mirror of
https://github.com/openssl/openssl.git
synced 2024-12-09 05:51:54 +08:00
23f3993127
OpenSSL 1.1.1 introduced a new CSPRNG with an improved seeding mechanism, which makes it dispensable to define a RANDFILE for saving and restoring randomness. This commit removes the RANDFILE declarations from our own configuration files and adds documentation that this option is not needed anymore and retained mainly for compatibility reasons. Fixes #10433 Reviewed-by: Paul Dale <paul.dale@oracle.com> (Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/10436)
794 lines
26 KiB
Plaintext
794 lines
26 KiB
Plaintext
=pod
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=begin comment
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{- join("\n", @autowarntext) -}
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=end comment
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=head1 NAME
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openssl-ca - sample minimal CA application
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=head1 SYNOPSIS
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B<openssl> B<ca>
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[B<-help>]
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[B<-verbose>]
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[B<-config> I<filename>]
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[B<-name> I<section>]
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[B<-gencrl>]
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[B<-revoke> I<file>]
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[B<-valid> I<file>]
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[B<-status> I<serial>]
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[B<-updatedb>]
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[B<-crl_reason> I<reason>]
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[B<-crl_hold> I<instruction>]
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[B<-crl_compromise> I<time>]
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[B<-crl_CA_compromise> I<time>]
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[B<-crldays> I<days>]
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[B<-crlhours> I<hours>]
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[B<-crlexts> I<section>]
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[B<-startdate> I<date>]
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[B<-enddate> I<date>]
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[B<-days> I<arg>]
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[B<-md> I<arg>]
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[B<-policy> I<arg>]
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[B<-keyfile> I<arg>]
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[B<-keyform> B<DER>|B<PEM>]
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[B<-key> I<arg>]
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[B<-passin> I<arg>]
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[B<-cert> I<file>]
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[B<-selfsign>]
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[B<-in> I<file>]
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[B<-out> I<file>]
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[B<-notext>]
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[B<-outdir> I<dir>]
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[B<-infiles>]
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[B<-spkac> I<file>]
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[B<-ss_cert> I<file>]
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[B<-preserveDN>]
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[B<-noemailDN>]
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[B<-batch>]
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[B<-msie_hack>]
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[B<-extensions> I<section>]
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[B<-extfile> I<section>]
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[B<-engine> I<id>]
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[B<-subj> I<arg>]
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[B<-utf8>]
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[B<-sigopt> I<nm>:I<v>]
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[B<-create_serial>]
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[B<-rand_serial>]
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[B<-multivalue-rdn>]
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[B<-sm2-id> I<string>]
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[B<-sm2-hex-id> I<hex-string>]
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{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_r_synopsis -}
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[I<certreq>...]
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=for openssl ifdef engine sm2-id sm2-hex-id
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=head1 DESCRIPTION
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This command is a minimal CA application. It can be used
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to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms and generate
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CRLs. It also maintains a text database of issued certificates
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and their status.
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When signing certificates, a single certificate request can be specified
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with the B<-in> option, or multiple requests can be processed by
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specifying a set of B<certreq> files after all options.
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The options descriptions will be divided into each purpose.
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=head1 OPTIONS
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=over 4
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=item B<-help>
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Print out a usage message.
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=item B<-verbose>
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This prints extra details about the operations being performed.
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=item B<-config> I<filename>
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Specifies the configuration file to use.
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Optional; for a description of the default value,
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see L<openssl(1)/COMMAND SUMMARY>.
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=item B<-name> I<section>
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Specifies the configuration file section to use (overrides
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B<default_ca> in the B<ca> section).
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=item B<-in> I<filename>
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An input filename containing a single certificate request to be
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signed by the CA.
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=item B<-ss_cert> I<filename>
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A single self-signed certificate to be signed by the CA.
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=item B<-spkac> I<filename>
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A file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge
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and additional field values to be signed by the CA. See the B<SPKAC FORMAT>
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section for information on the required input and output format.
