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While stereotyped repetitions are frowned upon in literature, they serve a useful purpose in manual pages, because it is easier for the user to find certain information if it is always presented in the same way. For that reason, this commit harmonizes the varying formulations in the HISTORY section about which functions, flags, etc. were added in which OpenSSL version. It also attempts to make the pod files more grep friendly by avoiding to insert line breaks between the symbol names and the corresponding version number in which they were introduced (wherever possible). Some punctuation and typographical errors were fixed on the way. Reviewed-by: Tim Hudson <tjh@openssl.org> (Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/7854)
320 lines
9.9 KiB
Plaintext
320 lines
9.9 KiB
Plaintext
=pod
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=head1 NAME
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openssl-pkcs8,
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pkcs8 - PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool
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=head1 SYNOPSIS
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B<openssl> B<pkcs8>
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[B<-help>]
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[B<-topk8>]
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[B<-inform PEM|DER>]
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[B<-outform PEM|DER>]
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[B<-in filename>]
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[B<-passin arg>]
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[B<-out filename>]
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[B<-passout arg>]
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[B<-iter count>]
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[B<-noiter>]
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[B<-rand file...>]
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[B<-writerand file>]
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[B<-nocrypt>]
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[B<-traditional>]
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[B<-v2 alg>]
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[B<-v2prf alg>]
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[B<-v1 alg>]
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[B<-engine id>]
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[B<-scrypt>]
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[B<-scrypt_N N>]
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[B<-scrypt_r r>]
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[B<-scrypt_p p>]
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=head1 DESCRIPTION
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The B<pkcs8> command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle
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both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
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format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms.
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=head1 OPTIONS
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=over 4
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=item B<-help>
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Print out a usage message.
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=item B<-topk8>
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Normally a PKCS#8 private key is expected on input and a private key will be
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written to the output file. With the B<-topk8> option the situation is
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reversed: it reads a private key and writes a PKCS#8 format key.
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=item B<-inform DER|PEM>
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This specifies the input format: see L<KEY FORMATS> for more details. The default
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format is PEM.
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=item B<-outform DER|PEM>
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This specifies the output format: see L<KEY FORMATS> for more details. The default
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format is PEM.
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=item B<-traditional>
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When this option is present and B<-topk8> is not a traditional format private
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key is written.
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=item B<-in filename>
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This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
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option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
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prompted for.
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=item B<-passin arg>
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The input file password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
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see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)>.
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=item B<-out filename>
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This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
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default. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
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prompted for. The output filename should B<not> be the same as the input
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filename.
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=item B<-passout arg>
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The output file password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
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see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)>.
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=item B<-iter count>
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When creating new PKCS#8 containers, use a given number of iterations on
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the password in deriving the encryption key for the PKCS#8 output.
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High values increase the time required to brute-force a PKCS#8 container.
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=item B<-nocrypt>
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PKCS#8 keys generated or input are normally PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
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structures using an appropriate password based encryption algorithm. With
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this option an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure is expected or output.
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This option does not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used
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when absolutely necessary. Certain software such as some versions of Java
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code signing software used unencrypted private keys.
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=item B<-rand file...>
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A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
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generator.
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Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
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The separator is B<;> for MS-Windows, B<,> for OpenVMS, and B<:> for
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all others.
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=item [B<-writerand file>]
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Writes random data to the specified I<file> upon exit.
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This can be used with a subsequent B<-rand> flag.
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=item B<-v2 alg>
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This option sets the PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithm.
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The B<alg> argument is the encryption algorithm to use, valid values include
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B<aes128>, B<aes256> and B<des3>. If this option isn't specified then B<aes256>
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is used.
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=item B<-v2prf alg>
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This option sets the PRF algorithm to use with PKCS#5 v2.0. A typical value
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value would be B<hmacWithSHA256>. If this option isn't set then the default
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for the cipher is used or B<hmacWithSHA256> if there is no default.
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Some implementations may not support custom PRF algorithms and may require
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the B<hmacWithSHA1> option to work.
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=item B<-v1 alg>
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This option indicates a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm should be used. Some
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older implementations may not support PKCS#5 v2.0 and may require this option.
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If not specified PKCS#5 v2.0 form is used.
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=item B<-engine id>
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Specifying an engine (by its unique B<id> string) will cause B<pkcs8>
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to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
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thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
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for all available algorithms.
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=item B<-scrypt>
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Uses the B<scrypt> algorithm for private key encryption using default
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parameters: currently N=16384, r=8 and p=1 and AES in CBC mode with a 256 bit
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key. These parameters can be modified using the B<-scrypt_N>, B<-scrypt_r>,
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B<-scrypt_p> and B<-v2> options.
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=item B<-scrypt_N N> B<-scrypt_r r> B<-scrypt_p p>
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Sets the scrypt B<N>, B<r> or B<p> parameters.
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=back
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=head1 KEY FORMATS
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Various different formats are used by the pkcs8 utility. These are detailed
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below.
