+b+y+
w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
b+r+a+y+ t+r+k+y+b+ w+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ d+r+ c+f+hka+t+ w+b+ z+b+a+n+
PHP y+k+ w+a+s+tj b+s+y+a+r+ m+n+a+s+b+ a+s+t+. a+tjl+a+e+a+t+
b+y+snt+r+ r+a+g+e+ b+h+ PHPd+r+ s+a+y+t+ http://www.php.net w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+d+.
m+tka+l+h+a+y+y+ n+y+z+ b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ Perl w+ CGI.pm w+
mod_perl w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
2.3) aMy+a+ PostgreSQL y+k+ w+a+s+tj k+a+r+b+r+y+ gfr+a+f+y+k+y+ d+a+r+d+?+
tcn+d+ n+r+m+ a+f+z+a+r+ gfr+a+f+y+k+y+ b+r+a+y+ PostgreSQL w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+d+ k+h+ sna+m+l+ pgAccess d+r+s+a+y+t+ http://www.pgaccess.org
w+ pgAdmin III d+r+ s+a+y+t+ http://www.pgadmin.org w+ RHDB Admin d+r+
s+a+y+t+ http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb w+ Rekall d+r+ s+a+y+t+
http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall m+y+b+a+snd+. h+m+tcn+y+n+
y+k+ phpPgAdmin h+m+ d+r+ s+a+y+t+ http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net
w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ k+h+ y+k+ w+a+s+tj w+b+y+ b+r+a+y+ m+d+y+r+y+t+
PostgreSQL m+y+b+a+snd+.
b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+ r+a+g+e+ b+h+ n+r+m+
a+f+z+a+r+h+a+y+ gfr+a+f+y+k+y+ b+r+a+y+ PostgreSQL b+h+ aMd+r+s+
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools m+r+a+g+e+h+ k+n+y+d+.
2.4) b+a+ tch+ z+b+a+n+h+a+y+ b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+y+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ b+a+
PostgreSQL a+r+t+b+a+tj b+r+q+r+a+r+ k+r+d+?+
b+y+snt+r+ z+b+a+n+h+a+y+ b+r+n+a+m+h+n+w+y+s+y+ m+y+t+w+a+n+n+d+ b+a+
PostgreSQL a+r+t+b+a+tj b+r+q+r+a+r+ k+n+n+d+. b+h+ h+m+r+a+h+
s+w+r+s+ PostgreSQL t+e+d+a+d+y+ a+z+ w+a+s+tjh+a+y+ m+w+r+d+ n+y+a+z+
b+r+a+y+ a+r+t+b+a+tj b+a+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ a+z+ tjr+y+q+
z+b+a+n+h+a+y+ m+x+t+l+f+ aMm+d+h+ a+s+t+ k+h+ d+r+ z+y+r+ l+y+s+t+
aMn+h+a+ r+a+ m+sna+h+d+h+ m+y+k+n+y+d+.
* C (libpq)
* Embedded C (ecpg)
* Java (jdbc)
* Python (PyGreSQL)
* TCL (libpgtcl)
w+a+s+tjh+a+y+ d+y+gfr+ d+r+ s+a+y+t+ http://gborg.postgresql.org d+r+
q+s+m+t+ Drivers/Interfaces w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
_________________________________________________________________
s+w+a+l+a+t+ m+d+y+r+y+t+y+
3.1) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ PostgreSQL r+a+ d+r+ sna+x+h+a+y+ i+y+r+
a+z+ /usr/local/pgsql/ n+c+b+ k+n+m+?+
m+w+q+e+ a+g+r+a+y+ d+s+t+w+r+ configure a+z+ gfz+y+n+h+ prefix--
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+y+d+.
3.2) tcr+a+ m+w+q+e+y+ k+h+ m+n+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ postmaster r+a+ a+g+r+a+ m+y+
k+n+m+ p+y+a+m+ Bad system call w+ y+a+ core dump m+y+gfy+r+m+?+
b+h+ d+l+a+y+l+ m+x+t+l+f+ m+m+k+n+ a+s+t+ a+y+n+ a+t+f+a+q+
b+y+f+t+d+. a+m+a+ d+r+ q+d+m+ a+w+l+ snm+a+ m+tjm+yHn+ snw+y+d+ k+h+
k+h+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+ a+dda+f+h+ System V d+r+ k+r+n+l+ snm+a+ n+c+b+
snd+h+ b+a+snd+. PostgreSQL b+r+a+y+ a+g+r+a+ snd+n+ n+y+a+z+ b+h+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+ hka+f+zHh+ m+snt+r+k+ w+
s+m+a+f+w+r+h+a+ d+a+r+d+.
3.3) tcr+a+ m+w+q+e+y+ k+h+ m+n+ s+e+y+ m+y+k+n+m+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ postmaster
r+a+ a+g+r+a+ k+n+m+ x+tja+y+ IpcMemoryCreate m+y+gfy+r+m+?+
a+hkt+m+a+l+a+:+ q+s+m+t+ a+y+g+a+d+ hka+f+zHh+ m+snt+r+k+ d+r+
k+r+n+l+ b+h+ d+r+s+t+y+ t+n+zHy+m+ n+snd+h+ a+s+t+ w+ y+a+ a+y+n+k+h+
b+a+y+d+ f+dda+y+ hka+f+zHh+ a+snt+r+a+k+y+ d+r+ k+r+n+l+ r+a+
z+y+a+d+ k+r+d+. m+y+z+a+n+ d+q+y+q+ hka+f+zHh+ m+snt+r+k+ m+w+r+d+
n+y+a+z+ b+s+t+h+ b+h+ m+e+m+a+r+y+ w+ n+hkw+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+
b+a+f+r+h+a+ t+w+s+tj b+r+n+a+m+h+ postmaster d+a+r+d+. b+r+a+y+
b+y+snt+r+ s+y+s+t+m+h+a+ k+h+ b+a+ t+n+zHy+m+a+t+ p+y+snf+r+dd k+a+r+
m+y+k+n+n+d+ m+q+d+a+r+ a+y+n+ hka+f+zHh+ hkd+w+d+ 1 m+gfa+b+a+y+t+
a+s+t+. b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+ r+a+g+e+ b+h+
hka+f+zHh+ m+snt+r+k+ w+ s+m+a+f+w+r+ b+h+ PostgreSQL Administrator's
Guide m+r+a+g+e+h+ k+n+y+d+.
3.4) tcr+a+ m+w+q+e+y+ k+h+ m+n+ s+e+y+ m+y+k+n+m+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ postmaster
r+a+ a+g+r+a+ k+n+m+ x+tja+y+ IpcSemaphoreCreate m+y+gfy+r+m+?+
a+gfr+ p+y+i+a+m+ x+tja+ (pcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space
left on device b+a+snd+ b+h+ a+y+n+ m+e+n+y+ a+s+t+ k+h+ t+e+d+a+d+
s+m+a+f+w+r+h+a+y+ t+n+zHy+m+ snd+h+ d+r+ k+r+n+l+ k+a+f+y+ n+y+s+t+.
PostgreSQL b+r+a+y+ h+r+ f+r+a+y+n+d+y+ k+h+ d+r+ backend a+g+r+a+
m+y+snw+d+ b+h+ y+k+ s+m+a+f+w+r+ n+y+a+z+ d+a+r+d+. y+k+ r+a+h+ hkl+
m+w+q+t+ b+r+a+y+ a+y+n+ m+s+yHl+h+ aMn+ a+s+t+ k+h+ postmaster r+a+
b+a+ a+e+m+a+l+ m+hkd+w+d+y+t+ r+w+y+ t+e+d+a+d+ f+r+a+y+n+d+h+a+y+y+
k+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+d+ a+y+g+a+d+ k+n+d+ a+g+r+a+ k+n+y+m+. b+r+a+y+
a+y+n+k+a+r+ a+z+ gfz+y+n+h+ N- w+ y+k+ e+d+d+ k+m+t+r+ a+z+ 32
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+y+d+. r+a+h+ hkl+ d+a+yHm+y+ a+y+n+ m+snk+l+ aMn+
a+s+t+ k+h+ p+a+r+a+m+t+r+h+a+y+ SEMMNS, SEMMNI k+r+n+l+ r+a+
a+f+z+a+y+sn d+h+y+m+.
d+r+ z+m+a+n+ d+s+t+r+s+y+ x+y+l+y+ z+y+a+d+ b+h+ p+a+y+gfa+h+
d+a+d+h+,+ s+m+a+f+w+r+h+a+y+ n+a+m+e+t+b+r+ m+y+t+w+a+n+n+d+ b+a+e+tk
crash k+r+d+n+ s+y+s+t+m+ snw+n+d+.
a+gfr+ p+y+i+a+m+ x+tja+ tcy+z+ d+y+gfr+y+ b+a+snd+ a+hkt+m+a+l+a+:+
b+h+ d+l+y+l+ aMn+ a+s+t+ k+h+ k+r+n+l+ a+z+ s+m+a+f+w+r+h+a+
p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ n+m+y+k+n+d+. b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+
b+y+snt+r+ r+a+h+n+m+a+y+ m+d+y+r+y+t+y+ PostgreSQL r+a+ m+tja+l+e+h+
k+n+y+d+.
3.5) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ a+t+c+a+l+a+t+ s+a+y+r+ m+a+sny+n+h+a+ r+a+
k+n+t+r+l+ k+n+m+?+
b+h+ c+w+r+t+ p+y+sn f+r+dd f+q+tj a+z+ m+a+sny+n+y+ k+h+ PostgreSQL
r+w+y+ aMn+ d+r+ hka+l+ a+g+r+a+s+t+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
a+z+ s+w+k+t+h+a+y+ y+w+n+y+k+s+y+ b+h+ aMn+ m+t+c+l+ snd+. s+a+y+r+
m+a+sny+n+h+a+ q+a+d+r+ n+y+s+t+n+d+ b+h+ PostgreSQL m+t+c+l+ snw+n+d+
m+gfr+ aMn+k+h+ gfz+y+n+h+ tcp_sockets d+r+ f+a+y+l+ postgresql.conf
f+e+a+l+ snd+h+ w+ h+m+tcn+y+n+ b+a+ a+c+l+a+hk f+a+y+l+
PGDATA/ph_hba.conf h+w+y+t+snn+a+s+y+ m+b+t+n+y+ b+r+ m+y+z+b+a+n+
n+y+z+ f+e+a+l+ snw+d+. b+a+ a+y+n+ k+a+r+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ a+t+c+a+l+a+t+
TCP/IP b+h+ PostgreSQL a+y+g+a+d+ k+r+d+.