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=item B<-infiles>
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If present this should be the last option, all subsequent arguments
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are taken as the names of files containing certificate requests.
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=item B<-out> I<filename>
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The output file to output certificates to. The default is standard
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output. The certificate details will also be printed out to this
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file in PEM format (except that B<-spkac> outputs DER format).
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=item B<-outdir> I<directory>
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The directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be
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written to a filename consisting of the serial number in hex with
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F<.pem> appended.
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=item B<-cert>
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The CA certificate file.
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=item B<-keyfile> I<filename>
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The private key to sign requests with.
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=item B<-keyform> B<DER>|B<PEM>
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The format of the private key file; the default is B<PEM>.
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See L<openssl(1)/Format Options> for details.
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=item B<-sigopt> I<nm>:I<v>
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Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations.
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Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
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=item B<-key> I<password>
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The password used to encrypt the private key. Since on some
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systems the command line arguments are visible (e.g. Unix with
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the L<ps(1)> utility) this option should be used with caution.
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=item B<-selfsign>
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Indicates the issued certificates are to be signed with the key
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the certificate requests were signed with (given with B<-keyfile>).
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Certificate requests signed with a different key are ignored. If
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B<-spkac>, B<-ss_cert> or B<-gencrl> are given, B<-selfsign> is
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ignored.
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A consequence of using B<-selfsign> is that the self-signed
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certificate appears among the entries in the certificate database
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(see the configuration option B<database>), and uses the same
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serial number counter as all other certificates sign with the
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self-signed certificate.
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=item B<-passin> I<arg>
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The key password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
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see L<openssl(1)/Pass Phrase Options>.
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=item B<-notext>
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Don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file.
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=item B<-startdate> I<date>
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This allows the start date to be explicitly set. The format of the
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date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure), or
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YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 GeneralizedTime structure). In
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both formats, seconds SS and timezone Z must be present.
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=item B<-enddate> I<date>
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This allows the expiry date to be explicitly set. The format of the
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date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure), or
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YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 GeneralizedTime structure). In
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both formats, seconds SS and timezone Z must be present.
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=item B<-days> I<arg>
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The number of days to certify the certificate for.
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=item B<-md> I<alg>
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The message digest to use.
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Any digest supported by the L<openssl-dgst(1)> command can be used. For signing
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algorithms that do not support a digest (i.e. Ed25519 and Ed448) any message
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digest that is set is ignored. This option also applies to CRLs.
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=item B<-policy> I<arg>
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This option defines the CA "policy" to use. This is a section in
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the configuration file which decides which fields should be mandatory
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or match the CA certificate. Check out the B<POLICY FORMAT> section
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for more information.
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=item B<-msie_hack>
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This is a deprecated option to make this command work with very old versions
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of the IE certificate enrollment control "certenr3". It used UniversalStrings
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for almost everything. Since the old control has various security bugs
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its use is strongly discouraged.
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=item B<-preserveDN>
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Normally the DN order of a certificate is the same as the order of the
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fields in the relevant policy section. When this option is set the order
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is the same as the request. This is largely for compatibility with the
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older IE enrollment control which would only accept certificates if their
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DNs match the order of the request. This is not needed for Xenroll.
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=item B<-noemailDN>
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The DN of a certificate can contain the EMAIL field if present in the
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request DN, however it is good policy just having the e-mail set into
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the altName extension of the certificate. When this option is set the
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EMAIL field is removed from the certificate' subject and set only in
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the, eventually present, extensions. The B<email_in_dn> keyword can be
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used in the configuration file to enable this behaviour.
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=item B<-batch>
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This sets the batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked
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and all certificates will be certified automatically.
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=item B<-extensions> I<section>
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The section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions
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to be added when a certificate is issued (defaults to B<x509_extensions>
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unless the B<-extfile> option is used). If no extension section is
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present then, a V1 certificate is created. If the extension section
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is present (even if it is empty), then a V3 certificate is created. See the
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L<x509v3_config(5)> manual page for details of the
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extension section format.
