Avoid creating archive status ".ready" files too early

WAL records may span multiple segments, but XLogWrite() does not
wait for the entire record to be written out to disk before
creating archive status files.  Instead, as soon as the last WAL page of
the segment is written, the archive status file is created, and the
archiver may process it.  If PostgreSQL crashes before it is able to
write and flush the rest of the record (in the next WAL segment), the
wrong version of the first segment file lingers in the archive, which
causes operations such as point-in-time restores to fail.

To fix this, keep track of records that span across segments and ensure
that segments are only marked ready-for-archival once such records have
been completely written to disk.

This has always been wrong, so backpatch all the way back.

Author: Nathan Bossart <bossartn@amazon.com>
Reviewed-by: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horikyota.ntt@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Ryo Matsumura <matsumura.ryo@fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrey Borodin <x4mmm@yandex-team.ru>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CBDDFA01-6E40-46BB-9F98-9340F4379505@amazon.com

src/backend/access/transam/timeline.c

@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ writeTimeLineHistory(TimeLineID newTLI, TimeLineID parentTLI,
 	if (XLogArchivingActive())
 	{
 		TLHistoryFileName(histfname, newTLI);
-		XLogArchiveNotify(histfname);
+		XLogArchiveNotify(histfname, true);
 	}
 }
 

src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c

@@ -724,6 +724,18 @@ typedef struct XLogCtlData
 	XLogRecPtr	lastFpwDisableRecPtr;
 
 	slock_t		info_lck;		/* locks shared variables shown above */
+
+	/*
+	 * Variables used to track segment-boundary-crossing WAL records.  See
+	 * RegisterSegmentBoundary.  Protected by segtrack_lck.
+	 */
+	XLogSegNo	lastNotifiedSeg;
+	XLogSegNo	earliestSegBoundary;
+	XLogRecPtr	earliestSegBoundaryEndPtr;
+	XLogSegNo	latestSegBoundary;
+	XLogRecPtr	latestSegBoundaryEndPtr;
+
+	slock_t		segtrack_lck;	/* locks shared variables shown above */
 } XLogCtlData;
 
 static XLogCtlData *XLogCtl = NULL;
@@ -920,6 +932,7 @@ static void RemoveXlogFile(const char *segname, XLogSegNo recycleSegNo,
 						   XLogSegNo *endlogSegNo);
 static void UpdateLastRemovedPtr(char *filename);
 static void ValidateXLOGDirectoryStructure(void);
+static void RegisterSegmentBoundary(XLogSegNo seg, XLogRecPtr pos);
 static void CleanupBackupHistory(void);
 static void UpdateMinRecoveryPoint(XLogRecPtr lsn, bool force);
 static XLogRecord *ReadRecord(XLogReaderState *xlogreader,
@@ -1154,23 +1167,56 @@ XLogInsertRecord(XLogRecData *rdata,
 	END_CRIT_SECTION();
 
