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1.3) PostgreSQL ÔËÐÐÔÚʲô Unix ƽ̨ÉÏ£¿

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1.4) ¿ÉÓÃµÄ·Ç Unix ƽ̨ÓÐÄÄЩ£¿

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1.5) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿

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1.6) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿

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1.7) PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇʲô£¿

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1.8) ÓÐÄÄЩ¿ÉÓÃµÄ PostgreSQL µÄÎĵµ£¿

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1.10) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL£¿

+ ÔÚ http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html µÄ¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊé½ÌÊÚ SQL¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÎÒÏÂÔص½±¾µØÁË¡££©ÔÚ http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook ÓÐÁíÍâÒ»±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊé¡£ÔÚhttp://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm£¬http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM  ºÍ http://sqlcourse.com ÓÐÒ»¸ö²»´íµÄÈëÃŽ̡̳£ + +

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ÎÒÃǵÄÐí¶àÓû§Ï²»¶ The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley ¡£ ÆäËûµÄÓÐ The Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill ¡£

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1.11) PostgreSQL ÊÇ Y2K ¼æÈݵÄÂð£¿

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1.12) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿

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1.13) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿

+ Çë·ÃÎÊ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/bugs/bugs.php µÄ PostgreSQL BugTool Ò³Ãæ, ÄÇÀï¸ø³öÁËÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æµÄÖ¸ÄÏ¡£ + +

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1.14) PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËû DBMS ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿

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1.15) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÔÞÖú PostgreSQL £¿

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2.2) ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿

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Õâ¿ÉÄÜÊǺܶ෽ÃæµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÏȼì²é²Ù×÷ϵͳºËÐÄÊÇ·ñÖ§³Ö System V À©Õ¹¡£PostgreSQL ÐèÒªÄÚºËÖ§³Ö¹²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵơ£

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3.3) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ IpcMemoryCreate ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿

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3.4) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ IpcSemaphoreCreate ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿

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3.7) PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿

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3.8) ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡±ÏûÏ¢£¿

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-     SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2
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-     SELECT tab1.col1, NULL
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4.24) - ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿

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4.26) ΪʲôÔÚ - PL/PgSQL º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿

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PL/PgSQL - »º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö PL/PgSQL - º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ - PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓà EXECUTE - ¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐÇ°×ÜÊÇÖØзÖÎö¡£

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4.28) - ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï -
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µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY ½áºÏʹÓÃʱ¾­³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪֻ»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT ʹÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº
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+     SELECT col
+     FROM tab
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+     LIMIT 1;

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+ ²Î¿¼ EXPLAIN ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£ + +

4.10) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇʲô£¿

+ +

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+ ÃèÊö×î³õµÄ R-Tree Éè¼ÆµÄÕýʽÂÛÎÄÊÇ£º
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+ Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching." Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.
+
+ Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚ Stonebraker µÄ¡°Readings in Database Systems¡±ÀïÕÒµ½ÕâƪÎÄÕ¡£
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4.11) ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query Optimization£©£¿

+ +

GEQO Ä£¿é²ÉÓûùÒòËã·¨£¨Genetic Algorithm£¬GA£©¼Ó¿ì¶à±íÁ¬½ÓµÄ²éѯÓÅ»¯¡£ËüÔÊÐíͨ¹ý·ÇÇî¾ÙËÑË÷´¦Àí´óµÄÁ¬½Ó²éѯ¡£

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4.12) ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎÞ¹ØËÑË÷£¿

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+ ´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º
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+     SELECT *
+     FROM tab
+     WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
+
+ ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:
+
+     CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));

+ +

4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿

+ +

Óà IS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΡ£ 
+

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+ +

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+   --------------------------------------------------
+   "char"        char         1¸ö×Ö·û character
+   CHAR(#)      bpchar       ¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë
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+   TEXT           text         ´®³¤¶È½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ
+   BYTEA          bytea       ±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨±ä³¤µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£©
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+ CHAR(n) ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶È»ù±¾²î²»¶àµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£VARCHAR(n) ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£TEXT ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢²»ÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®£¬×î´ó¿É´ï 1G¡£BYTEA ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL ×Ö½Ú£¨¶þ½øÖƵÄ0£©µÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄÐÔÄÜ¡£

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4.15.1) ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿

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PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬
+     CREATE TABLE person ( 
+         id SERIAL, 
+         name TEXT 
+         );
+
+ »á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º 
+     
+     CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
+     CREATE TABLE person ( 
+         id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
+         name TEXT 
+         );
+     CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );
+
+ ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐÐµÄ oid ×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓà pg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£ 