3.6) b+r+a+y+ k+a+r+a+y+y+ b+a+l+a+t+r+ w+ b+h+t+r+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
m+n+ tch+ t+n+zHy+m+a+t+y+ r+a+ b+a+y+d+ a+n+g+a+m+ d+h+m+?+
b+h+ tjw+r+ hkt+m+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ a+n+d+y+s+h+a+ b+a+e+tk
b+a+l+a+ r+f+t+n+ s+r+e+t+ p+a+s+x+gfw+y+y+ b+h+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+
x+w+a+h+d+ snd+. d+s+t+w+r+ EXPLAIN ANALYZE b+h+ snm+a+ a+m+k+a+n+
d+y+d+n+ n+hkw+h+ p+r+d+a+z+sn y+k+ d+s+t+w+r+ t+w+s+tj PostgreSQL
r+a+ m+y+d+h+d+.
a+gfr+ snm+a+ t+e+d+a+d+ z+y+a+d+y+ INSERT d+a+r+y+d+ s+e+y+ k+n+y+d+
aMn+h+a+ r+a+ b+a+ q+r+a+r+ d+a+d+n+ d+r+ y+k+ f+a+y+l+ b+a+
d+s+t+w+r+ COPY a+g+r+a+ k+n+y+d+. a+y+n+ d+s+t+w+r+ b+h+ m+r+a+t+b+
a+z+ INSERT s+r+y+e+t+r+ a+s+t+. hkt+y+a+l+a+m+k+a+n+ s+e+y+ k+n+y+d+
a+z+ t+r+a+k+n+snh+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ n+k+n+y+d+. t+r+a+k+n+snh+a+
m+g+m+w+e+h+ d+s+t+w+r+a+t+y+ h+s+t+n+d+ k+h+ b+y+n+d+ BEGIN w+ COMMIT
m+y+aMy+n+d+. a+gfr+ y+k+ d+s+t+w+r+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ e+a+d+y+ a+g+r+a+
snw+d+ PostgreSQL x+w+d+ aMn+ d+s+t+w+r+ r+a+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ y+k+
t+r+a+k+n+sn m+s+t+q+l+ n+gfa+h+ k+r+d+h+ w+ a+g+r+a+ m+y+k+n+d+.
m+w+q+e+ی k+h+ t+i+y+y+r+a+t+ z+y+a+d+y+ d+r+ p+a+y+gfa+h+
d+a+d+h+ a+n+g+a+m+ m+y+snw+d+ a+n+d+y+s+h+a+y+ q+b+l+y+ r+a+ hkdkf+
w+ m+g+d+d+a+:+ a+y+g+a+d+ k+n+y+d+.
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ gfz+y+n+h+ o -F- d+r+ f+r+m+a+n+ postmaster
b+a+e+tk i+y+r+ f+e+a+l+ k+r+d+n+ ()fsync m+y+snw+d+. a+y+n+
d+s+t+w+r+ b+e+d+ a+z+ h+r+ t+r+a+k+n+sn a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ r+a+ r+w+y+
h+a+r+d+d+y+s+k+ m+n+t+q+l+ m+y+k+n+d+.
b+r+a+y+ a+f+z+a+y+sn t+e+d+a+d+ b+a+f+r+h+a+y+ hka+f+zHh+
a+snt+r+a+k+y+ a+z+ gfz+y+n+h+ B- b+h+ h+m+r+a+h+ f+r+m+a+n+
postmaster a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+y+d+. t+w+g+h+ k+n+y+d+ k+h+ a+gfr+
a+y+n+ e+d+d+ x+y+l+y+ b+z+r+gf b+a+snd+ m+m+k+n+ a+s+t+ postmaster
a+c+l+a+:+ a+g+r+a+ n+snw+d+. h+r+ b+a+f+r+ 8 k+y+l+w+ b+a+y+t+
hka+f+zHh+ n+y+a+z+ d+a+r+d+ w+ t+e+d+a+d+ b+a+f+r+h+a+ b+h+ tjw+r+
p+y+sn f+r+dd 64 a+s+t+.
h+m+tcn+y+n+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ b+a+ gfz+y+n+h+ S- m+y+z+a+n+ hka+f+zHh+
a+y+ k+h+ b+r+a+y+ m+r+t+b+s+a+z+y+h+a+y+ m+w+q+t+ t+w+s+tj PostgreSQL
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+snw+d+ r+a+ a+f+z+a+y+sn d+a+d+. m+q+d+a+r+ p+y+sn
f+r+dd 512 k+y+l+w+ b+a+y+t+ a+s+t+.
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ d+s+t+w+r+ CLUSTER n+y+z+ b+r+a+y+ b+a+l+a+
b+r+d+n+ k+a+r+a+y+y+ m+w+tkr+ a+ s+t+. d+s+t+w+r+ r+a+h+n+m+a+y+
CLUSTER a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+y+ d+r+ a+y+n+ z+m+y+n+h+ b+h+ snm+a+
m+y+d+h+d+.
3.7) tch+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+y+ b+r+a+y+ p+y+d+a+ k+r+d+n+ a+snk+a+l+ w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+d+?+
PostgerSQL a+m+k+a+n+a+t+ m+x+t+l+f+y+ b+r+a+y+ gfz+a+r+sn d+a+d+n+
w+dde+y+t+ x+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ k+h+ b+r+a+y+ a+snk+a+l+ z+d+a+y+y+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+ a+z+ aMn+h+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+r+d+.
b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ gfz+y+n+h+ enable-assert-- t+e+d+a+d+
z+y+a+d+y+ ()assert b+r+a+y+ m+w+n+y+t+w+r+ k+r+d+n+ w+ t+w+q+f+
b+r+n+a+m+h+ d+r+ c+w+r+t+ b+r+w+z+ x+tja+h+a+y+ n+a+x+w+a+s+t+h+
f+e+a+l+ m+y+snw+d+.
h+m+ Postmaster w+ h+m+ postgres gfz+y+n+h+h+a+y+ z+y+a+d+y+ b+r+a+y+
a+snk+a+l+ z+d+a+y+y+ d+a+r+n+d+. m+w+q+e+y+ k+h+ postmaster r+a+
a+g+r+a+ m+y+k+n+y+d+ x+r+w+g+y+ a+s+t+a+n+d+a+r+d+ w+ x+tja+ r+a+
s+m+t+ f+a+y+l+ log a+r+s+a+l+ k+n+y+d+.
cd /usr/local/pgsql
./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &
a+y+n+ k+a+r+ y+k+ f+a+y+l+ log d+r+ b+a+l+a+t+r+y+n+ sna+x+h+
PostgreSQL a+y+g+a+d+ m+y+k+n+d+. a+y+n+ f+a+y+l+ hka+w+y+
a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ m+f+y+d+y+ d+r+ m+w+r+d+ m+s+a+yHl+ w+ x+tja+h+a+y+y+
a+s+t+ k+h+ b+r+a+y+ s+r+w+r+ a+t+f+a+q+ a+f+t+a+d+h+ a+s+t+. b+r+a+y+
d+y+d+n+ g+z+yHy+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ a+z+ d- b+h+ h+m+r+a+h+
f+r+m+a+n+ postmaster a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+r+d+. gfz+y+n+h+ d-
h+m+tcn+y+n+ y+k+ e+d+d+ m+y+gfy+r+d+ k+h+ n+sna+n+ d+h+n+d+h+ s+tjhk
g+z+yHy+a+t+y+ a+s+t+ k+h+ d+r+ Logf+a+y+l+ n+w+snt+h+ m+y+snw+d+.
b+a+ b+a+l+a+b+r+d+n+ a+y+n+ e+d+d+ hkg+m+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ t+w+l+y+d+
snd+h+ d+r+ Logf+a+y+l+ n+y+z+ a+f+z+a+y+sn m+y+y+a+b+d+.
a+gfr+ postmaster d+r+ hka+l+ a+g+r+a+ n+b+a+snd+,+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+m+
postgres r+a+ b+h+ tjw+r+ m+s+t+q+y+m+ a+z+ x+tj f+r+m+a+n+ a+g+r+a+
k+r+d+h+ w+ d+s+t+w+r+a+t+ SQL r+a+ b+h+ aMn+ b+d+h+y+m+. a+y+n+
k+a+r+ f+q+tj b+r+a+y+ a+snk+a+l+y+a+b+y+ t+w+c+y+h+ m+y+snw+d+.
t+w+g+h+ k+n+y+d+ k+h+ d+r+ a+y+n+ hka+l+t+ y+k+ d+s+t+w+r+ b+a+
k+a+r+a+k+t+r+ newline x+a+t+m+h+ p+y+d+a+ m+y+k+n+d+ w+ n+h+ b+a+ ;.
a+gfr+ postmaster r+a+ b+a+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+ a+snk+a+l+y+a+b+y+
k+a+m+p+y+l+ k+r+d+h+ b+a+sny+d+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
a+z+ y+k+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ a+snk+a+l+y+a+b+ a+g+r+a+y+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ r+a+
m+w+n+y+t+w+r+ k+n+y+d+.
a+gfr+ postmaster d+r+ hka+l+ a+g+r+a+ b+a+snd+ b+a+ d+s+t+w+r+ psql
m+y+t+w+a+n+ b+h+ postgres m+t+c+l+ snd+. b+a+ p+y+d+a+ k+r+d+n+ PID
f+r+a+y+n+d+ postgres k+h+ psql b+h+ aMn+ m+t+c+l+ snd+h+ a+s+t+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+ aMn+ r+a+ m+w+n+y+t+w+r+ k+r+d+. b+r+a+y+ a+y+n+k+a+r+
b+a+y+d+ y+k+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ a+snk+a+l+y+a+b+ r+a+ b+h+ aMn+ pid
m+t+c+l+ k+r+d+. a+gfr+ b+x+w+a+h+y+m+ b+a+l+a+ aMm+d+n+ postgres r+a+
m+w+n+y+t+w+r+ k+n+y+m+ k+a+f+y+ a+s+t+ "PGOPTIONS="-W n w+ psql r+a+
a+g+r+a+ k+n+y+m+. a+y+n+ k+a+r+ b+a+e+tk m+y+snw+d+ k+h+ postgres
b+a+ n tka+n+y+h+ t+a+x+y+r+ a+g+r+a+ snw+d+ w+ d+r+ a+y+n+ f+a+c+l+h+
snm+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ a+snk+a+l+y+a+b+ r+a+ b+h+ aMn+
m+t+c+l+ k+r+d+h+ w+ b+a+ q+r+a+r+ d+a+d+n+ y+k+ n+q+tjh+ t+w+q+f+
r+w+n+d+ a+g+r+a+y+ aMn+ r+a+ m+w+n+y+t+w+r+ k+n+y+d+.
postgres gfz+y+n+h+h+a+y+ s- w+ A- w+ t- d+a+r+d+ k+h+ b+r+a+y+
p+y+d+a+ k+r+d+n+ a+snk+a+l+a+t+ b+s+y+a+r+ m+n+a+s+b+ h+s+t+n+d+.
snm+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ postgreSQL r+a+ b+a+ a+m+k+a+n+a+t+ profiling
k+a+m+p+y+l+ k+n+y+d+. a+y+n+ k+a+r+ b+a+e+tk m+y+snw+d+ k+h+ z+m+a+n+
a+g+r+a+y+ d+q+y+q+ h+r+ t+a+b+e+ d+r+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ m+snx+c+ snw+d+.
x+r+w+g+y+h+a+y+ t+w+l+y+d+ snd+h+ d+r+ a+y+n+ hka+l+t+ d+r+ f+a+y+l+
DLINUX_PROFILE. r+y+x+t+h+ m+y+snw+d+.
3.8) tcr+a+ m+w+q+e+y+ k+h+ m+n+ m+y+x+w+a+h+m+ b+h+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
w+c+l+ snw+m+ p+y+a+m+ "Sorry, too many clients" m+y+gfy+r+m+?+
snm+a+ b+a+y+d+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ t+e+d+a+d+ f+r+a+y+n+d+h+a+y+
h+m+z+m+a+n+ postmaster r+a+ a+f+z+a+y+sn d+h+y+d+. m+q+d+a+r+ p+y+sn
f+r+dd 32 a+s+t+. b+r+a+y+ a+f+z+a+y+sn aMn+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ a+z+
gfz+y+n+h+ N- a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+r+d+ w+ y+a+ f+a+y+l+ postgresql.conf
r+a+ a+c+l+a+hk n+m+w+d+
t+w+g+h+ k+n+y+d+ k+h+ a+gfr+ N- m+q+d+a+r+y+ b+y+snt+r+ a+z+ 32
d+a+snt+h+ b+a+snd+ b+a+y+d+ m+q+d+a+r+ B- r+a+ n+y+z+ a+f+z+a+y+sn
d+h+y+m+. a+y+n+ m+q+d+a+r+ b+a+y+d+ hkd+a+q+l+ d+w+ b+r+a+b+r+
m+q+d+a+r+ N- b+a+snd+. b+r+a+y+ a+e+d+a+d+ x+y+l+y+ b+a+l+a+ b+a+y+d+
b+e+ddy+ a+z+ p+a+r+a+m+t+r+h+a+y+ k+r+n+l+ r+a+ n+y+z+ a+c+l+a+hk
k+r+d+. p+a+r+a+m+t+r+h+a+y+y+ n+zHy+r+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+
hka+f+zHh+ a+snt+r+a+k+y+ SHMMAX ,+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ t+e+d+a+d+
s+m+a+f+w+r+h+a+ SEMMNI w+ SEMMNS ,+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ t+e+d+a+d+
f+r+a+y+n+d+h+a+ NPROC,+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ f+r+a+y+n+d+h+a+y+ y+k+
k+a+r+b+r+ MAXUPRC w+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ f+a+y+l+h+a+y+ b+a+z+ NFILE w+
NINODE. y+k+y+ a+z+ d+l+a+y+l+y+ k+h+ t+e+d+a+d+ a+t+c+a+l+a+t+
h+m+z+m+a+n+ postgreSQL m+hkd+w+d+ a+s+t+ aMn+ a+s+t+ k+h+
n+y+a+z+h+a+y+ PostgreSQL b+y+sn a+z+ m+n+a+b+e+ m+w+g+w+d+ s+y+s+t+m+
n+b+a+snd+.