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=item B<-extfile> I<file>
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An additional configuration file to read certificate extensions from
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(using the default section unless the B<-extensions> option is also
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used).
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=item B<-engine> I<id>
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Specifying an engine (by its unique I<id> string) will cause B<ca>
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to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
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thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
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for all available algorithms.
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=item B<-subj> I<arg>
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Supersedes subject name given in the request.
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The arg must be formatted as C</type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...>.
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Keyword characters may be escaped by C<\> (backslash), and whitespace is
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retained.
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Empty values are permitted, but the corresponding type will not be included
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in the resulting certificate.
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=item B<-utf8>
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This option causes field values to be interpreted as UTF8 strings, by
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default they are interpreted as ASCII. This means that the field
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values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a
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configuration file, must be valid UTF8 strings.
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=item B<-create_serial>
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If reading serial from the text file as specified in the configuration
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fails, specifying this option creates a new random serial to be used as next
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serial number.
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To get random serial numbers, use the B<-rand_serial> flag instead; this
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should only be used for simple error-recovery.
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=item B<-rand_serial>
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Generate a large random number to use as the serial number.
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This overrides any option or configuration to use a serial number file.
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=item B<-multivalue-rdn>
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This option causes the -subj argument to be interpreted with full
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support for multivalued RDNs. Example:
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C</DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe>
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If B<-multi-rdn> is not used then the UID value is C<123456+CN=John Doe>.
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=item B<-sm2-id> I<string>
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Specify the ID string to use when verifying an SM2 certificate. The ID string is
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required by the SM2 signature algorithm for signing and verification.
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=item B<-sm2-hex-id> I<hex-string>
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Specify a binary ID string to use when signing or verifying using an SM2
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certificate. The argument for this option is string of hexadecimal digits.
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{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_r_item -}
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=back
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=head1 CRL OPTIONS
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=over 4
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=item B<-gencrl>
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This option generates a CRL based on information in the index file.
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=item B<-crldays> I<num>
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The number of days before the next CRL is due. That is the days from
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now to place in the CRL nextUpdate field.
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=item B<-crlhours> I<num>
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The number of hours before the next CRL is due.
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=item B<-revoke> I<filename>
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A filename containing a certificate to revoke.
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=item B<-valid> I<filename>
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A filename containing a certificate to add a Valid certificate entry.
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=item B<-status> I<serial>
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Displays the revocation status of the certificate with the specified
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serial number and exits.
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=item B<-updatedb>
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Updates the database index to purge expired certificates.
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=item B<-crl_reason> I<reason>
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Revocation reason, where I<reason> is one of: B<unspecified>, B<keyCompromise>,
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B<CACompromise>, B<affiliationChanged>, B<superseded>, B<cessationOfOperation>,
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B<certificateHold> or B<removeFromCRL>. The matching of I<reason> is case
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insensitive. Setting any revocation reason will make the CRL v2.
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In practice B<removeFromCRL> is not particularly useful because it is only used
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in delta CRLs which are not currently implemented.
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=item B<-crl_hold> I<instruction>
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This sets the CRL revocation reason code to B<certificateHold> and the hold
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instruction to I<instruction> which must be an OID. Although any OID can be
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used only B<holdInstructionNone> (the use of which is discouraged by RFC2459)
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B<holdInstructionCallIssuer> or B<holdInstructionReject> will normally be used.
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=item B<-crl_compromise> I<time>
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This sets the revocation reason to B<keyCompromise> and the compromise time to
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I<time>. I<time> should be in GeneralizedTime format that is I<YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ>.
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=item B<-crl_CA_compromise> I<time>
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This is the same as B<crl_compromise> except the revocation reason is set to
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B<CACompromise>.
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=item B<-crlexts> I<section>
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The section of the configuration file containing CRL extensions to
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include. If no CRL extension section is present then a V1 CRL is
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created, if the CRL extension section is present (even if it is
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empty) then a V2 CRL is created. The CRL extensions specified are
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CRL extensions and B<not> CRL entry extensions. It should be noted
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that some software (for example Netscape) can't handle V2 CRLs. See
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L<x509v3_config(5)> manual page for details of the
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extension section format.