 	/*
-	 * Update shared LogwrtRqst.Write, if we crossed page boundary.
+	 * If we crossed page boundary, update LogwrtRqst.Write; if we crossed
+	 * segment boundary, register that and wake up walwriter.
 	 */
 	if (StartPos / XLOG_BLCKSZ != EndPos / XLOG_BLCKSZ)
 	{
+		XLogSegNo	StartSeg;
+		XLogSegNo	EndSeg;
+
+		XLByteToSeg(StartPos, StartSeg, wal_segment_size);
+		XLByteToSeg(EndPos, EndSeg, wal_segment_size);
+
+		/*
+		 * Register our crossing the segment boundary if that occurred.
+		 *
+		 * Note that we did not use XLByteToPrevSeg() for determining the
+		 * ending segment.  This is so that a record that fits perfectly into
+		 * the end of the segment causes the latter to get marked ready for
+		 * archival immediately.
+		 */
+		if (StartSeg != EndSeg && XLogArchivingActive())
+			RegisterSegmentBoundary(EndSeg, EndPos);
+
+		/*
+		 * Advance LogwrtRqst.Write so that it includes new block(s).
+		 *
+		 * We do this after registering the segment boundary so that the
+		 * comparison with the flushed pointer below can use the latest value
+		 * known globally.
+		 */
 		SpinLockAcquire(&XLogCtl->info_lck);
-		/* advance global request to include new block(s) */
 		if (XLogCtl->LogwrtRqst.Write < EndPos)
 			XLogCtl->LogwrtRqst.Write = EndPos;
 		/* update local result copy while I have the chance */
 		LogwrtResult = XLogCtl->LogwrtResult;
 		SpinLockRelease(&XLogCtl->info_lck);
+
+		/*
+		 * There's a chance that the record was already flushed to disk and we
+		 * missed marking segments as ready for archive.  If this happens, we
+		 * nudge the WALWriter, which will take care of notifying segments as
+		 * needed.
+		 */
+		if (StartSeg != EndSeg && XLogArchivingActive() &&
+			LogwrtResult.Flush >= EndPos && ProcGlobal->walwriterLatch)
+			SetLatch(ProcGlobal->walwriterLatch);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * If this was an XLOG_SWITCH record, flush the record and the empty
-	 * padding space that fills the rest of the segment, and perform
-	 * end-of-segment actions (eg, notifying archiver).
+	 * padding space that fills the rest of the segment.
 	 */
 	if (isLogSwitch)
 	{
@@ -2421,6 +2467,7 @@ XLogWrite(XLogwrtRqst WriteRqst, bool flexible)
 
 	/* We should always be inside a critical section here */
 	Assert(CritSectionCount > 0);
+	Assert(LWLockHeldByMe(WALWriteLock));
 
 	/*
 	 * Update local LogwrtResult (caller probably did this already, but...)
@@ -2586,11 +2633,12 @@ XLogWrite(XLogwrtRqst WriteRqst, bool flexible)
 			 * later. Doing it here ensures that one and only one backend will
 			 * perform this fsync.
 			 *
-			 * This is also the right place to notify the Archiver that the
-			 * segment is ready to copy to archival storage, and to update the
-			 * timer for archive_timeout, and to signal for a checkpoint if
-			 * too many logfile segments have been used since the last
-			 * checkpoint.
+			 * If WAL archiving is active, we attempt to notify the archiver
+			 * of any segments that are now ready for archival.
+			 *
+			 * This is also the right place to update the timer for
+			 * archive_timeout and to signal for a checkpoint if too many
+			 * logfile segments have been used since the last checkpoint.
 			 */
 			if (finishing_seg)
 			{
@@ -2602,7 +2650,7 @@ XLogWrite(XLogwrtRqst WriteRqst, bool flexible)
 				LogwrtResult.Flush = LogwrtResult.Write;	/* end of page */
 
 				if (XLogArchivingActive())
-					XLogArchiveNotifySeg(openLogSegNo);
+					NotifySegmentsReadyForArchive(LogwrtResult.Flush);
 
 				XLogCtl->lastSegSwitchTime = (pg_time_t) time(NULL);
 				XLogCtl->lastSegSwitchLSN = LogwrtResult.Flush;
@@ -2690,6 +2738,9 @@ XLogWrite(XLogwrtRqst WriteRqst, bool flexible)
 			XLogCtl->LogwrtRqst.Flush = LogwrtResult.Flush;
 		SpinLockRelease(&XLogCtl->info_lck);
 	}
+
+	if (XLogArchivingActive())
+		NotifySegmentsReadyForArchive(LogwrtResult.Flush);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4328,6 +4379,131 @@ ValidateXLOGDirectoryStructure(void)
 	}
 }
 