3.9) d+r+ sna+x+h+ pgsql_tmp tch+ tcy+z+y+ q+r+a+r+ d+a+r+d+?+
d+r+a+y+n+ sna+x+h+ f+a+y+l+h+a+y+ m+w+q+t+y+ q+r+a+r+ d+a+r+d+ k+h+
b+a+ a+g+r+a+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+ b+h+ w+g+w+d+ aMm+d+h+ a+s+t+. b+h+
e+n+w+a+n+ m+tka+l+ a+gfr+ b+r+a+y+ a+g+r+a+y+ d+s+t+w+r+ order by
n+y+a+z+ b+h+ a+n+g+a+m+ m+r+t+b+ s+a+z+y+ b+a+snd+ w+ d+r+ c+w+r+t+y+
k+h+ hka+f+zHh+ m+snx+c+ snd+h+ b+a+ gfz+y+n+h+ S- b+r+a+y+
a+y+n+k+a+r+ k+a+f+y+ n+b+a+snd+ s+y+s+t+m+ y+k+ f+a+y+l+ m+w+q+t+
d+r+ a+y+n+ sna+x+h+ a+y+g+a+d+ m+y+k+n+d+ t+a+ e+m+l+ m+r+t+b+
s+a+z+y+ r+a+ a+n+g+a+m+ d+h+d+.
f+a+y+l+h+a+y+ m+w+q+t+ m+e+m+w+l+a+:+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ a+t+w+m+a+t+y+k+
p+a+k+ m+y+snw+d+ a+m+a+ a+gfr+ postgreSQL d+r+ hky+n+ m+r+t+b+
s+a+z+y+ crash k+n+d+ aMn+ f+a+y+l+h+a+ b+a+q+y+ m+y+m+a+n+n+d+. b+a+
stop w+ start k+r+d+n+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ postmaster a+y+n+ f+a+y+l+h+a+
p+a+k+ m+y+snw+n+d+.
3.10) tcr+a+ b+r+a+y+ b+h+ r+w+z+ k+r+d+n+ n+s+x+h+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
m+n+ b+a+y+d+ k+l+ d+a+d+h+ h+a+ r+a+ dump w+ m+g+d+d+a+:+ restore k+n+m+?+
t+y+m+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ n+w+y+s+ postgreSQL d+r+ n+s+x+h+h+a+y+ a+r+a+yHh+
snd+h+ k+h+ f+q+tj minor aMn+h+a+ m+t+f+a+w+t+ a+s+t+ f+q+tj
t+i+y+y+r+a+t+ k+w+tck+y+ a+e+m+a+l+ m+y+k+n+n+d+;+ b+n+a+b+r+a+y+n+
b+r+a+y+ b+h+ r+w+z+ k+r+d+n+ a+z+ n+s+x+h+ 7.2b+h+ 7.2.1 n+y+a+z+y+
b+h+ dump w+ restore n+y+s+t+. a+m+a+ d+r+ n+s+x+h+h+a+y+y+ k+h+ major
aMn+h+a+ t+i+y+y+r+ m+y+k+n+d+ i+a+l+b+a+:+ s+a+x+t+a+r+ d+a+x+l+y+
g+d+a+w+l+ w+ f+a+y+l+h+a+y+ d+a+d+h+ t+i+y+y+r+ m+y+k+n+d+. a+y+n+
t+i+y+y+r+a+t+ m+e+m+w+l+a+:+ p+y+tcy+d+h+ h+s+t+n+d+. b+r+a+y+
a+n+t+q+a+l+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+ m+w+g+w+d+ d+r+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ d+r+
a+y+n+ hka+l+t+ b+a+y+d+ a+z+ dump w+ restore a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+r+d+.
d+r+ n+s+x+h+h+a+y+y+ k+h+ s+a+x+t+a+r+ r+w+y+ d+y+s+k+ t+i+y+y+r+y+
n+m+y+k+n+d+ m+y+ t+w+a+n+ a+z+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ pg_upgrade b+r+a+y+ b+h+
r+w+z+ k+r+d+n+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+r+d+ b+d+w+n+
a+y+n+k+h+ n+y+a+z+y+ b+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ dump w+ restore
b+a+snd+. d+r+ y+a+d+d+a+snt+y+ k+h+ b+h+ h+m+r+a+h+ h+r+ t+w+z+y+e+
m+y+aMy+d+ dkk+r+ snd+h+ a+s+t+ k+h+ aMy+a+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ pg_upgrade
b+r+a+y+ a+y+n+ t+w+z+y+e+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ y+a+ x+y+r+.
3.11) a+z+ tch+ s+x+t+ a+f+z+a+r+y+ b+a+y+d+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+m+?+
tcw+n+ a+k+tkr+ s+x+t+a+f+z+a+r+h+a+y+ PC s+a+z+gfa+r+ h+s+t+n+d+
m+r+d+m+ f+k+r+ m+y+k+n+n+d+ k+h+ k+y+f+y+t+ aMn+h+a+ n+y+z+
y+k+s+a+n+ a+s+t+. d+r+ hka+l+y+k+h+ a+y+n+tjw+r+ n+y+s+t+.
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ h+a+r+d+h+a+y+ SCSI w+ hka+f+zHh+h+a+y+ ECC w+
m+a+d+r+b+r+d+h+a+y+ b+a+ k+y+f+y+t+ b+a+l+a+ n+s+b+t+ b+h+ s+x+t+
a+f+z+a+r+h+a+y+ a+r+z+a+n+t+r+ n+t+a+y+g+ b+h+t+r+y+ a+z+ n+zHr+
k+a+r+a+y+y+ w+ p+a+y+d+a+r+y+ s+y+s+t+m+ b+h+m+r+a+h+ x+w+a+h+d+
d+a+snt+. PostgreSQL r+w+y+ b+y+snt+r+ s+x+t+ a+f+z+a+r+h+a+ a+g+r+a+
m+y+snw+d+ a+m+a+ a+gfr+ k+a+r+a+y+y+ w+ a+tjm+y+n+a+n+
f+a+k+t+w+r+h+a+y+ m+h+m+y+ h+s+t+n+d+ b+a+y+d+ s+x+t+ a+f+z+a+r+
m+n+a+s+b+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+. d+r+ gfr+w+h+h+a+y+ p+s+t+y+ d+r+
m+w+r+d+ s+x+t+ a+f+z+a+r+ m+n+a+s+b+ w+ a+n+t+x+a+b+ aMn+ b+hktk
snd+h+ a+s+t+.
_________________________________________________________________
s+w+a+l+a+t+ e+m+l+y+a+t+y+
4.1) t+f+a+w+t+ b+y+n+ binary cursors w+ Normal cursors tcy+s+t+?+
r+a+h+n+m+a+y+ d+s+t+w+r+ DECLARE r+a+ m+tja+l+e+h+ k+n+y+d+.
4.2) m+n+ tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ f+q+tj r+w+y+ tcn+d+ r+d+y+f+ a+w+l+
y+a+ y+k+ r+d+y+f+ t+c+a+d+f+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ SELECT b+z+n+m+?+
r+a+h+n+m+a+y+ d+s+t+w+r+ FETCH y+a+ SELECT...LIMIT r+a+
b+b+y+n+y+d+.
d+r+ w+a+q+e+ k+l+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ b+a+y+d+ b+r+r+s+y+ w+
a+r+z+y+a+b+y+ snw+d+ hkt+y+ a+gfr+ snm+a+ f+q+tj tcn+d+ r+d+y+f+
a+w+l+ r+a+ b+x+w+a+h+y+d+. b+r+a+y+ m+tka+l+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ ORDER BY
r+a+ d+r+ n+zHr+ b+gfy+r+y+d+. a+gfr+ a+n+d+y+s+ y+a+ n+m+a+y+h+a+y+
b+r+a+y+ ORDER BY w+g+w+d+ d+a+snt+h+ b+a+snd+,+postgreSQL m+m+k+n+
a+s+t+ b+t+w+a+n+d+ f+q+tj tcn+d+ s+tjr+ a+w+l+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+y+ r+a+
a+r+z+y+a+b+y+ k+n+d+ w+ y+a+ a+y+n+k+h+ k+l+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+
p+r+d+a+z+sn snw+d+ t+a+ t+e+d+a+d+ r+d+y+f+h+a+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+y+
t+w+l+y+d+ snw+d+.
b+r+a+y+ a+n+t+x+a+b+ y+k+ s+tjr+ t+c+a+d+f+y+ b+h+ r+w+sn z+y+r+
e+m+l+ m+y+k+n+y+m+:
SELECT col
FROM tab
ORDER BY random()
LIMIT 1;
4.3) m+n+ tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ l+y+s+t+y+ a+z+ g+d+a+w+l+ y+a+
s+a+y+r+ tcy+z+h+a+y+y+ k+h+ d+r+ psql w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+ r+a+ b+b+y+n+m+?+
b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ l+y+s+t+ g+d+a+w+l+ d+s+t+w+r+ dt\ r+a+ d+r+
b+r+n+a+m+h+ psql a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+y+d+. b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ l+y+s+t+
k+a+m+l+ f+r+m+a+n+h+a+ ?\ r+a+ a+g+r+a+ k+n+y+d+. r+a+h+ d+y+gfr+
x+w+a+n+d+n+ m+t+n+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ psql a+s+t+ k+h+ d+r+ sna+x+h+
pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c q+r+a+r+ d+a+r+d+. a+y+n+ f+a+y+l+
hka+w+y+ f+r+a+m+y+n+ SQLy+y+ a+s+t+ k+h+ x+r+w+g+y+ r+a+ b+r+a+y+
d+s+t+w+r+a+t+y+ k+h+ b+a+ \d+r+ psql snr+w+e+ m+y+snw+n+d+ t+w+l+y+d+
m+y+k+n+n+d+. r+a+h+ d+y+gfr+ a+g+r+a+y+ psql b+a+ gfz+y+n+h+ E-
a+s+t+. a+y+n+k+a+r+ b+a+e+tk m+y+snw+d+ k+h+ psql q+b+l+ a+z+
a+g+r+a+ h+r+ d+s+t+w+r+ SQLm+t+n+a+zHr+ aMn+ r+a+ n+sna+n+ d+h+d+.
PostgreSQLh+m+tcn+y+n+ y+k+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ SQLi d+a+r+d+ k+h+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+ b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ aMn+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ d+a+x+l+y+
p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ r+a+ a+s+t+x+r+a+g+ k+r+d+.
