postgresql/contrib/pgbench/pgbench.c

/*
 * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/contrib/pgbench/pgbench.c,v 1.71 2007/08/25 09:21:14 ishii Exp $
 *
 * pgbench: a simple benchmark program for PostgreSQL
 * written by Tatsuo Ishii
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2007	Tatsuo Ishii
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
 * its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
 * granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
 * copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission
 * notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of the
 * author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
 * distribution of the software without specific, written prior
 * permission. The author makes no representations about the
 * suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as
 * is" without express or implied warranty.
 */
#include "postgres_fe.h"

#include "libpq-fe.h"

#include <ctype.h>

#ifdef WIN32
#include "win32.h"
#else
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_H
#include <getopt.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
#include <sys/select.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
#include <sys/resource.h>		/* for getrlimit */
#endif
#endif   /* ! WIN32 */

extern char *optarg;
extern int	optind;

#ifdef WIN32
#undef select
#endif


/********************************************************************
 * some configurable parameters */

/* max number of clients allowed */
#ifdef FD_SETSIZE
#define MAXCLIENTS 	(FD_SETSIZE - 10)
#else
#define MAXCLIENTS 	1024
#endif

int			nclients = 1;		/* default number of simulated clients */
int			nxacts = 10;		/* default number of transactions per clients */

/*
 * scaling factor. for example, scale = 10 will make 1000000 tuples of
 * accounts table.
 */
int			scale = 1;

/*
 * fillfactor. for example, fillfactor = 90 will use only 90 percent
 * space during inserts and leave 10 percent free.
 */
int			fillfactor = 100;

/*
 * end of configurable parameters
 *********************************************************************/

#define nbranches	1
#define ntellers	10
#define naccounts	100000

FILE	   *LOGFILE = NULL;

bool		use_log;			/* log transaction latencies to a file */

int			remains;			/* number of remaining clients */

int			is_connect;			/* establish connection  for each transaction */

char	   *pghost = "";
char	   *pgport = "";
char	   *pgoptions = NULL;
char	   *pgtty = NULL;
char	   *login = NULL;
char	   *pwd = NULL;
char	   *dbName;

/* variable definitions */
typedef struct
{
	char	   *name;			/* variable name */
	char	   *value;			/* its value */
}	Variable;

/*
 * structures used in custom query mode
 */

typedef struct
{
	PGconn	   *con;			/* connection handle to DB */
	int			id;				/* client No. */
	int			state;			/* state No. */
	int			cnt;			/* xacts count */
	int			ecnt;			/* error count */
	int			listen;			/* 0 indicates that an async query has been
								 * sent */
	int			sleeping;		/* 1 indicates that the client is napping */
	struct timeval until;		/* napping until */
	Variable   *variables;		/* array of variable definitions */
	int			nvariables;
	struct timeval txn_begin;	/* used for measuring latencies */
	int			use_file;		/* index in sql_files for this client */
}	CState;

/*
 * queries read from files
 */
#define SQL_COMMAND		1
#define META_COMMAND	2
#define MAX_ARGS		10

typedef struct
{
	int			type;			/* command type (SQL_COMMAND or META_COMMAND) */
	int			argc;			/* number of commands */
	char	   *argv[MAX_ARGS]; /* command list */
}	Command;

#define MAX_FILES		128		/* max number of SQL script files allowed */

Command   **sql_files[MAX_FILES];		/* SQL script files */
int			num_files;			/* its number */

/* default scenario */
static char *tpc_b = {
	"\\set nbranches :scale\n"
	"\\set ntellers 10 * :scale\n"
	"\\set naccounts 100000 * :scale\n"
	"\\setrandom aid 1 :naccounts\n"
	"\\setrandom bid 1 :nbranches\n"
	"\\setrandom tid 1 :ntellers\n"
	"\\setrandom delta -5000 5000\n"
	"BEGIN;\n"
	"UPDATE accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
	"SELECT abalance FROM accounts WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
	"UPDATE tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + :delta WHERE tid = :tid;\n"
	"UPDATE branches SET bbalance = bbalance + :delta WHERE bid = :bid;\n"
	"INSERT INTO history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);\n"
	"END;\n"
};

/* -N case */
static char *simple_update = {
	"\\set nbranches :scale\n"
	"\\set ntellers 10 * :scale\n"
	"\\set naccounts 100000 * :scale\n"
	"\\setrandom aid 1 :naccounts\n"
	"\\setrandom bid 1 :nbranches\n"
	"\\setrandom tid 1 :ntellers\n"
	"\\setrandom delta -5000 5000\n"
	"BEGIN;\n"
	"UPDATE accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
	"SELECT abalance FROM accounts WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
	"INSERT INTO history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);\n"
	"END;\n"
};

/* -S case */
static char *select_only = {
	"\\set naccounts 100000 * :scale\n"
	"\\setrandom aid 1 :naccounts\n"
	"SELECT abalance FROM accounts WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
};

static void
usage(void)
{
	fprintf(stderr, "usage: pgbench [-h hostname][-p port][-c nclients][-t ntransactions][-s scaling_factor][-D varname=value][-n][-C][-v][-S][-N][-f filename][-l][-U login][-P password][-d][dbname]\n");
	fprintf(stderr, "(initialize mode): pgbench -i [-h hostname][-p port][-s scaling_factor] [-F fillfactor] [-U login][-P password][-d][dbname]\n");
}