+/*
+ * RegisterSegmentBoundary
+ *
+ * WAL records that are split across a segment boundary require special
+ * treatment for archiving: the initial segment must not be archived until
+ * the end segment has been flushed, in case we crash before we have
+ * the chance to flush the end segment (because after recovery we would
+ * overwrite that WAL record with a different one, and so the file we
+ * archived no longer represents truth.)  This also applies to streaming
+ * physical replication.
+ *
+ * To handle this, we keep track of the LSN of WAL records that cross
+ * segment boundaries.  Two such are sufficient: the ones with the
+ * earliest and the latest end pointers we know about, since the flush
+ * position advances monotonically.  WAL record writers register
+ * boundary-crossing records here, which is used by .ready file creation
+ * to delay until the end segment is known flushed.
+ */
+static void
+RegisterSegmentBoundary(XLogSegNo seg, XLogRecPtr endpos)
+{
+	XLogSegNo	segno PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY;
+
+	/* verify caller computed segment number correctly */
+	AssertArg((XLByteToSeg(endpos, segno, wal_segment_size), segno == seg));
+
+	SpinLockAcquire(&XLogCtl->segtrack_lck);
+
+	/*
+	 * If no segment boundaries are registered, store the new segment boundary
+	 * in earliestSegBoundary.  Otherwise, store the greater segment
+	 * boundaries in latestSegBoundary.
+	 */
+	if (XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundary == MaxXLogSegNo)
+	{
+		XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundary = seg;
+		XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundaryEndPtr = endpos;
+	}
+	else if (seg > XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundary &&
+			 (XLogCtl->latestSegBoundary == MaxXLogSegNo ||
+			  seg > XLogCtl->latestSegBoundary))
+	{
+		XLogCtl->latestSegBoundary = seg;
+		XLogCtl->latestSegBoundaryEndPtr = endpos;
+	}
+
+	SpinLockRelease(&XLogCtl->segtrack_lck);
+}
+
+/*
+ * NotifySegmentsReadyForArchive
+ *
+ * Mark segments as ready for archival, given that it is safe to do so.
+ * This function is idempotent.
+ */
+void
+NotifySegmentsReadyForArchive(XLogRecPtr flushRecPtr)
+{
+	XLogSegNo	latest_boundary_seg;
+	XLogSegNo	last_notified;
+	XLogSegNo	flushed_seg;
+	XLogSegNo	seg;
+	bool		keep_latest;
+
+	XLByteToSeg(flushRecPtr, flushed_seg, wal_segment_size);
+
+	SpinLockAcquire(&XLogCtl->segtrack_lck);
+
+	if (XLogCtl->latestSegBoundary <= flushed_seg &&
+		XLogCtl->latestSegBoundaryEndPtr <= flushRecPtr)
+	{
+		latest_boundary_seg = XLogCtl->latestSegBoundary;
+		keep_latest = false;
+	}
+	else if (XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundary <= flushed_seg &&
+			 XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundaryEndPtr <= flushRecPtr)
+	{
+		latest_boundary_seg = XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundary;
+		keep_latest = true;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		SpinLockRelease(&XLogCtl->segtrack_lck);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	last_notified = XLogCtl->lastNotifiedSeg;
+
+	/*
+	 * Update shared memory and discard segment boundaries that are no longer
+	 * needed.
+	 *
+	 * It is safe to update shared memory before we attempt to create the
+	 * .ready files.  If our calls to XLogArchiveNotifySeg() fail,
+	 * RemoveOldXlogFiles() will retry it as needed.
+	 */
+	if (last_notified < latest_boundary_seg - 1)
+		XLogCtl->lastNotifiedSeg = latest_boundary_seg - 1;
+
+	if (keep_latest)
+	{
+		XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundary = XLogCtl->latestSegBoundary;
+		XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundaryEndPtr = XLogCtl->latestSegBoundaryEndPtr;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundary = MaxXLogSegNo;
+		XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundaryEndPtr = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
+	}
+
+	XLogCtl->latestSegBoundary = MaxXLogSegNo;
+	XLogCtl->latestSegBoundaryEndPtr = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
+
+	SpinLockRelease(&XLogCtl->segtrack_lck);
+
+	/*
+	 * Notify archiver about segments that are ready for archival (by creating
+	 * the corresponding .ready files).
+	 */
+	for (seg = last_notified + 1; seg < latest_boundary_seg; seg++)
+		XLogArchiveNotifySeg(seg, false);
+
+	PgArchWakeup();
+}
+
 /*
  * Remove previous backup history files.  This also retries creation of
  * .ready files for any backup history files for which XLogArchiveNotify
@@ -5230,9 +5406,17 @@ XLOGShmemInit(void)
 