4.4) tcgfw+n+h+ y+k+ s+t+w+n+ g+d+w+l+ r+a+ hkdkf+ m+y+k+n+y+d+?+
tcgfw+n+h+ n+w+e+ d+a+d+h+ aMn+ r+a+ e+w+dd k+n+y+m+?+
hkdkf+ y+k+ s+t+w+n+ d+r+ t+w+z+y+e+ 7.3 b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+
d+s+t+w+r+ ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN a+dda+f+h+ snd+h+ a+s+t+. d+r+
n+s+x+h+h+a+y+ q+b+l+y+ b+h+ r+w+sn z+y+r+ e+m+l+ k+n+y+d+:
BEGIN;
LOCK TABLE old_table;
SELECT ... -- t+m+a+m+ s+t+w+n+h+a+ i+y+r+ a+z+ s+t+w+n+y+ k+h+ m+y+x+w+a+h+y+d+ aMn+ r+a+ hkdkf+ k+n+y+d+ r+a+ d+r+ a+y+n+g+a+ b+y+a+w+r+y+d+
INTO TABLE new_table
FROM old_table;
DROP TABLE old_table;
ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
COMMIT;
b+r+a+y+ e+w+dd k+r+d+n+ n+w+e+ d+a+d+h+ y+k+ s+t+w+n+ b+h+ r+w+sn
z+y+r+ e+m+l+ k+n+y+d+:
BEGIN;
ALTER TABLE tab ADD COLUMN new_col new_data_type;
UPDATE tab SET new_col = CAST(old_col AS new_data_type);
ALTER TABLE tab DROP COLUMN old_col;
COMMIT;
4.5) hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ y+k+ r+d+y+f+,+ g+d+w+l+ w+ x+w+d+
p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ tcq+d+r+ a+s+t+?+
m+hkd+w+d+y+t+h+a+ e+b+a+r+t+n+d+ a+z+:
hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ n+a+m+hkd+w+d+(t+a+ 32 t+r+a+b+a+y+t+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+)
hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ y+k+ g+d+w+l+ 32 t+r+a+b+a+y+t+
hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+ n+d+a+z+h+ y+k+ r+d+y+f+ 1.6 t+r+a+b+a+y+t+
hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ y+k+ f+y+l+d+ 1 gfy+gfa+ b+a+y+t+
hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ r+d+y+f+h+a+y+ y+k+ g+d+w+l+ n+a+ m+hkd+w+d+
hkd+a+k+tkr+ s+t+w+n+h+a+y+ y+k+ g+d+w+l+ b+s+t+h+ b+h+ n+w+e+ g+d+w+l+ b+y+n+ 250 t+a+ 6000
hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+y+s+h+a+y+ y+k+ g+d+w+l+ n+a+ m+hkd+w+d+
a+l+b+t+h+ d+r+ hka+l+t+ n+a+m+hkd+w+d+ n+y+z+ m+a+ m+hkd+w+d+ b+h+
hkg+m+ h+a+r+d+d+y+s+k+ w+ f+dda+y+ hka+f+zHh+ x+w+a+h+y+m+ b+w+d+.
d+r+ c+w+r+t+y+ کh+ m+q+a+d+y+r+ m+snx+c+ snd+h+ b+h+ e+n+w+a+n+
n+a+m+hkd+w+d+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ i+y+r+ m+e+m+w+l+y+ b+z+r+k+ snw+n+d+
k+a+r+a+y+y+ s+y+s+t+m+ k+a+h+sn x+w+a+h+d+ y+a+f+t+.
b+r+a+y+ dkx+y+r+h+ k+r+d+n+ g+d+a+w+l+ b+a+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ x+y+l+y+
b+z+r+gf n+y+a+z+y+ n+y+s+t+ k+h+ s+y+s+t+m+ e+a+m+l+ a+m+k+a+n+
a+y+g+a+d+ f+a+y+l+h+a+y+ b+z+r+gf r+a+ d+a+snt+h+ b+a+snd+. b+l+k+h+
g+d+a+w+l+ x+y+l+y+ b+z+r+gf b+h+ c+w+r+t+ f+a+y+l+h+a+y+y+ b+h+
hkg+m+ y+k+ gfy+gfa+ b+a+y+t+ n+gfa+h+d+a+r+y+ m+y+snw+n+d+.
a+gfr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ b+l+w+k+h+a+y+ d+a+d+h+ r+a+ b+r+a+b+r+ 32
k+y+l+w+ b+a+y+t+ q+r+a+r+ d+h+y+m+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ g+d+w+l+
w+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ t+e+d+a+d+ s+t+w+n+h+a+ 4 b+r+a+b+r+ x+w+a+h+d+ snd+.
4.6) tcq+d+r+ f+dda+y+ d+y+s+k+ s+x+t+ b+r+a+y+ dkx+y+r+h+ k+r+d+n+
d+a+d+h+h+a+y+ y+k+ f+a+y+l+ m+t+n+y+ m+w+r+d+ n+y+a+z+ a+s+t+?+
y+k+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ PostgreSQL t+a+ 5 b+r+a+b+r+ f+dda+y+y+
r+w+y+ h+a+r+d+d+y+s+k+ b+r+a+y+ n+gfa+h+d+a+r+y+ y+k+ f+a+y+l+
m+t+n+y+ n+y+a+z+ d+a+r+d+.
b+h+ e+n+w+a+n+ m+tka+l+ y+k+ f+a+y+l+ b+a+ 100000 x+tj r+a+ d+r+
n+zHr+ b+gfy+r+y+d+ k+h+ d+r+ h+r+ x+tj y+k+ e+d+d+ c+hky+hk w+ y+k+
t+w+ddy+hk m+t+n+y+ aMm+d+h+ a+s+t+. f+r+dd k+n+y+d+ k+h+ r+snt+h+
m+t+n+y+ b+h+ tjw+r+ m+t+w+s+tj 20 b+a+y+t+ b+a+snd+. a+n+d+a+z+h+
f+a+y+l+ b+r+a+b+r+ 2.8 m+gfa+ b+a+y+t+ x+w+a+h+d+ b+w+d+ w+l+y+
PostgreSQL b+r+a+y+ n+gfa+h+d+a+r+y+ a+y+n+ f+a+y+l+ b+h+ 6.4 m+gfa+
b+a+y+t+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ n+y+a+z+ x+w+a+h+d+ d+a+snt+.
32 bytes: a+n+d+a+z+h+ s+r+a+y+n+d+ h+r+ x+tj b+h+ tjw+r+ t+q+r+y+b+y+
24 bytes: y+k+ e+d+d+ c+hky+hk w+ y+k+ r+snt+h+ 24 b+a+y+t+y+
+ 4 bytes: a+sna+r+h+ gfr+ r+w+y+ c+f+hkh+ b+h+ y+k+ tcn+d+t+a+y+y+
----------------------------------------
60 bytes d+r+ h+r+ r+d+y+f+
a+n+d+a+z+h+ c+f+hka+t+ d+a+d+h+ d+r+ PostgreSQL b+r+a+b+r+ b+a+ 8 k+y+l+w+ b+a+y+t+ a+s+t+
8192 t+e+d+a+d+ b+a+y+t+h+a+ d+r+ h+r+ c+f+hkh+
------------------- = 136 t+e+d+a+d+ r+d+y+f+h+a+ d+r+ y+k+ c+f+hkh+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
60 t+e+d+a+d+ b+a+y+t+h+a+y+ h+r+ r+d+y+f+
100000 t+e+d+a+d+ r+d+y+f+h+a+
-------------------- = t+e+d+a+d+c+f+hka+t+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
128 t+e+d+a+d+ r+d+y+f+h+a+ d+r+ h+r+ c+f+hkh+
735 t+e+d+a+d+ c+f+hka+t+ * 8192 t+e+d+a+d+ b+a+y+t+h+a+y+ h+r+ c+f+hkh+ = 6,021,120 m+gfa+ b+a+y+t+
s+r+b+a+r+ a+n+d+y+s+h+a+ y+a+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+ a+z+ a+y+n+ m+q+d+a+r+
k+m+t+r+ a+s+t+ w+l+y+ tcw+n+ sna+m+l+ x+w+d+ d+a+d+h+h+a+ h+m+ h+s+t+
m+m+کn+ a+s+t+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ aMn+h+a+ h+m+ b+z+r+gf snw+d+.
NULLh+a+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ bitmap dkx+y+r+h+ m+y+snw+n+d+ w+ a+z+
a+y+n+r+w+ f+dda+y+ b+s+y+a+r+ k+m+y+ r+a+ a+sni+a+l+ m+y+k+n+n+d+.
4.7) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ b+f+h+m+m+ k+h+ tch+ k+a+r+b+r+a+n+,+
p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+,+ n+m+a+y+h+ w+ g+d+a+w+l+y+ d+r+ s+y+s+t+m+
t+e+r+y+f+ snd+h+ a+s+t+?+
psql t+e+d+a+d+ z+y+a+d+y+ d+s+t+w+r+ d+a+r+d+ k+h+ b+a+ \ snr+w+e+
m+y+snw+n+d+ w+ a+y+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ r+a+ d+r+ a+x+t+y+a+r+ m+a+
q+r+a+r+ m+y+d+h+n+d+. b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ aMn+h+a+ d+s+t+w+r+ ?\ r+a+
a+g+r+a+ k+n+y+d+. h+m+tcn+y+n+ g+d+a+w+l+ s+y+s+t+m+y+ k+h+ n+a+m+
aMn+h+a+ b+a+ pg_ snr+w+e+ m+y+snw+d+ n+y+z+ a+y+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+
r+a+ d+r+ x+w+d+ d+a+r+n+d+. a+g+r+a+y+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ psql b+a+
gfz+y+n+h+ l- n+y+z+ b+a+e+tk n+sna+n+ d+a+d+n+ l+y+s+t+ t+m+a+m+
p+a+y+gfa+h+h+a+y+ d+a+d+h+ m+y+snw+d+.
h+m+tcn+y+n+ f+a+y+l+ pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source n+y+z+
f+r+m+a+n+h+a+y+ SELECT k+h+ b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ aMn+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ r+a+ a+s+t+x+r+a+g+
k+r+d+ snr+hk d+a+d+h+ a+s+t+.
4.8) tcr+a+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+y+ m+n+ k+n+d+ a+g+r+a+ m+y+snw+n+d+ y+a+
tcr+a+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+ h+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ n+m+y+k+n+n+d+?+
b+h+ tjw+r+ m+e+m+w+l+ b+r+a+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ n+m+y+snw+d+. t+n+h+a+ d+r+ c+w+r+t+y+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+
h+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+snw+d+ k+h+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ g+d+w+l+ a+z+ y+k+
a+n+d+a+z+h+ hkd+a+q+l+ b+z+r+gft+r+ b+a+snd+ w+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ h+m+
f+q+tj q+s+m+t+y+ a+z+ r+d+y+f+h+a+y+ g+d+w+l+ r+a+ a+n+t+x+a+b+
k+r+d+h+ b+a+snd+. d+l+y+l+ a+y+n+ k+a+r+ aMn+ a+s+t+ k+h+
d+s+t+r+s+y+h+a+y+ t+c+a+d+f+y+ b+h+ h+a+r+d+d+y+s+k+ k+h+ b+h+
x+a+tjr+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+ a+y+g+a+d+ m+y+snw+d+ m+m+k+n+ a+s+t+ a+z+
x+w+a+n+d+n+ m+s+t+q+y+m+ g+d+w+l+ y+a+ x+w+a+n+d+n+ t+r+t+y+b+y+
r+k+w+r+d+h+a+ k+n+d+t+r+ b+a+snd+.