/* random number generator */
static int
getrand(int min, int max)
{
	return min + (int) (((max - min) * (double) random()) / MAX_RANDOM_VALUE + 0.5);
}

/* call PQexec() and exit() on failure */
static void
executeStatement(PGconn *con, const char* sql)
{
	PGresult   *res;

	res = PQexec(con, sql);
	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		exit(1);
	}
	PQclear(res);
}

/* set up a connection to the backend */
static PGconn *
doConnect(void)
{
	PGconn	   *con;

	con = PQsetdbLogin(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName,
					   login, pwd);
	if (con == NULL)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName);
		fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocatin problem?\n");
		return (NULL);
	}

	if (PQstatus(con) == CONNECTION_BAD)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName);

		if (PQerrorMessage(con))
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		else
			fprintf(stderr, "No explanation from the backend\n");

		return (NULL);
	}

	executeStatement(con, "SET search_path = public");

	return (con);
}

/* throw away response from backend */
static void
discard_response(CState * state)
{
	PGresult   *res;

	do
	{
		res = PQgetResult(state->con);
		if (res)
			PQclear(res);
	} while (res);
}

/* check to see if the SQL result was good */
static int
check(CState *state, PGresult *res, int n)
{
	CState	   *st = &state[n];

	switch (PQresultStatus(res))
	{
		case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
		case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
			/* OK */
			break;
		default:
			fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in state %d: %s",
					n, st->state, PQerrorMessage(st->con));
			remains--;				/* I've aborted */
			PQfinish(st->con);
			st->con = NULL;
			return (-1);
	}
	return (0);					/* OK */
}

static int
compareVariables(const void *v1, const void *v2)
{
	return strcmp(((const Variable *) v1)->name,
				  ((const Variable *) v2)->name);
}

static char *
getVariable(CState * st, char *name)
{
	Variable	key,
			   *var;

	/* On some versions of Solaris, bsearch of zero items dumps core */
	if (st->nvariables <= 0)
		return NULL;

	key.name = name;
	var = (Variable *) bsearch((void *) &key,
							   (void *) st->variables,
							   st->nvariables,
							   sizeof(Variable),
							   compareVariables);
	if (var != NULL)
		return var->value;
	else
		return NULL;
}

static int
putVariable(CState * st, char *name, char *value)
{
	Variable	key,
			   *var;

	key.name = name;
	/* On some versions of Solaris, bsearch of zero items dumps core */
	if (st->nvariables > 0)
		var = (Variable *) bsearch((void *) &key,
								   (void *) st->variables,
								   st->nvariables,
								   sizeof(Variable),
								   compareVariables);
	else
		var = NULL;

	if (var == NULL)
	{
		Variable   *newvars;

		if (st->variables)
			newvars = (Variable *) realloc(st->variables,
									(st->nvariables + 1) * sizeof(Variable));
		else
			newvars = (Variable *) malloc(sizeof(Variable));

		if (newvars == NULL)
			return false;

		st->variables = newvars;

		var = &newvars[st->nvariables];

		var->name = NULL;
		var->value = NULL;

		if ((var->name = strdup(name)) == NULL
			|| (var->value = strdup(value)) == NULL)
		{
			free(var->name);
			free(var->value);
			return false;
		}

		st->nvariables++;

		qsort((void *) st->variables, st->nvariables, sizeof(Variable),
			  compareVariables);
	}
	else
	{
		char	   *val;

		if ((val = strdup(value)) == NULL)
			return false;

		free(var->value);
		var->value = val;
	}

	return true;
}

static char *
assignVariables(CState * st, char *sql)
{
	int			i,
				j;
	char	   *p,
			   *name,
			   *val;
	void	   *tmp;

	i = 0;
	while ((p = strchr(&sql[i], ':')) != NULL)
	{
		i = j = p - sql;
		do
		{
			i++;
		} while (isalnum((unsigned char) sql[i]) || sql[i] == '_');
		if (i == j + 1)
			continue;

		name = malloc(i - j);
		if (name == NULL)
			return NULL;
		memcpy(name, &sql[j + 1], i - (j + 1));
		name[i - (j + 1)] = '\0';
		val = getVariable(st, name);
		free(name);
		if (val == NULL)
			continue;

		if (strlen(val) > i - j)
		{
			tmp = realloc(sql, strlen(sql) - (i - j) + strlen(val) + 1);
			if (tmp == NULL)
			{
				free(sql);
				return NULL;
			}
			sql = tmp;
		}

		if (strlen(val) != i - j)
			memmove(&sql[j + strlen(val)], &sql[i], strlen(&sql[i]) + 1);

		strncpy(&sql[j], val, strlen(val));

		if (strlen(val) < i - j)
		{
			tmp = realloc(sql, strlen(sql) + 1);
			if (tmp == NULL)
			{
				free(sql);
				return NULL;
			}
			sql = tmp;
		}