+ +

4.15.2) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿

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Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà 4.15.1 ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º 
+
+     new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
+     execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");
+
+ ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ <table>_<serialcolumn>_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£ 
+
+ ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬 
+
+     execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
+     new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
+
+ ×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ´Ó INSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ OID ²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓÐ Edmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý $sth->execute() ºóµÄ $sth->{pg_oid_status} »ñµÃ¡£ 

+ +

4.15.3) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval() »áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿

+ +

²»»á¡£currval() ·µ»Øºǫ́½ø³Ì¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§¸³ÓèµÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£
+

+ +

4.15.4) Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿

+ +

ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊø֮ǰ²»·âËø¡£Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂزÕÛÊÂÎñºóµÄÐòÁкųöÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£

+ +


+ 4.16) ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID£¿

+ +

OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡Ê±£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID ²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæΨһ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL °²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ 
+
+ PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£ÕâЩ OID ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚ±êʶÌض¨µÄÓû§ÐÐÒÔ¼°ÓÃÔÚÁ¬½ÓÀï¡£½¨ÒéʹÓÃ×Ö¶ÎÀàÐÍ OID ´æ´¢ OID Öµ¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£ 
+
+ OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ OID ¸Ä³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øԭʼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º 
+
+     CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);
+     SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;
+     COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';
+     DELETE FROM new;
+     COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';
+
+ OID ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ´òËãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ֮ǰÏû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£
+
+ TID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£TID ÔÚÐб»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£

+ +

4.17) PostgreSQL ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿

+ +

һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿·Ö£º 
+     table, relation, class 
+     row, record, tuple 
+     column, field, attribute 
+     retrieve, select 
+     replace, update 
+     append, insert 
+     OID, serial value 
+     portal, cursor 
+     range variable, table name, table alias 
+
+ ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£ºhttp://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html ¡£  

+ +

4.18) ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()¡±£¿

+ +

ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯ postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ 
+
+     ulimit -d 262144
+     limit datasize 256m
+
+ È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓÃµÄ shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£

+ +

4.19) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿

+ +

´Ó psql À¼üÈë SELECT version()£»
+

+ +

4.20) ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°invalid large obj descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©£¿

+ +

ÄãÐèÒªÔÚʹÓÃÈκδó¶ÔÏó¾ä±úµÄÇ°ºó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK ºÍ COMMIT£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬°üΧ lo_open ... lo_close¡£ 
+
+ Ä¿Ç° PostgreSQL Ç¿ÖÆʵʩÕâÌõ¹æÔò£ºÔÚÊÂÎñÌύʱ¹Ø±Õ´ó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú£¬ÕâÑù£¬£¨Ã»ÓвÉÓÃÊÂÎñʱ£©£¬Ê״ζԴó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú×öÈκÎÊÂÇéµÄÆóͼ¶¼»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸ö invalid large obj descriptor¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÄãûÓÐʹÓÃÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ£¬ÒÔÇ°Äܹ¤×÷µÄ´úÂ루ÖÁÉÙÊÇ´ó¶àÊýʱ¼ä£©½«»áÉú³ÉÕâôһ¸ö´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£ 
+
+ Èç¹ûÄãʹÓÿͻ§¶Ë½Ó¿Ú£¬Èç ODBC£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÐèÒª set auto-commit off¡£

+ +

4.21) ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿

+ +

ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º
+
+     CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);

+ +

4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿

+ +

Ä¿Ç°£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýΪÍâ²éѯµÄÿһÐÐ˳ÐòɨÃè×Ó²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÀ´Á¬½Ó×Ó²éѯºÍÍâ²éѯ¡£Èç¹û×Ó²éѯ·µ»ØÉÙÊý¼¸ÐУ¬¶øÍâ²éѯ·µ»ØºÜ¶àÐУ¬IN Ö´Ðеúܿ졣ΪÁ˼ӿìÆäËû IN ²éѯµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓà EXISTS Ìæ»» IN£º 
+
+     SELECT *
+     FROM tab
+     WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab);
+
+ ¸ÄΪ£º 
+
+     SELECT *
+     FROM tab
+     WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col);
+
+ ºóÕßÒªÏëÖ´Ðеøü¿ì£¬subcol Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÁС£ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÔÚδÀ´µÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÖÐÐÞ²¹Õâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£

+ +

4.23) ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿

+ +

PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º
+
+     SELECT *
+     FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
+
+ »ò 
+     SELECT *
+     FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
+
+ ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µâ»?t1 ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÉΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER JOIN£©¡£
+
+ ÔÚ´ËÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬ÍâÁ¬½Ó¿ÉÒÔÓà UNION ºÍ NOT IN À´Ä£Äâ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÔÚ±í tab1 ºÍ tab2 Ö®¼ä×öÍâÁ¬½Ó£º
+
+     SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2
+     FROM tab1, tab2
+     WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1
+
+     UNION ALL
+
+     SELECT tab1.col1, NULL
+     FROM tab1
+     WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)
+     ORDER BY col1