b+r+a+y+ t+e+y+y+n+ a+y+n+k+h+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+
y+a+ x+y+r+,+ PostgreSQL b+a+y+d+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ aMm+a+r+y+ r+a+ d+r+
m+w+r+d+ y+k+ g+d+w+l+ b+d+a+n+d+. a+y+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ t+w+s+tj
d+s+t+w+r+ ANALYZE w+ VACUUM ANALYZE b+h+ d+s+t+ m+y+aMy+d+. b+a+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ a+y+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+,+ b+h+y+n+h+ s+a+z+ a+z+
t+e+d+a+d+ r+d+y+f+h+a+y+ y+k+ g+d+w+l+ a+tjl+a+e+ p+y+d+a+ m+y+k+n+d+
w+ b+h+t+r+ m+y+t+w+a+n+d+ t+e+y+y+n+ k+n+d+ k+h+ aMy+a+ a+z+
n+m+a+y+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+ y+a+ x+y+r+. a+tjl+a+e+a+t+
aMm+a+r+y+ h+m+tcn+y+n+ b+r+a+y+ t+e+y+y+n+ t+r+t+y+b+ a+l+hka+q+ w+
r+w+snh+a+y+ a+l+hka+q+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ b+h+y+n+h+ n+y+z+ k+a+r+b+r+d+
d+a+r+d+. g+m+e+ aMw+r+y+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ aMm+a+r+y+ b+a+y+d+ b+h+
c+w+r+t+ d+w+r+h+a+y+ h+m+z+m+a+n+ b+a+ t+i+y+y+r+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+
g+d+w+l+ a+n+g+a+m+ snw+d+.
n+m+a+y+h+h+a+ b+h+ tjw+r+ m+e+m+w+l+ h+m+r+a+h+ b+a+ d+s+t+w+r+ ORDER
BY b+h+ k+a+r+ b+r+d+h+ n+m+y+snw+n+d+. b+r+a+y+ y+k+ g+d+w+l+
b+z+r+gf y+k+ p+y+m+a+y+sn t+r+t+y+b+y+ h+m+r+a+h+ b+a+ d+s+t+w+r+
m+r+t+b+ s+a+z+y+ a+z+ b+h+ k+a+r+ b+r+d+n+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+
s+r+y+e+t+r+ x+w+a+h+d+ b+w+d+.
a+m+a+ a+gfr+ h+m+r+a+h+ b+a+ ORDER BY a+z+ LIMIT a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
snw+d+ a+i+l+b+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+snw+d+ tcw+n+
f+q+tj q+s+m+t+y+ a+z+ g+d+w+l+ b+r+gfr+d+a+n+d+h+ m+y+snw+d+. d+r+
hkq+y+q+t+ h+r+ tcn+d+ t+w+a+b+e+ ()MIN w+ ()MAX a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ n+m+y+k+n+n+d+ w+l+y+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+m+ b+a+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ d+s+t+w+r+ z+y+r+ b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+
n+m+a+y+h+h+a+ w+ d+s+t+w+r+ ORDER BY w+ LIMIT ,+ aMn+h+a+ r+a+ b+h+
d+s+t+ aMw+r+y+m+.
SELECT col
FROM tab
ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
LIMIT 1;
a+gfr+ snm+a+ f+k+r+ m+y+k+n+y+d+ k+h+ b+h+y+n+h+ s+a+z+ s+y+s+t+m+
d+r+ a+n+t+x+a+b+ p+y+m+a+y+sn t+r+t+y+b+y+ a+snt+b+a+h+ k+r+d+h+
a+s+t+ b+a+ d+s+t+w+r+ 'SET enable_seqscan TO 'off' m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+
b+b+y+n+y+d+ aMy+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+ b+a+e+tk
a+f+z+a+y+sn s+r+e+t+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+ x+w+a+h+d+ snd+ y+a+ x+y+r+.
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+ h+n+gfa+m+y+ k+h+ a+z+ e+l+a+yHm+
w+y+zjh+ n+zHy+r+ LIKE w+ ~ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+k+n+y+d+ f+q+tj d+r+
b+e+ddy+ snr+a+y+tj x+a+c+ k+h+ d+r+ a+y+n+g+a+ dkk+r+ snd+h+ a+s+t+
m+m+k+n+ a+s+t+:
* a+b+t+d+a+y+ r+snt+h+ g+s+t+g+w+ b+a+y+d+ b+h+ tjw+r+ c+r+y+hk
m+snx+c+ b+a+snd+ b+r+a+y+ m+tka+l+:
- d+s+t+w+r+a+t+ LIKE n+b+a+y+d+ b+a+ e+l+a+m+t+ % snr+w+e+ snw+n+d+
- a+l+gfw+h+a+y+ m+n+zHm+y+ k+h+ b+a+ ~ m+y+aMy+d+ hkt+m+a+:+ b+a+y+d+
b+a+ e+l+a+m+t+ ^ snr+w+e+ snw+d+
* r+snt+h+ g+s+t+g+w+ n+b+a+y+d+ b+a+ y+k+ m+g+m+w+e+h+ a+z+
k+a+r+a+k+t+r+h+a+ m+tkl+ [a-e] snr+w+e+ snw+d+
* g+s+t+g+w+h+a+y+ i+y+r+hks+a+s+ b+h+ m+t+n+ m+tkl+ ILIKE w+ *~
a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ n+m+y+k+n+n+d+. d+r+ e+w+dd
a+z+ t+w+a+b+e+ n+m+a+y+h+a+y+ k+h+ d+r+ q+s+m+t+ 4.12 t+w+ddy+hk
d+a+d+h+ snd+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+k+n+n+d+.
* m+q+d+a+r+ p+y+sn f+r+dd locale b+a+y+d+ d+r+ initdb
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+.
4.9) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ n+hkw+h+ b+r+r+s+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ r+a+
t+w+s+tj b+h+y+n+h+s+a+z+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+ m+sna+h+d+h+ k+n+m+?+
r+a+h+n+m+a+y+ d+s+t+w+r+ EXPLAIN r+a+ n+gfa+h+ k+n+y+d+.
4.10) n+m+a+y+h+ R-tree tcy+s+t+?+
a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+ R-Tree b+r+a+y+ a+n+d+y+s+ k+r+d+n+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+
f+a+c+l+h+a+y+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+snw+d+. y+k+ n+m+a+y+h+ hash n+m+y+
t+w+a+n+d+ g+s+t+g+w+h+a+y+ m+hkd+w+d+h+a+y+ r+a+ a+n+g+a+m+ d+h+d+.
n+m+a+y+h+ "B-tree" n+y+z+ b+r+a+y+ a+n+g+a+m+ g+s+t+g+w+y+
m+hkd+w+d+h+a+y+ d+r+ y+k+ g+h+t+ q+a+b+l+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+s+t+.
a+m+a+ R-Tree m+y+t+w+a+n+d+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+ tcn+d+ b+e+d+y+ r+a+
n+y+z+ p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ k+n+d+. b+r+a+y+ m+tka+l+ a+gfr+ a+z+
n+m+a+y+h+ R-tree b+r+a+y+ gfw+n+h+ Point a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+
s+r+e+t+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+y+y+ n+zHy+r+ "select all points within a
bounding rectangle" b+h+ m+r+a+t+b+ a+f+z+a+y+sn m+y+y+a+b+d+.
m+q+a+l+h+a+y+ k+h+ tjr+a+hky+ R-tree r+a+ t+w+ddy+hk d+a+d+h+ a+s+t+
Guttman, A. "R-trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial
Searching." Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of
Data, 45-57.
R-tree m+y+t+w+a+n+d+ tcn+d+ddl+e+y+h+a+ w+ tcn+d+ w+g+h+y+ r+a+
p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ k+n+d+. d+r+ t+yHw+r+y+,+ R-tree m+y+t+w+a+n+d+
t+e+d+a+d+ b+e+d+h+a+y+ b+a+l+a+t+r+y+ r+a+ n+y+z+ p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+
k+n+d+. d+r+ e+m+l+ t+w+s+e+h+ R-tree n+y+a+z+ b+h+ k+a+r+
b+y+snt+r+y+ d+a+r+d+.
4.11) b+h+y+n+h+ s+a+z+ t+k+w+y+n+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ tcy+s+t+?+ (Genetic
Query Optimizer)
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ GEQO s+r+e+t+ b+h+y+n+h+ s+a+z+y+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+
r+a+ h+n+gfa+m+y+k+h+ t+e+d+a+d+ z+y+a+d+y+ g+d+w+l+ r+a+ b+a+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ a+l+gfw+r+y+t+m+ zjn+t+y+k+ a+l+hka+q+ m+y+
k+n+y+m+ a+f+z+a+y+sn m+y+d+h+d+.
4.12) tcgfw+n+h+ a+z+ e+b+a+r+a+t+ m+n+zHm+ b+r+a+y+ g+s+t+g+w+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+m+?+ tcgfw+n+h+ g+s+t+g+w+y+y+ a+n+g+a+m+ d+h+m+ k+h+
hks+a+s+ b+h+ m+t+n+ n+b+a+snd+?+ tcgfw+n+h+ b+r+a+y+ y+k+ g+s+t+g+w+y+
i+y+r+ hks+a+s+ b+h+ m+t+n+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+m+?+
b+r+a+y+ g+s+t+g+w+y+ e+b+a+r+t+ m+n+zHm+ a+z+ e+m+l+gfr+ ~
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+k+n+y+m+. b+r+a+y+ g+s+t+g+w+y+ i+y+r+ hks+a+s+
b+h+ m+t+n+ a+z+ e+m+l+gfr+ *~ w+ y+a+ ILIKE a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+
k+n+y+m+.
r+w+sn d+y+gfr+ a+n+g+a+m+ g+s+t+g+w+y+ i+y+r+ hks+a+s+ b+h+ m+t+n+
d+r+ z+y+r+ n+sna+n+ d+a+d+h+ snd+h+ a+s+t+.
SELECT *
FROM tab
WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
a+y+n+ a+z+ n+m+a+y+h+h+a+y+ a+s+t+a+n+d+a+r+d+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ n+m+y+
k+n+d+. w+l+y+ snm+a+ m+y+ t+w+a+n+y+d+ b+a+ d+s+t+w+r+ z+y+r+ y+k+
n+m+a+y+h+ a+y+g+a+d+ k+n+y+d+ w+ a+z+ aMn+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+y+d+.
CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
4.13) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ d+r+ y+k+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ t+snx+y+c+ d+h+m+
k+h+ y+k+ f+y+l+d+ NULL a+s+t+?+
b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ t+w+a+b+e+ IS NULL w+ IS NOT NULL m+y+
t+w+a+n+y+m+ NULL b+w+d+n+ y+k+ f+y+l+d+ r+a+ t+s+t+ k+n+y+m+.