		i = j + strlen(val);
	}

	return sql;
}

static void
doCustom(CState * state, int n, int debug)
{
	PGresult   *res;
	CState	   *st = &state[n];
	Command   **commands;

top:
	commands = sql_files[st->use_file];

	if (st->sleeping)
	{							/* are we sleeping? */
		int				usec;
		struct timeval	now;

		gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
		usec = (st->until.tv_sec - now.tv_sec) * 1000000 +
				st->until.tv_usec - now.tv_usec;
		if (usec <= 0)
			st->sleeping = 0;	/* Done sleeping, go ahead with next command */
		else
			return;				/* Still sleeping, nothing to do here */
	}

	if (st->listen)
	{							/* are we receiver? */
		if (commands[st->state]->type == SQL_COMMAND)
		{
			if (debug)
				fprintf(stderr, "client %d receiving\n", n);
			if (!PQconsumeInput(st->con))
			{					/* there's something wrong */
				fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in state %d. Probably the backend died while processing.\n", n, st->state);
				remains--;		/* I've aborted */
				PQfinish(st->con);
				st->con = NULL;
				return;
			}
			if (PQisBusy(st->con))
				return;			/* don't have the whole result yet */
		}

		/*
		 * transaction finished: record the time it took in the log
		 */
		if (use_log && commands[st->state + 1] == NULL)
		{
			double		diff;
			struct timeval now;

			gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
			diff = (int) (now.tv_sec - st->txn_begin.tv_sec) * 1000000.0 +
				(int) (now.tv_usec - st->txn_begin.tv_usec);

			fprintf(LOGFILE, "%d %d %.0f %d %ld %ld\n",
					st->id, st->cnt, diff, st->use_file,
					(long) now.tv_sec, (long) now.tv_usec);
		}

		if (commands[st->state]->type == SQL_COMMAND)
		{
			res = PQgetResult(st->con);
			if (check(state, res, n))
			{
				PQclear(res);
				return;
			}
			PQclear(res);
			discard_response(st);
		}

		if (commands[st->state + 1] == NULL)
		{
			if (is_connect)
			{
				PQfinish(st->con);
				st->con = NULL;
			}

			if (++st->cnt >= nxacts)
			{
				remains--;		/* I've done */
				if (st->con != NULL)
				{
					PQfinish(st->con);
					st->con = NULL;
				}
				return;
			}
		}

		/* increment state counter */
		st->state++;
		if (commands[st->state] == NULL)
		{
			st->state = 0;
			st->use_file = getrand(0, num_files - 1);
			commands = sql_files[st->use_file];
		}
	}

	if (st->con == NULL)
	{
		if ((st->con = doConnect()) == NULL)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in establishing connection.\n",
					n);
			remains--;			/* I've aborted */
			PQfinish(st->con);
			st->con = NULL;
			return;
		}
	}

	if (use_log && st->state == 0)
		gettimeofday(&(st->txn_begin), NULL);

	if (commands[st->state]->type == SQL_COMMAND)
	{
		char	   *sql;

		if ((sql = strdup(commands[st->state]->argv[0])) == NULL
			|| (sql = assignVariables(st, sql)) == NULL)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
			st->ecnt++;
			return;
		}

		if (debug)
			fprintf(stderr, "client %d sending %s\n", n, sql);
		if (PQsendQuery(st->con, sql) == 0)
		{
			if (debug)
				fprintf(stderr, "PQsendQuery(%s)failed\n", sql);
			st->ecnt++;
		}
		else
		{
			st->listen = 1;		/* flags that should be listened */
		}
		free(sql);
	}
	else if (commands[st->state]->type == META_COMMAND)
	{
		int			argc = commands[st->state]->argc,
					i;
		char	  **argv = commands[st->state]->argv;

		if (debug)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "client %d executing \\%s", n, argv[0]);
			for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
				fprintf(stderr, " %s", argv[i]);
			fprintf(stderr, "\n");
		}

		if (pg_strcasecmp(argv[0], "setrandom") == 0)
		{
			char	   *var;
			int			min,
						max;
			char		res[64];

			if (*argv[2] == ':')
			{
				if ((var = getVariable(st, argv[2] + 1)) == NULL)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "%s: undefined variable %s\n", argv[0], argv[2]);
					st->ecnt++;
					return;
				}
				min = atoi(var);
			}
			else
				min = atoi(argv[2]);

#ifdef NOT_USED
			if (min < 0)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid minimum number %d\n", argv[0], min);
				st->ecnt++;
				return;
			}
#endif

			if (*argv[3] == ':')
			{
				if ((var = getVariable(st, argv[3] + 1)) == NULL)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "%s: undefined variable %s\n", argv[0], argv[3]);
					st->ecnt++;
					return;
				}
				max = atoi(var);
			}
			else
				max = atoi(argv[3]);

			if (max < min || max > MAX_RANDOM_VALUE)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid maximum number %d\n", argv[0], max);
				st->ecnt++;
				return;
			}

