Fix possibility of logical decoding partial transaction changes.

When creating and initializing a logical slot, the restart_lsn is set
to the latest WAL insertion point (or the latest replay point on
standbys). Subsequently, WAL records are decoded from that point to
find the start point for extracting changes in the
DecodingContextFindStartpoint() function. Since the initial
restart_lsn could be in the middle of a transaction, the start point
must be a consistent point where we won't see the data for partial
transactions.

Previously, when not building a full snapshot, serialized snapshots
were restored, and the SnapBuild jumps to the consistent state even
while finding the start point. Consequently, the slot's restart_lsn
and confirmed_flush could be set to the middle of a transaction. This
could lead to various unexpected consequences. Specifically, there
were reports of logical decoding decoding partial transactions, and
assertion failures occurred because only subtransactions were decoded
without decoding their top-level transaction until decoding the commit
record.

To resolve this issue, the changes prevent restoring the serialized
snapshot and jumping to the consistent state while finding the start
point.

On v17 and HEAD, a flag indicating whether snapshot restores should be
skipped has been added to the SnapBuild struct, and SNAPBUILD_VERSION
has been bumpded.

On backbranches, the flag is stored in the LogicalDecodingContext
instead, preserving on-disk compatibility.

Backpatch to all supported versions.

Reported-by: Drew Callahan
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila, Hayato Kuroda
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2444AA15-D21B-4CCE-8052-52C7C2DAFE5C%40amazon.com
Backpatch-through: 12

contrib/test_decoding/Makefile

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ REGRESS = ddl xact rewrite toast permissions decoding_in_xact \
 	decoding_into_rel binary prepared replorigin time messages \
 	spill slot truncate
 ISOLATION = mxact delayed_startup ondisk_startup concurrent_ddl_dml \
-	oldest_xmin snapshot_transfer subxact_without_top catalog_change_snapshot
+	oldest_xmin snapshot_transfer subxact_without_top catalog_change_snapshot \
+	skip_snapshot_restore
 
 REGRESS_OPTS = --temp-config $(top_srcdir)/contrib/test_decoding/logical.conf
 ISOLATION_OPTS = --temp-config $(top_srcdir)/contrib/test_decoding/logical.conf

contrib/test_decoding/expected/skip_snapshot_restore.out

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+Parsed test spec with 3 sessions
+
+starting permutation: s0_init s0_begin s0_insert1 s1_init s2_checkpoint s2_get_changes_slot0 s0_insert2 s0_commit s1_get_changes_slot0 s1_get_changes_slot1
+step s0_init: SELECT 'init' FROM pg_create_logical_replication_slot('slot0', 'test_decoding');
+?column?
+--------
+init    
+(1 row)
+
+step s0_begin: BEGIN;
+step s0_insert1: INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1);
+step s1_init: SELECT 'init' FROM pg_create_logical_replication_slot('slot1', 'test_decoding'); <waiting ...>
+step s2_checkpoint: CHECKPOINT;
+step s2_get_changes_slot0: SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('slot0', NULL, NULL, 'skip-empty-xacts', '1', 'include-xids', '0');
+data
+----
+(0 rows)
+
+step s0_insert2: INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (2);
+step s0_commit: COMMIT;
+step s1_init: <... completed>
+?column?
+--------
+init    
+(1 row)
+
+step s1_get_changes_slot0: SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('slot0', NULL, NULL, 'skip-empty-xacts', '1', 'include-xids', '0');
+data                                     
+-----------------------------------------
+BEGIN                                    
+table public.tbl: INSERT: val1[integer]:1
+table public.tbl: INSERT: val1[integer]:2
+COMMIT                                   
+(4 rows)
+
+step s1_get_changes_slot1: SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('slot1', NULL, NULL, 'skip-empty-xacts', '1', 'include-xids', '0');
+data
+----
+(0 rows)
+
+?column?
+--------
+stop    
+(1 row)
+

contrib/test_decoding/specs/skip_snapshot_restore.spec

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Test that a slot creation skips to restore serialized snapshot to reach
+# the consistent state.
+
+setup
+{
+    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tbl;
+    CREATE TABLE tbl (val1 integer);
+}
+
+teardown
+{
+    DROP TABLE tbl;
+    SELECT 'stop' FROM pg_drop_replication_slot('slot0');
+    SELECT 'stop' FROM pg_drop_replication_slot('slot1');
+}
+
+session "s0"
+setup { SET synchronous_commit = on; }
+step "s0_init" { SELECT 'init' FROM pg_create_logical_replication_slot('slot0', 'test_decoding'); }
+step "s0_begin" { BEGIN; }
+step "s0_insert1" { INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1); }
+step "s0_insert2" { INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (2); }
+step "s0_commit" { COMMIT; }
+
+session "s1"
+setup { SET synchronous_commit = on; }
+step "s1_init" { SELECT 'init' FROM pg_create_logical_replication_slot('slot1', 'test_decoding'); }
+step "s1_get_changes_slot0" { SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('slot0', NULL, NULL, 'skip-empty-xacts', '1', 'include-xids', '0'); }
+step "s1_get_changes_slot1" { SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('slot1', NULL, NULL, 'skip-empty-xacts', '1', 'include-xids', '0'); }
+
+session "s2"
+setup { SET synchronous_commit = on ;}
+step "s2_checkpoint" { CHECKPOINT; }
+step "s2_get_changes_slot0" { SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('slot0', NULL, NULL, 'skip-empty-xacts', '1', 'include-xids', '0'); }
+
+
+# While 'slot1' creation by "s1_init" waits for s0-transaction to commit, the
+# RUNNING_XACTS record is written by "s2_checkpoint" and "s2_get_changes_slot1"
+# serializes consistent snapshots to the disk at LSNs where are before
+# s0-transaction's commit. After s0-transaction commits, "s1_init" resumes but
+# must not restore any serialized snapshots and will reach the consistent state
+# when decoding a RUNNING_XACT record generated after s0-transaction's commit.
+# We check if the get_changes on 'slot1' will not return any s0-transaction's
+# changes as its confirmed_flush_lsn will be after the s0-transaction's commit
+# record.
+permutation "s0_init" "s0_begin" "s0_insert1" "s1_init" "s2_checkpoint" "s2_get_changes_slot0" "s0_insert2" "s0_commit" "s1_get_changes_slot0" "s1_get_changes_slot1"