4.14) t+f+a+w+t+ b+y+n+ gfw+n+h+h+a+y+ m+x+t+l+f+ character tcy+s+t+?+
Type Internal Name Notes
--------------------------------------------------
VARCHAR(n) varchar a+n+d+a+z+h+,+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ tjw+l+ r+a+ n+sna+n+ m+y+ d+h+d+ b+d+w+n+ a+dda+f+h+ snd+n+ k+a+r+a+k+t+r+ a+dda+f+h+
CHAR(n) bpchar k+a+r+a+k+t+r+h+a+y+ b+l+a+n+k+ b+r+a+y+ p+r+ snd+n+ tjw+l+ m+snx+c+ snd+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+snw+d+
TEXT text hkd+a+k+tkr+ tjw+l+ r+a+ m+snx+c+ n+m+y+k+n+d+
BYTEA bytea aMr+a+y+h+a+y+ a+z+ b+a+y+t+ b+a+ tjw+l+ m+t+i+y+r+
"char" char y+k+ k+a+r+a+k+t+r+
n+a+m+ d+a+x+l+y+ gfw+n+h+h+a+ r+a+ d+r+ system catalogue w+ b+e+ddy+
a+z+ p+y+i+a+m+h+a+y+ x+tja+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ d+y+d+.
tch+a+r+ gfw+n+h+ a+w+l+ h+m+gfy+ a+z+ n+w+e+ varlena h+s+t+n+d+ (4
b+a+y+t+ a+w+l+ r+w+y+ d+y+s+k+ tjw+l+ r+a+ m+snx+c+ m+y+k+n+d+ k+h+
b+h+ d+n+b+a+l+ aMn+ d+a+d+h+h+a+ q+r+a+r+ d+a+r+n+d+.)
b+n+a+b+r+a+y+n+ f+dda+y+ w+a+q+e+y+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snd+h+ r+w+y+
d+y+s+k+ a+z+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ t+e+r+y+f+ snd+h+ b+y+snt+r+ a+s+t+. a+m+a+
a+y+n+ gfw+n+h+h+a+ r+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ f+snr+d+h+ k+r+d+ k+h+
a+y+n+k+a+r+ b+a+e+tk m+y+snw+d+ f+dda+y+ k+m+t+r+y+ r+w+y+ d+y+s+k+
a+sni+a+l+ k+n+n+d+.
b+r+a+y+ dkx+y+r+h+ r+snt+h+h+a+y+ b+a+ tjw+l+ m+t+i+y+r+(VARCHAR(n
b+h+t+r+y+n+ a+n+t+x+a+b+ a+s+t+. d+r+ a+y+n+ gfw+n+h+ hkd+a+k+tkr+
tjw+l+ r+snt+h+ m+hkd+w+d+ a+s+t+ b+r+ x+l+a+f+ text k+h+ h+y+tc
m+hkd+w+d+y+t+y+ r+w+y+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ a+n+d+a+z+h+ r+snt+h+ n+m+y+
gfdka+r+d+.(d+r+ a+y+n+ gfw+n+h+ hkd+a+k+tkr+ tjw+l+ y+k+ r+snt+h+
y+k+ gfy+gfa+ b+a+y+t+ x+w+a+h+d+ b+w+d+)
gfw+n+h+ (CHAR(n b+r+a+y+ dkx+y+r+h+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+ b+a+ tjw+l+
y+k+s+a+n+ a+s+t+.y+k+ gfw+n+h+y+ (CHAR(n b+a+ k+a+r+a+k+t+r+h+a+y+
b+l+a+n+k+ (x+a+l+y+) p+r+ m+y+snw+d+ t+a+ b+h+ tjw+l+ m+snx+c+ snd+h+
b+r+s+d+ d+r+ hka+l+y+k+h+ gfw+n+h+ VARCHAR k+a+r+a+k+t+r+h+a+ r+a+
b+h+ h+m+a+n+ c+w+r+t+ k+h+ h+s+t+n+d+ dkx+y+r+h+ m+y+k+n+d+. gfw+n+h+
BYTEA b+r+a+y+ dkx+y+r+h+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+ b+a+y+n+r+y+ a+s+t+ b+h+
x+c+w+c+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+ b+a+y+n+r+y+ k+h+ sna+m+l+ b+a+y+t+h+a+y+ NULL
h+s+t+n+d+. a+z+ n+zHr+ k+a+r+a+y+y+ t+m+a+m+ a+y+n+ gfw+n+h+h+a+
y+k+s+a+n+ h+s+t+n+d+.
4.15.1) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ y+k+ f+y+l+d+ s+r+y+a+l+ y+a+
a+f+z+a+y+sny+ a+y+g+a+d+ k+n+m+?+
PostgreSQL a+z+ d+a+d+h+h+a+y+ s+r+y+a+l+ p+snt+y+b+a+n+y+ m+y+k+n+d+.
b+r+a+y+ a+y+g+a+d+ y+k+ f+y+l+d+ s+r+y+a+l+ (b+r+a+y+ d+a+snt+n+ y+k+
f+y+l+d+ m+n+hkc+r+ b+h+ f+r+d+ b+r+a+y+ h+r+ r+d+y+f+ )b+h+ r+w+sn
z+y+r+ e+m+l+ k+n+y+d+:
CREATE TABLE person (
id SERIAL,
name TEXT
);
d+s+t+w+r+ b+a+l+a+ b+h+ tjw+r+ a+t+w+m+a+t+y+ک b+h+ d+s+t+w+r+
z+y+r+ t+b+d+y+l+ m+y+snw+d+:
CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
CREATE TABLE person (
id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
name TEXT
);
b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+y+snt+r+ b+h+ r+a+h+n+m+a+y+
d+s+t+w+r+ create_sequence m+r+a+g+e+h+ k+n+y+d+. h+m+tcn+y+n+ m+y+
t+w+a+n+ a+z+ OIDh+r+ r+d+y+f+ b+h+ e+n+w+a+n+ y+k+ m+q+d+a+r+
m+n+hkc+r+ b+h+ f+r+d+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+r+d+. a+m+a+ d+r+ a+y+n+
hka+l+t+ b+r+a+y+ dump k+r+d+n+ w+ reloadk+r+d+n+ p+a+y+gfa+h+
d+a+d+h+ b+a+y+d+ d+s+t+w+r+ pg_dumps r+a+ b+a+ gfz+y+n+h+ o- a+g+r+a+
k+n+y+d+.
4.15.2) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ m+q+d+a+r+ y+k+ d+r+g+ s+r+y+a+l+y+ r+a+
b+d+a+n+m+?+
y+k+ r+w+sn b+r+a+y+ gfr+f+t+n+ m+q+d+a+r+ b+e+d+y+ y+k+ f+y+l+d+
s+r+y+a+l+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ t+a+b+e+ ()nextval a+s+t+. d+r+ snb+h+
k+'+d+y+ k+h+ d+r+ a+d+a+m+h+ aMm+d+h+ a+s+t+ r+w+sn a+n+g+a+m+ a+y+n+
k+a+r+ n+sna+n+ d+a+d+h+ snd+h+ a+s+t+:
new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");
b+a+ a+g+r+a+y+ d+s+t+w+r+ f+w+q+ m+q+d+a+r+ g+d+y+d+ r+a+ d+r+
m+t+i+y+r+ new_id n+y+z+ x+w+a+h+y+d+d+a+snt+ k+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+
aMn+ r+a+ d+r+ b+q+y+h+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+ n+y+z+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
k+n+y+d+. t+w+g+h+ d+a+snt+h+ b+a+sny+d+ k+h+ n+a+m+ SEQUENCEy+y+ k+h+
b+h+ tjw+r+ a+t+w+m+a+t+y+k+ a+y+g+a+d+ snd+h+ a+s+t+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+
table_serialcolumn_seq x+w+a+h+d+ b+w+d+. k+h+ d+r+ aMn+ table n+a+m+
g+d+w+l+ w+ serialcolumn n+a+m+ f+y+l+d+ s+r+y+a+l+ g+d+w+l+ m+y+
b+a+snd+.
b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ m+q+d+a+r+ n+s+b+t+ d+a+d+h+ snd+h+ b+h+ f+y+l+d+
s+r+y+a+l+ n+y+z+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ a+z+ t+a+b+e+ () currval b+h+ c+w+r+t+
z+y+r+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+r+d+.
execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
w+ s+r+a+n+g+a+m+ snm+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ a+z+ m+q+d+a+r+ OID k+h+
x+r+w+g+y+ d+s+t+w+r+ INSERT a+s+t+ b+r+a+y+ d+y+d+n+ m+q+d+a+r+
p+y+sn f+r+dd a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ k+n+y+d+. h+r+ tcn+d+ a+y+n+ r+w+sn d+r+
h+m+h+ p+l+t+f+r+m+h+a+ q+a+b+l+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ n+y+s+t+ w+ ddm+n+
a+y+n+k+h+ f+y+l+d+ oid b+e+d+ a+z+ e+d+d+ 4 m+y+l+y+a+r+d+
d+w+b+a+r+h+ c+f+r+ m+y+snw+d+. d+r+ z+b+a+n+ perl b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
a+z+ DBI w+ DBD::Pg m+q+d+a+r+ oidr+a+ m+y+t+w+a+n+y+d+ b+h+ a+y+n+
snk+l+ a+s+t+x+r+a+g+ k+n+y+d+: b+e+d+ a+z+ a+g+r+a+y+ ()st->execute$
m+q+d+a+r+ oid d+r+ m+t+i+y+r+ sth->pg_oid_status$ dkx+y+r+h+
x+w+a+h+d+ snd+.
4.15.3) aMیa+ t+w+a+b+e+ ()nextval w+ ()currval m+n+g+r+ b+h+
a+یg+a+d+ snr+a+یtj race b+r+a+ی s+a+یr+
کa+r+b+r+a+n+ m+ی snw+n+d+?+
x+یr+,+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ a+یn+ t+w+a+b+e+
snr+a+یtj race r+a+ b+h+ w+g+w+d+ n+m+ی aMw+r+d+.
4.15.4) tcr+a+ a+e+d+a+d+ s+r+یa+l+ی m+r+b+w+tj b+h+
t+r+a+کn+snh+a+ی abort snd+h+ m+g+d+d+a+:+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
n+m+ی snw+d+?+ tcr+a+ b+یn+ a+e+d+a+d+ s+r+یa+l+ی
یک f+a+c+l+h+ x+a+l+ی a+یg+a+d+ m+ی snw+d+?+
b+r+a+ی b+a+l+a+ b+r+d+n+ a+m+کa+n+ a+g+r+a+ی
h+m+z+m+a+n+ t+r+a+کn+snh+a+,+ a+e+d+a+d+ s+r+یa+l+ی
b+h+ m+hkdd a+g+r+a+ی t+r+a+کn+sn b+h+ aMn+h+a+
t+x+c+یc+ m+ی یa+b+d+ d+r+ a+یn+ hka+l+t+
a+gfr+ b+e+ddی a+z+ t+r+a+کn+snh+a+ abort snw+n+d+
b+یn+ a+e+d+a+d+ s+r+یa+l+ی a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snd+h+
یک f+a+c+l+h+ x+a+l+ی b+h+ w+g+w+d+ m+ی
aMیd+.
4.16) OID w+ TID tch+ h+s+t+n+d+?+
OID r+a+h+ hkl+ PostgreSQL b+r+a+ی d+a+snt+n+ یک
snn+a+s+h+ m+n+hkc+r+ b+h+ f+r+d+ b+r+a+ی h+r+ r+d+یf+
a+s+t+. h+r+ r+d+یf+ g+d+یd+ی کh+
a+یg+a+d+ m+ی snw+d+ یک OID m+n+hkc+r+ b+h+
f+r+d+ b+h+ aMn+ a+x+t+c+a+c+ m+ی یa+b+d+. t+m+a+m+
OIDh+a+یی کh+ d+r+ hkیn+ initdb
a+یg+a+d+ m+ی snw+n+d+ a+z+ 16384 کm+t+r+ h+s+t+n+d+
w+ OIDh+a+یی b+e+d+a+:+ t+w+l+یd+ m+ی snw+d+
a+z+ a+یn+ e+d+d+ b+z+r+gft+r+ x+w+a+h+d+ b+w+d+. n+کt+h+
m+h+m+ aMn+ a+s+t+ کh+ OIDh+a+ n+h+ t+n+h+a+ d+r+ یک
g+d+w+l+ snb+یh+ n+یs+t+n+d+ b+l+کh+ d+r+ کl+
p+a+یgfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ h+یtc d+w+ r+d+یf+ی
d+a+r+a+ی OID یکs+a+n+ n+x+w+a+h+d+ b+w+d+.