#ifdef DEBUG
			printf("min: %d max: %d random: %d\n", min, max, getrand(min, max));
#endif
			snprintf(res, sizeof(res), "%d", getrand(min, max));

			if (putVariable(st, argv[1], res) == false)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: out of memory\n", argv[0]);
				st->ecnt++;
				return;
			}

			st->listen = 1;
		}
		else if (pg_strcasecmp(argv[0], "set") == 0)
		{
			char	   *var;
			int			ope1,
						ope2;
			char		res[64];

			if (*argv[2] == ':')
			{
				if ((var = getVariable(st, argv[2] + 1)) == NULL)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "%s: undefined variable %s\n", argv[0], argv[2]);
					st->ecnt++;
					return;
				}
				ope1 = atoi(var);
			}
			else
				ope1 = atoi(argv[2]);

			if (argc < 5)
				snprintf(res, sizeof(res), "%d", ope1);
			else
			{
				if (*argv[4] == ':')
				{
					if ((var = getVariable(st, argv[4] + 1)) == NULL)
					{
						fprintf(stderr, "%s: undefined variable %s\n", argv[0], argv[4]);
						st->ecnt++;
						return;
					}
					ope2 = atoi(var);
				}
				else
					ope2 = atoi(argv[4]);

				if (strcmp(argv[3], "+") == 0)
					snprintf(res, sizeof(res), "%d", ope1 + ope2);
				else if (strcmp(argv[3], "-") == 0)
					snprintf(res, sizeof(res), "%d", ope1 - ope2);
				else if (strcmp(argv[3], "*") == 0)
					snprintf(res, sizeof(res), "%d", ope1 * ope2);
				else if (strcmp(argv[3], "/") == 0)
				{
					if (ope2 == 0)
					{
						fprintf(stderr, "%s: division by zero\n", argv[0]);
						st->ecnt++;
						return;
					}
					snprintf(res, sizeof(res), "%d", ope1 / ope2);
				}
				else
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "%s: unsupported operator %s\n", argv[0], argv[3]);
					st->ecnt++;
					return;
				}
			}

			if (putVariable(st, argv[1], res) == false)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: out of memory\n", argv[0]);
				st->ecnt++;
				return;
			}

			st->listen = 1;
		}
		else if (pg_strcasecmp(argv[0], "sleep") == 0)
		{
			char	   *var;
			int			usec;
			struct timeval now;

			if (*argv[1] == ':')
			{
				if ((var = getVariable(st, argv[1] + 1)) == NULL)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "%s: undefined variable %s\n", argv[0], argv[1]);
					st->ecnt++;
					return;
				}
				usec = atoi(var);
			}
			else
				usec = atoi(argv[1]);

			if (argc > 2)
			{
				if (pg_strcasecmp(argv[2], "ms") == 0)
					usec *= 1000;
				else if (pg_strcasecmp(argv[2], "s") == 0)
					usec *= 1000000;
			}
			else
				usec *= 1000000;

			gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
			st->until.tv_sec = now.tv_sec + (now.tv_usec + usec) / 1000000;
			st->until.tv_usec = (now.tv_usec + usec) % 1000000;
			st->sleeping = 1;

			st->listen = 1;
		}

		goto top;
	}
}

/* discard connections */
static void
disconnect_all(CState * state)
{
	int			i;

	for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
	{
		if (state[i].con)
			PQfinish(state[i].con);
	}
}

/* create tables and setup data */
static void
init(void)
{
	PGconn	   *con;
	PGresult   *res;
	static char *DDLs[] = {
		"drop table if exists branches",
		"create table branches(bid int not null,bbalance int,filler char(88)) with (fillfactor=%d)",
		"drop table if exists tellers",
		"create table tellers(tid int not null,bid int,tbalance int,filler char(84)) with (fillfactor=%d)",
		"drop table if exists accounts",
		"create table accounts(aid int not null,bid int,abalance int,filler char(84)) with (fillfactor=%d)",
		"drop table if exists history",
		"create table history(tid int,bid int,aid int,delta int,mtime timestamp,filler char(22))"};
	static char *DDLAFTERs[] = {
		"alter table branches add primary key (bid)",
		"alter table tellers add primary key (tid)",
		"alter table accounts add primary key (aid)"};


	char		sql[256];

	int			i;

	if ((con = doConnect()) == NULL)
		exit(1);

	for (i = 0; i < lengthof(DDLs); i++)
	{
		/*
		 * set fillfactor for branches, tellers and accounts tables
		 */
		if ((strstr(DDLs[i], "create table branches") == DDLs[i]) ||
			(strstr(DDLs[i], "create table tellers") == DDLs[i]) ||
			(strstr(DDLs[i], "create table accounts") == DDLs[i]))
		{
			char ddl_stmt[128];
			snprintf(ddl_stmt, 128, DDLs[i], fillfactor);
			executeStatement(con, ddl_stmt);
			continue;
		}
		else
			executeStatement(con, DDLs[i]);
	}

	executeStatement(con, "begin");

	for (i = 0; i < nbranches * scale; i++)
	{
		snprintf(sql, 256, "insert into branches(bid,bbalance) values(%d,0)", i + 1);
		executeStatement(con, sql);
	}

	for (i = 0; i < ntellers * scale; i++)
	{
		snprintf(sql, 256, "insert into tellers(tid,bid,tbalance) values (%d,%d,0)"
				 ,i + 1, i / ntellers + 1);
		executeStatement(con, sql);
	}

	executeStatement(con, "commit");