+ +

4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿

+ +

ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ÒòΪ PostgreSQL ¼ÓÔØÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐҲδÃ÷È·¡£
+
+ contrib/dblink ÔÊÐí²ÉÓú¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʵÏÖ¿ç¿â²éѯ¡£µ±È»¿ÉÒÔͬʱÁ¬½Óµ½²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý¿â²¢ÔÚ¿Í»§¶ËºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£

+ +

4.25) ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿

+ +

¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PL/pgSQL º¯ÊýÖÐʹÓà refcursors ·µ»Ø½á¹û¼¯¡£²Î¿´ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html, 23.7.3.3½Ú¡£
+

+ +

4.26) ΪʲôÔÚ PL/PgSQL º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿

+ +

PL/PgSQL »º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö PL/PgSQL º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓà EXECUTE ¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐÇ°×ÜÊÇÖØзÖÎö¡£

+ +

4.27) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï

+ +

Óм¸ÖÖÖ÷/´Ó·½Ê½µÄ¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ïî¡£ÕâЩѡÏîÖ»ÔÊÐíÖ÷Êý¾Ý¿â½øÐиüУ¬´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÖ»ÄܽøÐжÁ¡£ÍøÒ³ http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research  µÄ×îºóÁгöÁËÕâЩѡÏî¡£ÔÚ http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php ÕýÔÚ½øÐÐÒ»¸ö¶àÖ÷±¾¸´ÖƵĽâ¾ö·½°¸¡£

+ +

4.28) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï

+ +

contrib/pgcrypto °üº¬Á˺ܶàÔÚ SQL ²éѯÖÐʹÓõļÓÃܺ¯Êý¡£¼ÓÃÜ¿Í»§¶Ëµ½·þÎñÆ÷¶Ë´«ÊäÊý¾ÝµÄΨһ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ pg_hba.conf ÖвÉÓà hostss ¡£ 
+
+ 7.3 °æ±¾ÖÐ×Ô¶¯¶ÔÊý¾Ý¿âÓû§ÃÜÂë½øÐмÓÃÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬±ØÐëÔÚ postgresql.conf Öдò¿ª PASSWORD_ENCRYPTION Ñ¡Ïî¡£·þÎñÆ÷¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚ¼ÓÃܵÄÎļþϵͳÉÏ£¨ÒÔ´ïµ½¼ÓÃܵÄÄ¿µÄ£©¡£
+
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

+ +

À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL

+ +

5.1) ÎÒдÁËÒ»¸öÓû§¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£µ±ÎÒÔÚ psql ÀïÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´»áµ¼Ö core dump£¿

+ +

²úÉúÕâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄÔ­ÒòºÜ¶à¡£ÇëÏÈÔÚÒ»¸öµ¥¶ÀµÄ²âÊÔ³ÌÐòÖвâÊÔÄãµÄ×Ô¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£

+ +

5.2) ÎÒÈçºÎÄܸø PostgreSQL ¹±Ï×һЩͦ²»´íµÄÐÂÀàÐͺͺ¯Êý£¿

+ +

½«ÄãµÄÀ©Õ¹·¢Ë͵½ pgsql-hackers ÓʼþÁÐ±í£¬ËüÃÇ×îÖջᱻ·Åµ½ contrib/ ×ÓĿ¼¡£
+

+ +

5.3) ÎÒÔõÑùдһ¸ö·µ»ØÒ»ÌõÔª×éµÄ C º¯Êý£¿

+ +

ÔÚ PostgreSQL 7.3 ÒÔºóµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬C, PL/PgSQL ºÍ SQL ÍêÈ«Ö§³Ö·µ»ØֵΪ±íµÄº¯Êý¡£¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼ ³ÌÐòÔ±Ö¸ÄÏ£¨the Programmer's Guide£©¡£ÔÚ contrib/tablefunc ÖÐÓÐÒ»¸öÀý×ÓÊÇÓà C дµÄ·µ»ØֵΪ±íµÄº¯Êý¡£

+ +

5.4) ÎÒÐÞ¸ÄÁËÒ»¸öÔ´Îļþ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÖØбàÒëºóûÓп´µ½¸Ä±ä£¿

+ +

Makefiles ÖÐûÓаüº¬Í·ÎļþµÄÕýÈ·ÒÀÀµ¡£Äú±ØÐëÏÈ×ömake clean£¬ ÔÙ×öÒ»´Î make ¡£Èç¹ûÄúʹÓõÄÊÇ GCC £¬Ôò¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÓÃÑ¡Ïî --enable-depend ÈñàÒëÆ÷×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÍ·ÎļþµÄÒÀÀµ¹Øϵ¡£

+ + +