Fix ruleutils.c's dumping of ScalarArrayOpExpr containing an EXPR_SUBLINK.

When we shoehorned "x op ANY (array)" into the SQL syntax, we created a
fundamental ambiguity as to the proper treatment of a sub-SELECT on the
righthand side: perhaps what's meant is to compare x against each row of
the sub-SELECT's result, or perhaps the sub-SELECT is meant as a scalar
sub-SELECT that delivers a single array value whose members should be
compared against x.  The grammar resolves it as the former case whenever
the RHS is a select_with_parens, making the latter case hard to reach ---
but you can get at it, with tricks such as attaching a no-op cast to the
sub-SELECT.  Parse analysis would throw away the no-op cast, leaving a
parsetree with an EXPR_SUBLINK SubLink directly under a ScalarArrayOpExpr.
ruleutils.c was not clued in on this fine point, and would naively emit
"x op ANY ((SELECT ...))", which would be parsed as the first alternative,
typically leading to errors like "operator does not exist: text = text[]"
during dump/reload of a view or rule containing such a construct.  To fix,
emit a no-op cast when dumping such a parsetree.  This might well be
exactly what the user wrote to get the construct accepted in the first
place; and even if she got there with some other dodge, it is a valid
representation of the parsetree.

Per report from Karl Czajkowski.  He mentioned only a case involving
RLS policies, but actually the problem is very old, so back-patch to
all supported branches.

Report: <20160421001832.GB7976@moraine.isi.edu>

src/backend/utils/adt/ruleutils.c

@@ -7209,6 +7209,24 @@ get_rule_expr(Node *node, deparse_context *context,
 									  get_base_element_type(exprType(arg2))),
 								 expr->useOr ? "ANY" : "ALL");
 				get_rule_expr_paren(arg2, context, true, node);
+
+				/*
+				 * There's inherent ambiguity in "x op ANY/ALL (y)" when y is
+				 * a bare sub-SELECT.  Since we're here, the sub-SELECT must
+				 * be meant as a scalar sub-SELECT yielding an array value to
+				 * be used in ScalarArrayOpExpr; but the grammar will
+				 * preferentially interpret such a construct as an ANY/ALL
+				 * SubLink.  To prevent misparsing the output that way, insert
+				 * a dummy coercion (which will be stripped by parse analysis,
+				 * so no inefficiency is added in dump and reload).  This is
+				 * indeed most likely what the user wrote to get the construct
+				 * accepted in the first place.
+				 */
+				if (IsA(arg2, SubLink) &&
+					((SubLink *) arg2)->subLinkType == EXPR_SUBLINK)
+					appendStringInfo(buf, "::%s",
+									 format_type_with_typemod(exprType(arg2),
+														  exprTypmod(arg2)));
 				appendStringInfoChar(buf, ')');
 				if (!PRETTY_PAREN(context))
 					appendStringInfoChar(buf, ')');

src/test/regress/expected/create_view.out

@@ -1502,6 +1502,34 @@ explain (costs off) select * from tt18v;
    ->  Seq Scan on int8_tbl xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_1
 (3 rows)
 
+-- check display of ScalarArrayOp with a sub-select
+select 'foo'::text = any(array['abc','def','foo']::text[]);
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select 'foo'::text = any((select array['abc','def','foo']::text[]));  -- fail
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: text = text[]
+LINE 1: select 'foo'::text = any((select array['abc','def','foo']::t...
+                           ^
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument type(s). You might need to add explicit type casts.
+select 'foo'::text = any((select array['abc','def','foo']::text[])::text[]);
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+create view tt19v as
+select 'foo'::text = any(array['abc','def','foo']::text[]) c1,
+       'foo'::text = any((select array['abc','def','foo']::text[])::text[]) c2;
+select pg_get_viewdef('tt19v', true);
+                                               pg_get_viewdef                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  SELECT 'foo'::text = ANY (ARRAY['abc'::text, 'def'::text, 'foo'::text]) AS c1,                           +
+     'foo'::text = ANY ((( SELECT ARRAY['abc'::text, 'def'::text, 'foo'::text] AS "array"))::text[]) AS c2;
+(1 row)
+
 -- clean up all the random objects we made above
 set client_min_messages = warning;
 DROP SCHEMA temp_view_test CASCADE;

src/test/regress/sql/create_view.sql

@@ -496,6 +496,17 @@ create view tt18v as
 select pg_get_viewdef('tt18v', true);
 explain (costs off) select * from tt18v;
 
+-- check display of ScalarArrayOp with a sub-select
+
+select 'foo'::text = any(array['abc','def','foo']::text[]);
+select 'foo'::text = any((select array['abc','def','foo']::text[]));  -- fail
+select 'foo'::text = any((select array['abc','def','foo']::text[])::text[]);
+
+create view tt19v as
+select 'foo'::text = any(array['abc','def','foo']::text[]) c1,
+       'foo'::text = any((select array['abc','def','foo']::text[])::text[]) c2;
+select pg_get_viewdef('tt19v', true);
+
 -- clean up all the random objects we made above
 set client_min_messages = warning;
 DROP SCHEMA temp_view_test CASCADE;