	/*
	 * fill the accounts table with some data
	 */
	fprintf(stderr, "creating tables...\n");

	executeStatement(con, "begin");
	executeStatement(con, "truncate accounts");

	res = PQexec(con, "copy accounts from stdin");
	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COPY_IN)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		exit(1);
	}
	PQclear(res);

	for (i = 0; i < naccounts * scale; i++)
	{
		int			j = i + 1;

		snprintf(sql, 256, "%d\t%d\t%d\t\n", j, i / naccounts + 1, 0);
		if (PQputline(con, sql))
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "PQputline failed\n");
			exit(1);
		}

		if (j % 10000 == 0)
			fprintf(stderr, "%d tuples done.\n", j);
	}
	if (PQputline(con, "\\.\n"))
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "very last PQputline failed\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	if (PQendcopy(con))
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "PQendcopy failed\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	executeStatement(con, "commit");

	/*
	 * create indexes
	 */
	fprintf(stderr, "set primary key...\n");
	for (i = 0; i < lengthof(DDLAFTERs); i++)
		executeStatement(con, DDLAFTERs[i]);

	/* vacuum */
	fprintf(stderr, "vacuum...");
	executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze");

	fprintf(stderr, "done.\n");
	PQfinish(con);
}

static Command *
process_commands(char *buf)
{
	const char	delim[] = " \f\n\r\t\v";

	Command    *my_commands;
	int			j;
	char	   *p,
			   *tok;

	if ((p = strchr(buf, '\n')) != NULL)
		*p = '\0';

	p = buf;
	while (isspace((unsigned char) *p))
		p++;

	if (*p == '\0' || strncmp(p, "--", 2) == 0)
	{
		return NULL;
	}

	my_commands = (Command *) malloc(sizeof(Command));
	if (my_commands == NULL)
	{
		return NULL;
	}

	my_commands->argc = 0;

	if (*p == '\\')
	{
		my_commands->type = META_COMMAND;

		j = 0;
		tok = strtok(++p, delim);

		while (tok != NULL)
		{
			if ((my_commands->argv[j] = strdup(tok)) == NULL)
				return NULL;

			my_commands->argc++;

			j++;
			tok = strtok(NULL, delim);
		}

		if (pg_strcasecmp(my_commands->argv[0], "setrandom") == 0)
		{
			if (my_commands->argc < 4)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: missing argument\n", my_commands->argv[0]);
				return NULL;
			}

			for (j = 4; j < my_commands->argc; j++)
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: extra argument \"%s\" ignored\n",
						my_commands->argv[0], my_commands->argv[j]);
		}
		else if (pg_strcasecmp(my_commands->argv[0], "set") == 0)
		{
			if (my_commands->argc < 3)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: missing argument\n", my_commands->argv[0]);
				return NULL;
			}

			for (j = my_commands->argc < 5 ? 3 : 5; j < my_commands->argc; j++)
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: extra argument \"%s\" ignored\n",
						my_commands->argv[0], my_commands->argv[j]);
		}
		else if (pg_strcasecmp(my_commands->argv[0], "sleep") == 0)
		{
			if (my_commands->argc < 2)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: missing argument\n", my_commands->argv[0]);
				return NULL;
			}

			if (my_commands->argc >= 3)
			{
				if (pg_strcasecmp(my_commands->argv[2], "us") != 0 &&
					pg_strcasecmp(my_commands->argv[2], "ms") != 0 &&
					pg_strcasecmp(my_commands->argv[2], "s"))
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "%s: unknown time unit '%s' - must be us, ms or s\n", 
							my_commands->argv[0], my_commands->argv[2]);
					return NULL;
				}
			}

			for (j = 3; j < my_commands->argc; j++)
				fprintf(stderr, "%s: extra argument \"%s\" ignored\n",
						my_commands->argv[0], my_commands->argv[j]);
		}
		else
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Invalid command %s\n", my_commands->argv[0]);
			return NULL;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		my_commands->type = SQL_COMMAND;

		if ((my_commands->argv[0] = strdup(p)) == NULL)
			return NULL;

		my_commands->argc++;
	}

	return my_commands;
}

static int
process_file(char *filename)
{
#define COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM 128