PostgreSQL a+z+ OID d+r+ s+یs+t+m+ d+a+x+l+ی x+w+d+
b+r+a+ی a+یg+a+d+ a+r+t+b+a+tj b+یn+
r+d+یf+h+a+ی g+d+a+w+l+ m+x+t+l+f+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
m+ی کn+d+. t+w+c+یh+ m+ی snw+d+ کh+
یک s+t+w+n+ a+z+ n+w+e+ OID b+r+a+ی dkx+یr+h+
a+یn+ f+یl+d+ d+r+ g+d+w+l+ a+یg+a+d+
کn+یd+. s+a+x+t+n+ یک n+m+a+یh+
b+r+a+ی a+یn+ f+یl+d+ b+a+e+tk d+s+t+r+s+ی
s+r+یe+t+r+ b+h+ aMn+ x+w+a+h+d+ snd+.
t+m+a+m+ p+a+یgfa+h+h+a+ی d+a+d+h+ d+r+ PostgreSQL
b+r+a+ی gfr+f+t+n+ OID g+d+یd+ a+z+ یک
n+a+hkیh+ m+r+کz+ی a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+ی
کn+d+. w+l+ی a+gfr+ b+x+w+a+h+یm+ OID r+a+ b+h+
r+w+sn d+یgfr+ی b+gfیr+یm+ w+ یa+
a+یn+کh+ d+r+ hkیn+ کp+ی کr+d+n+
یک g+d+w+l+ b+x+w+a+h+یm+ OIDh+a+ی
a+c+l+ی aMn+ t+i+ییr+ n+کn+d+ b+h+ r+w+sn
z+یr+ m+ی t+w+a+n+یm+ e+m+l+ کn+یm+:
CREATE TABLE new_table(mycol int);
SELECT oid AS old_oid, mycol INTO tmp_table FROM old_table;
COPY tmp_table TO '/tmp/pgtable';
COPY new_table WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';
DROP TABLE tmp_table;
OID یک e+d+d+ c+hkیhk 4 b+a+یt+ی a+s+t+
w+ b+n+a+b+r+a+یn+ hkd+a+کtkr+ m+q+d+a+r+ aMn+ 4
m+یl+یa+r+d+ x+w+a+h+d+ b+w+d+ w+ b+e+d+ a+z+ aMn+
m+q+d+a+r+ aMn+ s+r+r+یz+ x+w+a+h+d+ snd+. a+l+b+t+h+ t+a+
کn+w+n+ b+r+a+ی کs+ی a+یn+ a+t+f+a+q+
n+یf+t+a+d+h+ a+s+t+ w+ t+c+m+یm+ gfr+d+a+n+d+gfa+n+
PostgreSQL aMn+ a+s+t+ کh+ q+b+l+ a+z+ aMn+کh+ a+یn+
a+t+f+a+q+ r+x+ d+h+d+ a+یn+ m+snکl+ r+a+ b+r+tjr+f+
کn+n+d+.
TIDh+a+ b+r+a+ی snn+a+s+a+یی m+hkl+
f+یz+یکی یک r+d+یf+ b+r+
a+s+a+s+ b+l+w+ک w+ aMf+s+t+ m+ی b+a+snd+. TIDh+a+ b+e+d+
a+z+ t+i+ییr+ p+یd+a+ کr+d+n+ یک
r+d+یf+ w+ یa+ b+a+z+x+w+a+n+ی aMn+ e+w+dd
m+ی snw+n+d+. TIDh+a+ t+w+s+tj n+m+a+یh+ h+a+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+ی snw+n+d+.
4.17) m+e+n+y+ b+e+ddy+ a+z+ t+r+m+h+a+ w+ k+l+m+a+t+y+ k+h+ d+r+
PostgreSQL a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+snw+d+ tcy+s+t+?+
l+یs+t+ b+r+x+ی a+z+ t+r+m+h+a+ w+ کl+m+a+t+ی
کh+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+ی snw+n+d+:
* table, relation, class :کl+a+s+,+ r+a+b+tjh+,+ g+d+w+l+
* row, record, tuple tcn+d+t+a+یی,+ r+کw+r+d+,+
r+d+یf+
* column, field, attribute c+f+t+,+ f+یl+d+,+ s+t+w+n+
* retrieve, select a+n+t+x+a+b+,+ x+w+a+n+d+n+
* replace, updateb+h+ r+w+z+ کr+d+n+,+
g+a+یgfz+یn+ی
* append, insert d+r+g+,+ a+dda+f+h+ کr+d+n+
* OID, serial value m+q+d+a+r+ s+r+یa+l+
* portal, cursor
* range variable, table name, table alias
یک l+یs+t+ e+m+w+m+ی a+z+ t+r+m+h+a+ی
m+w+r+d+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ d+r+ p+a+یgfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ d+r+ aMd+r+s+
http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary
/glossary.htm w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
4.18) tcr+a+ m+n+ x+tja+y+ "ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc" m+y+
gfy+r+m+?+
a+یn+ x+tja+ a+hkt+m+a+l+a+:+ یa+ b+h+ x+a+tjr+ t+m+a+m+
snd+n+ hka+f+zHh+ m+g+a+z+ی s+یs+t+m+ snm+a+s+t+ w+
یa+ a+یn+کh+ کr+n+l+ b+r+a+ی
b+r+n+a+m+h+ h+a+ d+r+ m+w+r+d+ m+یz+a+n+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+
hka+f+zHh+ m+g+a+z+ی m+hkd+w+d+یt+ a+e+m+a+l+
کr+d+h+ a+s+t+. q+b+l+ a+z+ a+g+r+a+ی b+r+n+a+m+h+
a+c+l+ی یکی a+z+ d+s+t+w+r+a+t+ z+یr+
r+a+ a+g+r+a+ کn+یd+.
ulimit -d 262144
limit datasize 256m
b+s+t+h+ b+h+ n+w+e+ snl+ یکی a+z+ a+یn+
d+s+t+w+r+a+t+ m+m+کn+ a+s+t+ b+a+ m+w+f+q+یt+ a+g+r+a+
snw+d+. b+a+ a+g+r+a+ی aMn+ d+s+t+w+r+ m+hkd+w+d+یt+
hka+f+zHh+ m+g+a+z+ی b+r+a+ی b+r+n+a+m+h+ h+a+
b+r+d+a+snt+h+ snd+h+ w+ b+a+ a+یn+ کa+r+ a+hkt+m+a+l+a+:+
d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ی کh+ q+b+l+a+:+ x+tja+ m+ی d+a+d+h+
a+s+t+ a+g+r+a+ x+w+a+h+d+ snd+.
4.19) a+z+ k+g+a+ t+snx+y+c+ d+h+m+ k+h+ w+y+r+a+y+sn y+a+ n+s+x+h+
PostgreSQLy+y+ k+h+ m+n+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+y+k+n+m+ tcy+s+t+?+
b+a+ a+g+r+a+ی d+s+t+w+r+ ()SELECT version
4.20) tcr+a+ hkیn+ a+g+r+a+ی e+m+l+یa+t+ r+w+ی
large-objecth+a+ x+tja+ی "invalid large obj descriptor"b+h+ w+g+w+d+
m+ی aMیd+?+
snm+a+ b+a+یd+ q+b+l+ a+z+ snr+w+e+ d+s+t+w+r+a+t+ی
کh+ b+a+ large-objecth+a+ کa+r+ m+ی کn+n+d+
BEGIN w+ b+e+d+ a+z+ aMn+h+a+ h+m+ یک END
b+gfdka+r+یd+. d+r+ hka+l+ hka+ddr+ PostgreSQL h+n+d+l+
large-objecth+a+ r+a+ d+r+ z+m+a+n+ n+h+a+یی snd+n+
t+r+a+کn+sn (commitsnd+n+) m+ی b+n+d+d+. b+h+
h+m+یn+ d+l+یl+ a+w+l+یn+ t+l+a+sn b+r+a+ی
a+n+g+a+m+ h+r+ کa+r+ی b+a+ h+n+d+l+ m+n+g+r+ b+h+
x+tja+ی invalid large obj descriptor x+w+a+h+d+ snd+.
b+r+a+ی g+l+w+gfیr+ی a+z+ a+یn+ x+tja+
hkt+m+a+:+ b+a+یd+ a+z+ یک t+r+a+کn+sn
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ کn+یd+. a+یn+ کa+r+
h+m+a+n+tjw+r+ کh+ q+b+l+a+:+ gff+t+h+ snd+ b+a+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
a+z+ q+r+a+r+ d+a+d+n+ BEGIN w+ END d+r+ a+b+t+d+a+ w+
a+n+t+h+a+ی d+s+t+w+r+a+t+ a+n+g+a+m+ m+ی snw+d+.
a+gfr+ a+یn+ x+tja+ r+a+ d+r+ hkیn+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+
یک d+r+a+یw+r+ ODBC d+r+یa+f+t+
کr+d+یd+ a+hkt+m+a+l+a+:+ b+a+یd+ a+یn+
d+s+t+w+r+ r+a+ a+g+r+a+ کn+یd+: set auto-commit off
4.21) tcgfw+n+h+ y+k+ s+t+w+n+ a+y+g+a+d+ k+n+m+ k+h+ m+q+d+a+r+ z+m+a+n+
g+a+r+y+ r+a+ b+h+ e+n+w+a+n+ m+q+d+a+r+ p+y+snf+r+dd d+a+snt+h+ b+a+snd+?+
a+z+ CURRENT_TIMESTAMP a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ کn+یd+ d+r+
m+tka+l+ z+یr+ n+hkw+h+ a+n+g+a+m+ a+یn+ کa+r+
n+sna+n+ d+a+d+h+ snd+h+ a+s+t+:
CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
4.22) tcr+a+ "z+y+r+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+y+y+" k+h+ a+z+ IN a+s+t+f+a+d+h+
m+y+k+n+n+d+ k+n+d+ h+s+t+n+d+?+
d+r+ n+s+x+h+ h+a+ی q+b+l+ a+z+ 7.4 e+m+l+ a+l+hka+q+
z+یr+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ w+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ a+c+l+ی b+h+
a+یn+ c+w+r+t+ a+n+g+a+m+ m+ی snw+d+ کh+
n+t+a+یg+ b+h+ d+s+t+ aMm+d+h+ a+z+ z+یr+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+
b+h+ c+w+r+t+ t+r+t+یb+ی b+r+a+ی h+r+ r+d+یf+
a+e+m+a+l+ m+ی snw+d+. a+gfr+ z+یr+d+r+x+w+a+s+t+
r+d+یf+ h+a+ی کm+ی r+a+ b+h+ e+n+w+a+n+
x+r+w+g+ی b+r+gfr+d+a+n+d+ w+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+
b+یr+w+n+ی r+d+یf+ h+a+ی z+یa+d+ی
r+a+ sna+m+l+ snw+d+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ IN b+h+t+r+یn+ r+w+sn
a+s+t+ d+r+ i+یr+ a+یn+c+w+r+t+ b+h+t+r+ a+s+t+ a+z+
EXISTS a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+
SELECT *
FROM tab
WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab);
b+h+:
SELECT *
FROM tab
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col);
b+r+a+ی a+g+r+a+ی s+r+یe+ a+یn+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+
b+a+یd+ b+r+a+ی s+t+w+n+ subcol n+m+a+یh+
a+یg+a+d+ snd+h+ b+a+snd+.
d+r+ n+s+x+h+ h+a+ی b+e+d+ a+z+ 7.4 IN b+r+a+ی a+l+hka+q+
a+z+ h+m+a+n+ t+کn+یک p+یtcیd+h+
m+w+r+d+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ d+r+ d+s+t+w+r+a+t+ m+e+m+w+l+ی
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+ی کn+d+ w+ b+n+a+b+r+a+یn+
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ aMn+ n+s+b+t+ b+h+ EXISTS a+r+g+hkیt+
d+a+r+d+.
