Fix mishandling of FieldSelect-on-whole-row-Var in nested lateral queries.

If an inline-able SQL function taking a composite argument is used in a
LATERAL subselect, and the composite argument is a lateral reference,
the planner could fail with "variable not found in subplan target list",
as seen in bug #11703 from Karl Bartel.  (The outer function call used in
the bug report and in the committed regression test is not really necessary
to provoke the bug --- you can get it if you manually expand the outer
function into "LATERAL (SELECT inner_function(outer_relation))", too.)

The cause of this is that we generate the reltargetlist for the referenced
relation before doing eval_const_expressions() on the lateral sub-select's
expressions (cf find_lateral_references()), so what's scheduled to be
emitted by the referenced relation is a whole-row Var, not the simplified
single-column Var produced by optimizing the function's FieldSelect on the
whole-row Var.  Then setrefs.c fails to match up that lateral reference to
what's available from the outer scan.

Preserving the FieldSelect optimization in such cases would require either
major planner restructuring (to recursively do expression simplification
on sub-selects much earlier) or some amazingly ugly kluge to change the
reltargetlist of a possibly-already-planned relation.  It seems better
just to skip the optimization when the Var is from an upper query level;
the case is not so common that it's likely anyone will notice a few
wasted cycles.

AFAICT this problem only occurs for uplevel LATERAL references, so
back-patch to 9.3 where LATERAL was added.

src/backend/optimizer/util/clauses.c

@@ -3196,10 +3196,19 @@ eval_const_expressions_mutator(Node *node,
 				 * But it can arise while simplifying functions.)  Also, we
 				 * can optimize field selection from a RowExpr construct.
 				 *
-				 * We must however check that the declared type of the field
-				 * is still the same as when the FieldSelect was created ---
-				 * this can change if someone did ALTER COLUMN TYPE on the
-				 * rowtype.
+				 * However, replacing a whole-row Var in this way has a
+				 * pitfall: if we've already built the reltargetlist for the
+				 * source relation, then the whole-row Var is scheduled to be
+				 * produced by the relation scan, but the simple Var probably
+				 * isn't, which will lead to a failure in setrefs.c.  This is
+				 * not a problem when handling simple single-level queries, in
+				 * which expression simplification always happens first.  It
+				 * is a risk for lateral references from subqueries, though.
+				 * To avoid such failures, don't optimize uplevel references.
+				 *
+				 * We must also check that the declared type of the field is
+				 * still the same as when the FieldSelect was created --- this
+				 * can change if someone did ALTER COLUMN TYPE on the rowtype.
 				 */
 				FieldSelect *fselect = (FieldSelect *) node;
 				FieldSelect *newfselect;
@@ -3208,7 +3217,8 @@ eval_const_expressions_mutator(Node *node,
 				arg = eval_const_expressions_mutator((Node *) fselect->arg,
 													 context);
 				if (arg && IsA(arg, Var) &&
-					((Var *) arg)->varattno == InvalidAttrNumber)
+					((Var *) arg)->varattno == InvalidAttrNumber &&
+					((Var *) arg)->varlevelsup == 0)
 				{
 					if (rowtype_field_matches(((Var *) arg)->vartype,
 											  fselect->fieldnum,

src/test/regress/expected/rangefuncs.out

@@ -2006,3 +2006,55 @@ FROM
   3 | FROM 10000000876 | from 10000000876
 (3 rows)
 
+-- check whole-row-Var handling in nested lateral functions (bug #11703)
+create function extractq2(t int8_tbl) returns int8 as $$
+  select t.q2
+$$ language sql immutable;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select x from int8_tbl, extractq2(int8_tbl) f(x);
+                QUERY PLAN                
+------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.x
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl
+         Output: int8_tbl.q1, int8_tbl.q2
+   ->  Function Scan on f
+         Output: f.x
+         Function Call: int8_tbl.q2
+(7 rows)
+
+select x from int8_tbl, extractq2(int8_tbl) f(x);
+         x         
+-------------------
+               456
+  4567890123456789
+               123
+  4567890123456789
+ -4567890123456789
+(5 rows)
+
+create function extractq2_2(t int8_tbl) returns table(ret1 int8) as $$
+  select extractq2(t)
+$$ language sql immutable;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select x from int8_tbl, extractq2_2(int8_tbl) f(x);
+            QUERY PLAN             
+-----------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ((int8_tbl.*).q2)
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl
+         Output: int8_tbl.*
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (int8_tbl.*).q2
+(6 rows)
+
+select x from int8_tbl, extractq2_2(int8_tbl) f(x);
+         x         
+-------------------
+               456
+  4567890123456789
+               123
+  4567890123456789
+ -4567890123456789
+(5 rows)
+

src/test/regress/sql/rangefuncs.sql

@@ -608,3 +608,23 @@ SELECT *,
         END)
 FROM
   (VALUES (1,''), (2,'0000000049404'), (3,'FROM 10000000876')) v(id, str);
+
+-- check whole-row-Var handling in nested lateral functions (bug #11703)
+
+create function extractq2(t int8_tbl) returns int8 as $$
+  select t.q2
+$$ language sql immutable;
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select x from int8_tbl, extractq2(int8_tbl) f(x);
+
+select x from int8_tbl, extractq2(int8_tbl) f(x);
+
+create function extractq2_2(t int8_tbl) returns table(ret1 int8) as $$
+  select extractq2(t)
+$$ language sql immutable;
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select x from int8_tbl, extractq2_2(int8_tbl) f(x);
+
+select x from int8_tbl, extractq2_2(int8_tbl) f(x);