 	SpinLockInit(&XLogCtl->Insert.insertpos_lck);
 	SpinLockInit(&XLogCtl->info_lck);
+	SpinLockInit(&XLogCtl->segtrack_lck);
 	SpinLockInit(&XLogCtl->ulsn_lck);
 	InitSharedLatch(&XLogCtl->recoveryWakeupLatch);
 	ConditionVariableInit(&XLogCtl->recoveryNotPausedCV);
+
+	/* Initialize stuff for marking segments as ready for archival. */
+	XLogCtl->lastNotifiedSeg = MaxXLogSegNo;
+	XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundary = MaxXLogSegNo;
+	XLogCtl->earliestSegBoundaryEndPtr = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
+	XLogCtl->latestSegBoundary = MaxXLogSegNo;
+	XLogCtl->latestSegBoundaryEndPtr = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -7873,6 +8057,20 @@ StartupXLOG(void)
 	XLogCtl->LogwrtRqst.Write = EndOfLog;
 	XLogCtl->LogwrtRqst.Flush = EndOfLog;
 
+	/*
+	 * Initialize XLogCtl->lastNotifiedSeg to the previous WAL file.
+	 */
+	if (XLogArchivingActive())
+	{
+		XLogSegNo	EndOfLogSeg;
+
+		XLByteToSeg(EndOfLog, EndOfLogSeg, wal_segment_size);
+
+		SpinLockAcquire(&XLogCtl->segtrack_lck);
+		XLogCtl->lastNotifiedSeg = EndOfLogSeg - 1;
+		SpinLockRelease(&XLogCtl->segtrack_lck);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Update full_page_writes in shared memory and write an XLOG_FPW_CHANGE
 	 * record before resource manager writes cleanup WAL records or checkpoint
@@ -8000,7 +8198,7 @@ StartupXLOG(void)
 				XLogArchiveCleanup(partialfname);
 
 				durable_rename(origpath, partialpath, ERROR);
-				XLogArchiveNotify(partialfname);
+				XLogArchiveNotify(partialfname, true);
 			}
 		}
 	}

src/backend/access/transam/xlogarchive.c

@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ KeepFileRestoredFromArchive(const char *path, const char *xlogfname)
 	if (XLogArchiveMode != ARCHIVE_MODE_ALWAYS)
 		XLogArchiveForceDone(xlogfname);
 	else
-		XLogArchiveNotify(xlogfname);
+		XLogArchiveNotify(xlogfname, true);
 
 	/*
 	 * If the existing file was replaced, since walsenders might have it open,
@@ -462,9 +462,12 @@ KeepFileRestoredFromArchive(const char *path, const char *xlogfname)
  * by the archiver, e.g. we write 0000000100000001000000C6.ready
  * and the archiver then knows to archive XLOGDIR/0000000100000001000000C6,
  * then when complete, rename it to 0000000100000001000000C6.done
+ *
+ * Optionally, nudge the archiver process so that it'll notice the file we
+ * create.
  */
 void
-XLogArchiveNotify(const char *xlog)
+XLogArchiveNotify(const char *xlog, bool nudge)
 {
 	char		archiveStatusPath[MAXPGPATH];
 	FILE	   *fd;
@@ -489,8 +492,8 @@ XLogArchiveNotify(const char *xlog)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	/* Notify archiver that it's got something to do */
-	if (IsUnderPostmaster)
+	/* If caller requested, let archiver know it's got work to do */
+	if (nudge)
 		PgArchWakeup();
 }
 