4.23) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ y+k+ a+l+hka+q+ x+a+r+g+y+ (outer join)
a+n+g+a+m+ d+h+m+?+
b+r+a+ی a+n+g+a+m+ a+l+hka+q+ x+a+r+g+ی b+h+ r+w+sn
z+یr+ e+m+l+ کn+یd+:
SELECT *
FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
یa+
SELECT *
FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+ی b+a+l+a+ t1.col , t2.col r+a+ b+h+ h+m+
a+l+hka+q+ m+ی کn+d+ w+ h+m+tcn+یn+
r+d+یf+h+a+ی t1 کh+ n+zHیr+ aMn+h+a+ d+r+ t2
n+b+w+d+h+ a+s+t+ r+a+ n+یz+ b+r+m+ی gfr+d+a+n+d+. a+gfr+
a+z+ RIGHT a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+ n+t+یg+h+ b+r+ e+کs+
a+s+t+. یe+n+ی r+d+یf+h+a+ی t2 کh+
n+zHیr+ aMn+h+a+ d+r+ t1 n+b+a+snd+ r+a+ n+sna+n+ m+ی
d+h+d+ w+ a+gfr+ a+z+ FULL a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+ n+t+یg+h+ h+m+
sna+m+l+ r+d+یf+h+a+ی t1 a+s+t+ w+ h+m+ sna+m+l+
r+d+یf+h+a+ی t2. a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ a+z+ کl+m+h+ OUTER
a+x+t+یa+r+ی a+s+t+ tcr+a+ کh+ a+یn+
کl+m+h+ b+h+ tjw+r+ ddm+n+ی d+r+ d+s+t+w+r+h+a+ی
LEFT, RIGHT, FULL w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+.
d+r+ n+s+x+h+ h+a+ی q+b+l+ی p+a+یgfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
m+ی t+w+a+n+یm+ a+l+hka+q+ x+a+r+g+ی r+a+ b+h+
کm+ک d+s+t+w+r+h+a+ی UNION, NOT IN snb+یh+
s+a+z+ی کn+یm+. a+یn+ کa+r+ d+r+
m+tka+l+ z+یr+ n+sna+n+ d+a+d+h+ snd+h+ a+s+t+:
SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2
FROM tab1, tab2
WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1
UNION ALL
SELECT tab1.col1, NULL
FROM tab1
WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)
ORDER BY col1
4.24) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+h+a+y+y+ a+z+ tcn+d+
p+a+y+gfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ t+w+l+y+d+ k+r+d+?+
d+r+ hka+l+ hka+ddr+ a+یn+ کa+r+ a+m+کa+n+
p+dkیr+ n+یs+t+. PostgreSQL f+q+tj a+m+کa+n+
d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ a+z+ p+a+یgfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ a+ی r+a+
m+ی d+h+d+ کh+ d+r+ hka+l+ hka+ddr+ b+h+ aMn+ m+t+c+l+
b+a+snیd+ w+ n+m+یt+w+a+n+ b+h+ tjw+r+ h+m+z+m+a+n+ a+z+
d+w+ p+a+یgfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ کr+d+. a+l+b+t+h+
یک b+r+n+a+m+h+ کa+r+b+r+d+ی x+w+d+ m+ی
t+w+a+n+d+ b+h+ tjw+r+ h+m+z+m+a+n+ d+w+ p+a+یgfa+h+ d+a+d+h+
r+a+ m+w+r+d+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ q+r+a+r+ d+a+d+h+ w+ n+t+a+یg+ r+a+
b+a+ h+m+ t+r+کیb+ کn+d+ w+l+ی n+m+ی
t+w+a+n+d+ d+r+ یک d+r+x+w+a+s+t+ b+h+ h+r+ d+w+
p+a+یgfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ r+g+w+e+ کn+d+.
4.25) tcgfw+n+h+ x+r+w+g+y+ y+k+ t+a+b+e+ m+y+t+w+a+n+d+ tcn+d+ r+d+y+f+
y+a+ s+t+w+n+ b+a+snd+?+
d+r+ n+s+x+h+ 7.3 x+r+w+g+ی یک t+a+b+e+ m+ی
t+w+a+n+d+ tcn+d+ r+d+یf+ یa+ tcn+d+ s+t+w+n+ b+a+snd+.
b+r+a+ی d+یd+n+ a+tjl+a+e+a+t+ b+یsnt+r+ b+h+
s+a+یt+ z+یr+ m+r+a+g+e+h+
کn+یd+:http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningF
unctions
4.26) d+r+ t+w+a+b+e+ PL/PgSQL tcr+a+ n+m+y+t+w+a+n+ b+a+ a+tjm+y+n+a+n+
g+d+a+w+l+ m+w+q+t+ r+a+ a+y+g+a+d+ y+a+ hkdkf+ k+r+d+?+
PL/PgSQL m+hkt+w+a+ی t+w+a+b+e+ r+a+ dkx+یr+h+ (cache)
m+ی کn+d+. یک a+tkr+ b+d+ g+a+n+b+ی
a+یn+ کa+r+ aMn+ a+s+t+ کh+ a+gfr+ d+r+ t+a+b+e+
a+z+ یک g+d+w+l+ m+w+q+t+ a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+ w+
b+e+d+a+:+ aMn+ g+d+w+l+ hkdkf+ w+ یک g+d+w+l+
g+d+یd+ b+h+ g+a+ی aMn+ a+یg+a+d+ snw+d+,+ d+r+
f+r+a+x+w+a+n+ی m+g+d+d+ aMn+ t+a+b+e+,+ m+hkt+w+a+ی
dkx+یr+h+ snd+h+ t+a+b+e+ h+n+w+z+ b+h+ g+d+w+l+
q+d+یm+ی a+sna+r+h+ m+ی کn+d+ w+
b+n+a+b+r+a+یn+ a+g+r+a+ی t+a+b+e+ b+a+ a+snکa+l+
m+w+a+g+h+ m+ی snw+d+. r+a+h+ hkl+ a+یn+ m+snکl+
aMn+ a+s+t+ کh+ b+r+a+ی g+d+a+w+l+ m+w+q+t+ a+z+
d+s+t+w+r+ EXECUTE a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ snw+d+ کh+ a+یn+
کa+r+ s+b+b+ m+ی snw+d+ کh+ d+r+x+w+a+s+t+
b+r+a+ی h+r+ b+a+r+ a+g+r+a+ m+g+d+d+a+:+ p+یm+a+یsn
w+ t+f+s+یr+ snw+d+.
4.27) tch+ gfz+y+n+h+h+a+y+y+ b+r+a+y+ t+k+r+a+r+ (replication) w+g+w+d+
d+a+r+d+?+
There are several master/slave replication options available. These
allow only the master to make database changes and the slave can only
do database reads. The bottom of
http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research lists them. A
multi-master replication solution is being worked on at
http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php.
4.28) tch+ gfz+y+n+h+h+a+y+y+ b+r+a+y+ r+m+z+n+gfa+r+y+ w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+?+
* contrib/pgcrypto sna+m+l+ t+w+a+b+e+ r+m+z+n+gfa+r+ی
z+یa+d+ی a+s+t+ کh+ m+ی t+w+a+n+ a+z+
aMn+h+a+ d+r+ d+s+t+w+r+a+t+ SQL a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ کr+d+.
* b+r+a+ی r+m+z+ کr+d+n+ a+r+t+b+a+tj b+یn+ client
w+ server p+a+یgfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ hkt+m+a+:+ gfz+یn+h+
SSL r+a+ b+r+ r+w+ی p+a+یgfa+h+ d+a+d+h+ f+e+a+l+
کn+یm+.
* d+r+ n+s+x+h+ 7.3 b+h+ b+e+d+ کl+m+a+t+ e+b+w+r+
کa+r+b+r+a+n+ b+h+ tjw+r+ a+t+w+m+a+t+یک b+h+
c+w+r+t+ r+m+z+ snd+h+ dkx+یr+h+ m+ی snw+d+
w+l+ی d+r+ n+s+x+h+ h+a+ی q+b+l+ی b+a+یd+
gfz+یn+h+ PASSWORD_ENCRYPTION r+a+ d+r+
f+a+یl+postgresql.conf f+e+a+l+ کn+یm+.
* m+ی t+w+a+n+ p+a+یgfa+h+h+a+ی d+a+d+h+ r+a+
r+w+ی یک f+a+یl+ s+یs+t+m+
r+m+z+snd+h+ n+gfa+h+d+a+r+ی کr+d+
_________________________________________________________________
Extending PostgreSQL
5.1) m+n+ y+k+ t+a+b+e+ n+w+snt+h+a+m+. tcgfw+n+h+ aMn+ r+a+ d+r+ psql
a+g+r+a+ k+n+m+?+ tcr+a+ b+a+ a+g+r+a+y+ aMn+ core dump m+y+gfy+r+m+?+
d+l+a+یl+ m+x+t+l+f+ی m+ی t+w+a+n+d+ b+a+e+tk
b+r+w+z+ a+یn+ m+snکl+ snw+d+. a+m+a+ q+b+l+ a+z+ h+m+h+,+
t+a+b+e+ x+w+d+ r+a+ b+h+ c+w+r+t+ g+d+a+ t+s+t+ کn+یd+.
5.2) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ d+r+ t+w+l+y+d+ n+w+e+h+a+ w+ t+w+a+b+e+
g+d+y+d+ w+ g+a+l+b+ b+r+a+y+ PostgreSQL h+m+k+a+r+y+ w+ m+sna+r+k+t+
d+a+snt+h+ b+a+snm+?+
کd+ x+w+d+ r+a+ b+h+ gfr+w+h+ p+s+t+ی pgsql-hackers
a+r+s+a+l+ کn+یd+.
5.3) tcgfw+n+h+ m+y+t+w+a+n+m+ y+k+ t+a+b+e+ b+h+ z+b+a+n+ C b+n+w+y+s+m+
k+h+ x+r+w+g+y+ aMn+ y+k+ tuple (tcn+d+ t+a+y+y+) b+a+snd+?+
d+r+ n+s+x+h+ h+a+ی 7.3 b+h+ b+e+d+ یک t+a+b+e+
m+ی t+w+a+n+d+ یک g+d+w+l+ r+a+ b+h+ e+n+w+a+n+
x+r+w+g+ی b+r+gfr+d+a+n+d+. a+یn+ w+یzjgfی
d+r+ t+w+a+b+e+ی کh+ b+h+ z+b+a+n+h+a+ی C w+
PL/PgSQL n+w+snt+h+ m+یsnw+n+d+ b+h+ tjw+r+ کa+m+l+
w+g+w+d+ d+a+r+d+. r+a+h+n+m+a+ b+r+n+a+m+h+ n+w+یs+a+n+ r+a+
m+tja+l+e+h+ کn+یd+. یک m+tka+l+ a+z+ n+hkw+h+
b+r+gfr+d+a+n+d+n+ یک g+d+w+l+ b+h+ e+n+w+a+n+
x+r+w+g+ی d+r+ contrib/tablefunc aMm+d+h+ a+s+t+.
5.4) m+n+ y+k+ f+a+y+l+ m+n+b+e+ r+a+ e+w+dd k+r+d+h+ a+m+ tcr+a+ d+r+
e+m+l+y+a+t+ k+a+m+p+y+l+ m+g+d+d+ aMn+,+ t+i+y+y+r+ d+y+d+h+ n+m+y+
snw+d+?+
Makefile b+r+a+ی f+a+یl+h+a+ی include snd+h+
w+a+b+s+t+gfیh+a+ r+a+ b+h+ d+r+s+t+ی n+sna+n+ n+m+ی
d+h+d+. b+r+a+ی a+tjm+یn+a+n+ a+z+ a+یn+کh+
f+a+یl+ی کh+ e+w+dd کr+d+h+ a+یd+
hkt+m+a+:+ d+w+b+a+r+h+ کa+m+p+یl+ m+یsnw+d+
d+s+t+w+r+ make clean r+a+ a+g+r+a+ کn+یd+. a+gfr+ a+z+
کa+m+p+یl+r+ gcc a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ m+ی
کn+یd+ m+ی t+w+a+n+یd+ a+z+ gfz+یn+h+
enable-depend-- d+r+ m+w+q+e+ a+g+r+a+ی b+r+n+a+m+h+ configure
a+s+t+f+a+d+h+ کn+یd+ a+یn+ gfz+یn+h+ b+a+e+tk
m+ی snw+d+ کh+ w+a+b+s+t+gfیh+a+ b+h+ tjw+r+
a+t+w+m+a+t+یک t+w+l+یd+ snw+d+.
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