	Command   **my_commands;
	FILE	   *fd;
	int			lineno;
	char		buf[BUFSIZ];
	int			alloc_num;

	if (num_files >= MAX_FILES)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "Up to only %d SQL files are allowed\n", MAX_FILES);
		exit(1);
	}

	alloc_num = COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM;
	my_commands = (Command **) malloc(sizeof(Command *) * alloc_num);
	if (my_commands == NULL)
		return false;

	if (strcmp(filename, "-") == 0)
		fd = stdin;
	else if ((fd = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
		return false;
	}

	lineno = 0;

	while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fd) != NULL)
	{
		Command    *commands;
		int			i;

		i = 0;
		while (isspace((unsigned char) buf[i]))
			i++;

		if (buf[i] != '\0' && strncmp(&buf[i], "--", 2) != 0)
		{
			commands = process_commands(&buf[i]);
			if (commands == NULL)
			{
				fclose(fd);
				return false;
			}
		}
		else
			continue;

		my_commands[lineno] = commands;
		lineno++;

		if (lineno >= alloc_num)
		{
			alloc_num += COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM;
			my_commands = realloc(my_commands, sizeof(Command *) * alloc_num);
			if (my_commands == NULL)
			{
				fclose(fd);
				return false;
			}
		}
	}
	fclose(fd);

	my_commands[lineno] = NULL;

	sql_files[num_files++] = my_commands;

	return true;
}

static Command **
process_builtin(char *tb)
{
#define COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM 128

	Command   **my_commands;
	int			lineno;
	char		buf[BUFSIZ];
	int			alloc_num;

	if (*tb == '\0')
		return NULL;

	alloc_num = COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM;
	my_commands = (Command **) malloc(sizeof(Command *) * alloc_num);
	if (my_commands == NULL)
		return NULL;

	lineno = 0;

	for (;;)
	{
		char	   *p;
		Command    *commands;

		p = buf;
		while (*tb && *tb != '\n')
			*p++ = *tb++;

		if (*tb == '\0')
			break;

		if (*tb == '\n')
			tb++;

		*p = '\0';

		commands = process_commands(buf);
		if (commands == NULL)
		{
			return NULL;
		}

		my_commands[lineno] = commands;
		lineno++;

		if (lineno >= alloc_num)
		{
			alloc_num += COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM;
			my_commands = realloc(my_commands, sizeof(Command *) * alloc_num);
			if (my_commands == NULL)
			{
				return NULL;
			}
		}
	}

	my_commands[lineno] = NULL;

	return my_commands;
}

/* print out results */
static void
printResults(
			 int ttype, CState * state,
			 struct timeval * tv1, struct timeval * tv2,
			 struct timeval * tv3)
{
	double		t1,
				t2;
	int			i;
	int			normal_xacts = 0;
	char	   *s;

	for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
		normal_xacts += state[i].cnt;

	t1 = (tv3->tv_sec - tv1->tv_sec) * 1000000.0 + (tv3->tv_usec - tv1->tv_usec);
	t1 = normal_xacts * 1000000.0 / t1;

	t2 = (tv3->tv_sec - tv2->tv_sec) * 1000000.0 + (tv3->tv_usec - tv2->tv_usec);
	t2 = normal_xacts * 1000000.0 / t2;

	if (ttype == 0)
		s = "TPC-B (sort of)";
	else if (ttype == 2)
		s = "Update only accounts";
	else if (ttype == 1)
		s = "SELECT only";
	else
		s = "Custom query";

	printf("transaction type: %s\n", s);
	printf("scaling factor: %d\n", scale);
	printf("number of clients: %d\n", nclients);
	printf("number of transactions per client: %d\n", nxacts);
	printf("number of transactions actually processed: %d/%d\n", normal_xacts, nxacts * nclients);
	printf("tps = %f (including connections establishing)\n", t1);
	printf("tps = %f (excluding connections establishing)\n", t2);
}


int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	int			c;
	int			is_init_mode = 0;		/* initialize mode? */
	int			is_no_vacuum = 0;		/* no vacuum at all before testing? */
	int			do_vacuum_accounts = 0;	/* do vacuum accounts before testing? */
	int			debug = 0;		/* debug flag */
	int			ttype = 0;		/* transaction type. 0: TPC-B, 1: SELECT only,
								 * 2: skip update of branches and tellers */
	char	   *filename = NULL;

	CState	   *state;			/* status of clients */

	struct timeval tv1;			/* start up time */
	struct timeval tv2;			/* after establishing all connections to the
								 * backend */
	struct timeval tv3;			/* end time */

	int			i;

	fd_set		input_mask;
	int			nsocks;			/* return from select(2) */
	int			maxsock;		/* max socket number to be waited */
	struct timeval now;
	struct timeval timeout;
	int			min_usec;

#ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
	struct rlimit rlim;
#endif

	PGconn	   *con;
	PGresult   *res;
	char	   *env;

	char		val[64];

#ifdef WIN32
	/* stderr is buffered on Win32. */
	setvbuf(stderr, NULL, _IONBF, 0);
#endif

	if ((env = getenv("PGHOST")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
		pghost = env;
	if ((env = getenv("PGPORT")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
		pgport = env;
	else if ((env = getenv("PGUSER")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
		login = env;

	state = (CState *) malloc(sizeof(CState));
	if (state == NULL)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't allocate memory for state\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	memset(state, 0, sizeof(*state));