@@ -498,12 +501,12 @@ XLogArchiveNotify(const char *xlog)
  * Convenience routine to notify using segment number representation of filename
  */
 void
-XLogArchiveNotifySeg(XLogSegNo segno)
+XLogArchiveNotifySeg(XLogSegNo segno, bool nudge)
 {
 	char		xlog[MAXFNAMELEN];
 
 	XLogFileName(xlog, ThisTimeLineID, segno, wal_segment_size);
-	XLogArchiveNotify(xlog);
+	XLogArchiveNotify(xlog, nudge);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -608,7 +611,7 @@ XLogArchiveCheckDone(const char *xlog)
 		return true;
 
 	/* Retry creation of the .ready file */
-	XLogArchiveNotify(xlog);
+	XLogArchiveNotify(xlog, true);
 	return false;
 }
 

src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c

@@ -248,6 +248,13 @@ WalWriterMain(void)
 		/* Process any signals received recently */
 		HandleWalWriterInterrupts();
 
+		/*
+		 * Notify the archiver of any WAL segments that are ready.  We do this
+		 * here to handle a race condition where WAL is flushed to disk prior
+		 * to registering the segment boundary.
+		 */
+		NotifySegmentsReadyForArchive(GetFlushRecPtr());
+
 		/*
 		 * Do what we're here for; then, if XLogBackgroundFlush() found useful
 		 * work to do, reset hibernation counter.

src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c

@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ WalReceiverMain(void)
 			if (XLogArchiveMode != ARCHIVE_MODE_ALWAYS)
 				XLogArchiveForceDone(xlogfname);
 			else
-				XLogArchiveNotify(xlogfname);
+				XLogArchiveNotify(xlogfname, true);
 		}
 		recvFile = -1;
 
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ WalRcvFetchTimeLineHistoryFiles(TimeLineID first, TimeLineID last)
 			if (XLogArchiveMode != ARCHIVE_MODE_ALWAYS)
 				XLogArchiveForceDone(fname);
 			else
-				XLogArchiveNotify(fname);
+				XLogArchiveNotify(fname, true);
 
 			pfree(fname);
 			pfree(content);
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ XLogWalRcvWrite(char *buf, Size nbytes, XLogRecPtr recptr)
 				if (XLogArchiveMode != ARCHIVE_MODE_ALWAYS)
 					XLogArchiveForceDone(xlogfname);
 				else
-					XLogArchiveNotify(xlogfname);
+					XLogArchiveNotify(xlogfname, true);
 			}
 			recvFile = -1;
 

src/include/access/xlog.h

@@ -315,6 +315,7 @@ extern XLogRecPtr GetInsertRecPtr(void);
 extern XLogRecPtr GetFlushRecPtr(void);
 extern XLogRecPtr GetLastImportantRecPtr(void);
 extern void RemovePromoteSignalFiles(void);
+extern void NotifySegmentsReadyForArchive(XLogRecPtr flushRecPtr);
 
 extern bool PromoteIsTriggered(void);
 extern bool CheckPromoteSignal(void);

src/include/access/xlogarchive.h

@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ extern bool RestoreArchivedFile(char *path, const char *xlogfname,
 extern void ExecuteRecoveryCommand(const char *command, const char *commandName,
 								   bool failOnSignal);
 extern void KeepFileRestoredFromArchive(const char *path, const char *xlogfname);
-extern void XLogArchiveNotify(const char *xlog);
-extern void XLogArchiveNotifySeg(XLogSegNo segno);
+extern void XLogArchiveNotify(const char *xlog, bool nudge);
+extern void XLogArchiveNotifySeg(XLogSegNo segno, bool nudge);
 extern void XLogArchiveForceDone(const char *xlog);
 extern bool XLogArchiveCheckDone(const char *xlog);
 extern bool XLogArchiveIsBusy(const char *xlog);

src/include/access/xlogdefs.h

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ typedef uint64 XLogRecPtr;
  * XLogSegNo - physical log file sequence number.
  */
 typedef uint64 XLogSegNo;
+#define MaxXLogSegNo	((XLogSegNo) 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
 
 /*
  * TimeLineID (TLI) - identifies different database histories to prevent