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If a key is being converted from PKCS#8 form (i.e. the B<-topk8> option is
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not used) then the input file must be in PKCS#8 format. An encrypted
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key is expected unless B<-nocrypt> is included.
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If B<-topk8> is not used and B<PEM> mode is set the output file will be an
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unencrypted private key in PKCS#8 format. If the B<-traditional> option is
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used then a traditional format private key is written instead.
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If B<-topk8> is not used and B<DER> mode is set the output file will be an
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unencrypted private key in traditional DER format.
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If B<-topk8> is used then any supported private key can be used for the input
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file in a format specified by B<-inform>. The output file will be encrypted
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PKCS#8 format using the specified encryption parameters unless B<-nocrypt>
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is included.
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=head1 NOTES
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By default, when converting a key to PKCS#8 format, PKCS#5 v2.0 using 256 bit
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AES with HMAC and SHA256 is used.
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Some older implementations do not support PKCS#5 v2.0 format and require
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the older PKCS#5 v1.5 form instead, possibly also requiring insecure weak
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encryption algorithms such as 56 bit DES.
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The encrypted form of a PEM encode PKCS#8 files uses the following
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headers and footers:
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-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
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-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
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The unencrypted form uses:
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-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
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-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
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Private keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration
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counts are more secure that those encrypted using the traditional
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SSLeay compatible formats. So if additional security is considered
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important the keys should be converted.
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It is possible to write out DER encoded encrypted private keys in
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PKCS#8 format because the encryption details are included at an ASN1
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level whereas the traditional format includes them at a PEM level.
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=head1 PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms.
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Various algorithms can be used with the B<-v1> command line option,
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including PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12. These are described in more detail
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below.
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=over 4
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=item B<PBE-MD2-DES PBE-MD5-DES>
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These algorithms were included in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification.
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They only offer 56 bits of protection since they both use DES.
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=item B<PBE-SHA1-RC2-64>, B<PBE-MD2-RC2-64>, B<PBE-MD5-RC2-64>, B<PBE-SHA1-DES>
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These algorithms are not mentioned in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification
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but they use the same key derivation algorithm and are supported by some
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software. They are mentioned in PKCS#5 v2.0. They use either 64 bit RC2 or
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56 bit DES.
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=item B<PBE-SHA1-RC4-128>, B<PBE-SHA1-RC4-40>, B<PBE-SHA1-3DES>, B<PBE-SHA1-2DES>, B<PBE-SHA1-RC2-128>, B<PBE-SHA1-RC2-40>
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These algorithms use the PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithm and
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allow strong encryption algorithms like triple DES or 128 bit RC2 to be used.
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=back
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=head1 EXAMPLES
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Convert a private key to PKCS#8 format using default parameters (AES with
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256 bit key and B<hmacWithSHA256>):
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openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem
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Convert a private key to PKCS#8 unencrypted format:
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openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -nocrypt -out enckey.pem
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Convert a private key to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using triple DES:
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openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 des3 -out enckey.pem
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Convert a private key to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using AES with 256 bits in CBC
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mode and B<hmacWithSHA512> PRF:
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openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 aes-256-cbc -v2prf hmacWithSHA512 -out enckey.pem
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Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#5 1.5 compatible algorithm
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(DES):
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openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v1 PBE-MD5-DES -out enckey.pem
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Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#12 compatible algorithm
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(3DES):
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openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem -v1 PBE-SHA1-3DES
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Read a DER unencrypted PKCS#8 format private key:
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openssl pkcs8 -inform DER -nocrypt -in key.der -out key.pem
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Convert a private key from any PKCS#8 encrypted format to traditional format:
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openssl pkcs8 -in pk8.pem -traditional -out key.pem
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Convert a private key to PKCS#8 format, encrypting with AES-256 and with
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one million iterations of the password:
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openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 aes-256-cbc -iter 1000000 -out pk8.pem
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=head1 STANDARDS
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Test vectors from this PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation were posted to the
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pkcs-tng mailing list using triple DES, DES and RC2 with high iteration
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counts, several people confirmed that they could decrypt the private
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keys produced and Therefore it can be assumed that the PKCS#5 v2.0
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implementation is reasonably accurate at least as far as these
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algorithms are concerned.
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The format of PKCS#8 DSA (and other) private keys is not well documented:
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it is hidden away in PKCS#11 v2.01, section 11.9. OpenSSL's default DSA
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PKCS#8 private key format complies with this standard.
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=head1 BUGS
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There should be an option that prints out the encryption algorithm
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in use and other details such as the iteration count.
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=head1 SEE ALSO
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L<dsa(1)>, L<rsa(1)>, L<genrsa(1)>,
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L<gendsa(1)>
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=head1 HISTORY
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The B<-iter> option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
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=head1 COPYRIGHT
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Copyright 2000-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
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Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use
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this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
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in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
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L<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.
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=cut
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