	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ih:nvp:dc:t:s:U:P:CNSlf:D:F:")) != -1)
	{
		switch (c)
		{
			case 'i':
				is_init_mode++;
				break;
			case 'h':
				pghost = optarg;
				break;
			case 'n':
				is_no_vacuum++;
				break;
			case 'v':
				do_vacuum_accounts++;
				break;
			case 'p':
				pgport = optarg;
				break;
			case 'd':
				debug++;
				break;
			case 'S':
				ttype = 1;
				break;
			case 'N':
				ttype = 2;
				break;
			case 'c':
				nclients = atoi(optarg);
				if (nclients <= 0 || nclients > MAXCLIENTS)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "invalid number of clients: %d\n", nclients);
					exit(1);
				}
#ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
#ifdef RLIMIT_NOFILE			/* most platforms use RLIMIT_NOFILE */
				if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim) == -1)
#else							/* but BSD doesn't ... */
				if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_OFILE, &rlim) == -1)
#endif   /* RLIMIT_NOFILE */
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "getrlimit failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
					exit(1);
				}
				if (rlim.rlim_cur <= (nclients + 2))
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "You need at least %d open files but you are only allowed to use %ld.\n", nclients + 2, (long) rlim.rlim_cur);
					fprintf(stderr, "Use limit/ulimit to increase the limit before using pgbench.\n");
					exit(1);
				}
#endif /* HAVE_GETRLIMIT */
				break;
			case 'C':
				is_connect = 1;
				break;
			case 's':
				scale = atoi(optarg);
				if (scale <= 0)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "invalid scaling factor: %d\n", scale);
					exit(1);
				}
				break;
			case 't':
				nxacts = atoi(optarg);
				if (nxacts <= 0)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "invalid number of transactions: %d\n", nxacts);
					exit(1);
				}
				break;
			case 'U':
				login = optarg;
				break;
			case 'P':
				pwd = optarg;
				break;
			case 'l':
				use_log = true;
				break;
			case 'f':
				ttype = 3;
				filename = optarg;
				if (process_file(filename) == false || *sql_files[num_files - 1] == NULL)
					exit(1);
				break;
			case 'D':
				{
					char	   *p;

					if ((p = strchr(optarg, '=')) == NULL || p == optarg || *(p + 1) == '\0')
					{
						fprintf(stderr, "invalid variable definition: %s\n", optarg);
						exit(1);
					}

					*p++ = '\0';
					if (putVariable(&state[0], optarg, p) == false)
					{
						fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't allocate memory for variable\n");
						exit(1);
					}
				}
				break;
			case 'F':
				fillfactor = atoi(optarg);
				if ((fillfactor < 10) || (fillfactor > 100))
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "invalid fillfactor: %d\n", fillfactor);
					exit(1);
				}
				break;
			default:
				usage();
				exit(1);
				break;
		}
	}

	if (argc > optind)
		dbName = argv[optind];
	else
	{
		if ((env = getenv("PGDATABASE")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
			dbName = env;
		else if (login != NULL && *login != '\0')
			dbName = login;
		else
			dbName = "";
	}

	if (is_init_mode)
	{
		init();
		exit(0);
	}

	remains = nclients;

	if (getVariable(&state[0], "scale") == NULL)
	{
		snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", scale);
		if (putVariable(&state[0], "scale", val) == false)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't allocate memory for variable\n");
			exit(1);
		}
	}

	if (nclients > 1)
	{
		state = (CState *) realloc(state, sizeof(CState) * nclients);
		if (state == NULL)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't allocate memory for state\n");
			exit(1);
		}

		memset(state + 1, 0, sizeof(*state) * (nclients - 1));

		snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", scale);

		for (i = 1; i < nclients; i++)
		{
			int			j;

			for (j = 0; j < state[0].nvariables; j++)
			{
				if (putVariable(&state[i], state[0].variables[j].name, state[0].variables[j].value) == false)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't allocate memory for variable\n");
					exit(1);
				}
			}

			if (putVariable(&state[i], "scale", val) == false)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't allocate memory for variable\n");
				exit(1);
			}
		}
	}

	if (use_log)
	{
		char		logpath[64];

		snprintf(logpath, 64, "pgbench_log.%d", (int) getpid());
		LOGFILE = fopen(logpath, "w");

		if (LOGFILE == NULL)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open logfile \"%s\": %s", logpath, strerror(errno));
			exit(1);
		}
	}

	if (debug)
	{
		printf("pghost: %s pgport: %s nclients: %d nxacts: %d dbName: %s\n",
			   pghost, pgport, nclients, nxacts, dbName);
	}

	/* opening connection... */
	con = doConnect();
	if (con == NULL)
		exit(1);

	if (PQstatus(con) == CONNECTION_BAD)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName);
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
		exit(1);
	}

	if (ttype != 3)
	{
		/*
		 * get the scaling factor that should be same as count(*) from
		 * branches if this is not a custom query
		 */
		res = PQexec(con, "select count(*) from branches");
		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
			exit(1);
		}
		scale = atoi(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
		if (scale < 0)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "count(*) from branches invalid (%d)\n", scale);
			exit(1);
		}
		PQclear(res);

		snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", scale);
		if (putVariable(&state[0], "scale", val) == false)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't allocate memory for variable\n");
			exit(1);
		}

		if (nclients > 1)
		{
			for (i = 1; i < nclients; i++)
			{
				if (putVariable(&state[i], "scale", val) == false)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't allocate memory for variable\n");
					exit(1);
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if (!is_no_vacuum)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "starting vacuum...");
		executeStatement(con, "vacuum branches");
		executeStatement(con, "vacuum tellers");
		executeStatement(con, "delete from history");
		executeStatement(con, "vacuum history");
		fprintf(stderr, "end.\n");

		if (do_vacuum_accounts)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "starting vacuum accounts...");
			executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze accounts");
			fprintf(stderr, "end.\n");
		}
	}
	PQfinish(con);