src/backend/replication/logical/logical.c

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ StartupDecodingContext(List *output_plugin_options,
 					   TransactionId xmin_horizon,
 					   bool need_full_snapshot,
 					   bool fast_forward,
+					   bool in_create,
 					   XLogPageReadCB read_page,
 					   LogicalOutputPluginWriterPrepareWrite prepare_write,
 					   LogicalOutputPluginWriterWrite do_write,
@@ -201,6 +202,8 @@ StartupDecodingContext(List *output_plugin_options,
 
 	ctx->fast_forward = fast_forward;
 
+	ctx->in_create = in_create;
+
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
 
 	return ctx;
@@ -329,7 +332,7 @@ CreateInitDecodingContext(char *plugin,
 	ReplicationSlotSave();
 
 	ctx = StartupDecodingContext(NIL, restart_lsn, xmin_horizon,
-								 need_full_snapshot, false,
+								 need_full_snapshot, false, true,
 								 read_page, prepare_write, do_write,
 								 update_progress);
 
@@ -428,7 +431,7 @@ CreateDecodingContext(XLogRecPtr start_lsn,
 
 	ctx = StartupDecodingContext(output_plugin_options,
 								 start_lsn, InvalidTransactionId, false,
-								 fast_forward, read_page, prepare_write,
+								 fast_forward, false, read_page, prepare_write,
 								 do_write, update_progress);
 
 	/* call output plugin initialization callback */

src/backend/replication/logical/snapbuild.c

@@ -1312,6 +1312,8 @@ SnapBuildProcessRunningXacts(SnapBuild *builder, XLogRecPtr lsn, xl_running_xact
 static bool
 SnapBuildFindSnapshot(SnapBuild *builder, XLogRecPtr lsn, xl_running_xacts *running)
 {
+	LogicalDecodingContext *ctx = (LogicalDecodingContext *) builder->reorder->private_data;
+
 	/* ---
 	 * Build catalog decoding snapshot incrementally using information about
 	 * the currently running transactions. There are several ways to do that:
@@ -1321,10 +1323,12 @@ SnapBuildFindSnapshot(SnapBuild *builder, XLogRecPtr lsn, xl_running_xacts *runn
 	 *	  state while waiting on c)'s sub-states.
 	 *
 	 * b) This (in a previous run) or another decoding slot serialized a
-	 *	  snapshot to disk that we can use.  Can't use this method for the
-	 *	  initial snapshot when slot is being created and needs full snapshot
-	 *	  for export or direct use, as that snapshot will only contain catalog
-	 *	  modifying transactions.
+	 *	  snapshot to disk that we can use. Can't use this method while finding
+	 *	  the start point for decoding changes as the restart LSN would be an
+	 *	  arbitrary LSN but we need to find the start point to extract changes
+	 *	  where we won't see the data for partial transactions. Also, we cannot
+	 *	  use this method when a slot needs a full snapshot for export or direct
+	 *	  use, as that snapshot will only contain catalog modifying transactions.
 	 *
 	 * c) First incrementally build a snapshot for catalog tuples
 	 *	  (BUILDING_SNAPSHOT), that requires all, already in-progress,
@@ -1389,8 +1393,13 @@ SnapBuildFindSnapshot(SnapBuild *builder, XLogRecPtr lsn, xl_running_xacts *runn
 
 		return false;
 	}
-	/* b) valid on disk state and not building full snapshot */
+
+	/*
+	 * b) valid on disk state and while neither building full snapshot nor
+	 * creating a slot.
+	 */
 	else if (!builder->building_full_snapshot &&
+			 !ctx->in_create &&
 			 SnapBuildRestore(builder, lsn))
 	{
 		int			nxacts = running->subxcnt + running->xcnt;

src/include/replication/logical.h

@@ -90,6 +90,12 @@ typedef struct LogicalDecodingContext
 	bool		prepared_write;
 	XLogRecPtr	write_location;
 	TransactionId write_xid;
+
+	/*
+	 * True if the logical decoding context being used for the creation
+	 * of a logical replication slot.
+	 */
+	bool		in_create;
 } LogicalDecodingContext;