	/* set random seed */
	gettimeofday(&tv1, NULL);
	srandom((unsigned int) tv1.tv_usec);

	/* get start up time */
	gettimeofday(&tv1, NULL);

	if (is_connect == 0)
	{
		/* make connections to the database */
		for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
		{
			state[i].id = i;
			if ((state[i].con = doConnect()) == NULL)
				exit(1);
		}
	}

	/* time after connections set up */
	gettimeofday(&tv2, NULL);

	/* process bultin SQL scripts */
	switch (ttype)
	{
		case 0:
			sql_files[0] = process_builtin(tpc_b);
			num_files = 1;
			break;

		case 1:
			sql_files[0] = process_builtin(select_only);
			num_files = 1;
			break;

		case 2:
			sql_files[0] = process_builtin(simple_update);
			num_files = 1;
			break;

		default:
			break;
	}

	/* send start up queries in async manner */
	for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
	{
		Command   **commands = sql_files[state[i].use_file];
		int			prev_ecnt = state[i].ecnt;

		state[i].use_file = getrand(0, num_files - 1);
		doCustom(state, i, debug);

		if (state[i].ecnt > prev_ecnt && commands[state[i].state]->type == META_COMMAND)
		{
			fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in state %d. Execution meta-command failed.\n", i, state[i].state);
			remains--;			/* I've aborted */
			PQfinish(state[i].con);
			state[i].con = NULL;
		}
	}

	for (;;)
	{
		if (remains <= 0)
		{						/* all done ? */
			disconnect_all(state);
			/* get end time */
			gettimeofday(&tv3, NULL);
			printResults(ttype, state, &tv1, &tv2, &tv3);
			if (LOGFILE)
				fclose(LOGFILE);
			exit(0);
		}

		FD_ZERO(&input_mask);

		maxsock = -1;
		min_usec = -1;
		for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
		{
			Command   **commands = sql_files[state[i].use_file];

			if (state[i].sleeping)
			{
				int		this_usec;
				int		sock = PQsocket(state[i].con);

				if (min_usec < 0)
				{
					gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
					min_usec = 0;
				}

				this_usec = (state[i].until.tv_sec - now.tv_sec) * 1000000 +
							state[i].until.tv_usec - now.tv_usec;

				if (this_usec > 0 && (min_usec == 0 || this_usec < min_usec))
					min_usec = this_usec;

				FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
				if (maxsock < sock)
					maxsock = sock;
			}
			else if (state[i].con && commands[state[i].state]->type != META_COMMAND)
			{
				int			sock = PQsocket(state[i].con);

				if (sock < 0)
				{
					disconnect_all(state);
					exit(1);
				}
				FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
				if (maxsock < sock)
					maxsock = sock;
			}
		}

		if (maxsock != -1)
		{
			if (min_usec >= 0)
			{
				timeout.tv_sec = min_usec / 1000000;
				timeout.tv_usec = min_usec % 1000000;

				nsocks = select(maxsock + 1, &input_mask, (fd_set *) NULL,
							  (fd_set *) NULL, &timeout);
			}
			else
				nsocks = select(maxsock + 1, &input_mask, (fd_set *) NULL,
							  (fd_set *) NULL, (struct timeval *) NULL);
			if (nsocks < 0)
			{
				if (errno == EINTR)
					continue;
				/* must be something wrong */
				disconnect_all(state);
				fprintf(stderr, "select failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
				exit(1);
			}
#ifdef NOT_USED
			else if (nsocks == 0)
			{					/* timeout */
				fprintf(stderr, "select timeout\n");
				for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
				{
					fprintf(stderr, "client %d:state %d cnt %d ecnt %d listen %d\n",
							i, state[i].state, state[i].cnt, state[i].ecnt, state[i].listen);
				}
				exit(0);
			}
#endif
		}

		/* ok, backend returns reply */
		for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
		{
			Command   **commands = sql_files[state[i].use_file];
			int			prev_ecnt = state[i].ecnt;

			if (state[i].con && (FD_ISSET(PQsocket(state[i].con), &input_mask)
						  || commands[state[i].state]->type == META_COMMAND))
			{
				doCustom(state, i, debug);
			}

			if (state[i].ecnt > prev_ecnt && commands[state[i].state]->type == META_COMMAND)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in state %d. Execution meta-command failed.\n", i, state[i].state);
				remains--;		/* I've aborted */
				PQfinish(state[i].con);
				state[i].con = NULL;
			}
		}
	}
}