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=back
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=head1 CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS
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The section of the configuration file containing options for this command
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is found as follows: If the B<-name> command line option is used,
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then it names the section to be used. Otherwise the section to
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be used must be named in the B<default_ca> option of the B<ca> section
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of the configuration file (or in the default section of the
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configuration file). Besides B<default_ca>, the following options are
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read directly from the B<ca> section:
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RANDFILE
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preserve
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msie_hack
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With the exception of B<RANDFILE>, this is probably a bug and may
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change in future releases.
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Many of the configuration file options are identical to command line
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options. Where the option is present in the configuration file
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and the command line the command line value is used. Where an
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option is described as mandatory then it must be present in
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the configuration file or the command line equivalent (if
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any) used.
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=over 4
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=item B<oid_file>
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This specifies a file containing additional B<OBJECT IDENTIFIERS>.
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Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the
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object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed
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by white space and finally the long name.
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=item B<oid_section>
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This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra
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object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the
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object identifier followed by B<=> and the numerical form. The short
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and long names are the same when this option is used.
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=item B<new_certs_dir>
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The same as the B<-outdir> command line option. It specifies
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the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory.
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=item B<certificate>
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The same as B<-cert>. It gives the file containing the CA
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certificate. Mandatory.
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=item B<private_key>
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Same as the B<-keyfile> option. The file containing the
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CA private key. Mandatory.
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=item B<RANDFILE>
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At startup the specified file is loaded into the random number generator,
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and at exit 256 bytes will be written to it. (Note: Using a RANDFILE is
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not necessary anymore, see the L</HISTORY> section.
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=item B<default_days>
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The same as the B<-days> option. The number of days to certify
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a certificate for.
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=item B<default_startdate>
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The same as the B<-startdate> option. The start date to certify
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a certificate for. If not set the current time is used.
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=item B<default_enddate>
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The same as the B<-enddate> option. Either this option or
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B<default_days> (or the command line equivalents) must be
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present.
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=item B<default_crl_hours default_crl_days>
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The same as the B<-crlhours> and the B<-crldays> options. These
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will only be used if neither command line option is present. At
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least one of these must be present to generate a CRL.
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=item B<default_md>
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The same as the B<-md> option. Mandatory except where the signing algorithm does
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not require a digest (i.e. Ed25519 and Ed448).
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=item B<database>
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The text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present
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though initially it will be empty.
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=item B<unique_subject>
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If the value B<yes> is given, the valid certificate entries in the
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database must have unique subjects. if the value B<no> is given,
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several valid certificate entries may have the exact same subject.
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The default value is B<yes>, to be compatible with older (pre 0.9.8)
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versions of OpenSSL. However, to make CA certificate roll-over easier,
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it's recommended to use the value B<no>, especially if combined with
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the B<-selfsign> command line option.
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Note that it is valid in some circumstances for certificates to be created
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without any subject. In the case where there are multiple certificates without
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subjects this does not count as a duplicate.
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=item B<serial>
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A text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory.
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This file must be present and contain a valid serial number.
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=item B<crlnumber>
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A text file containing the next CRL number to use in hex. The crl number
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will be inserted in the CRLs only if this file exists. If this file is
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present, it must contain a valid CRL number.
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=item B<x509_extensions>
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The same as B<-extensions>.
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=item B<crl_extensions>
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The same as B<-crlexts>.
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=item B<preserve>
|
|
|
|
The same as B<-preserveDN>
|
|
|
|
=item B<email_in_dn>
|
|
|
|
The same as B<-noemailDN>. If you want the EMAIL field to be removed
|
|
from the DN of the certificate simply set this to 'no'. If not present
|
|
the default is to allow for the EMAIL filed in the certificate's DN.
|
|
|
|
=item B<msie_hack>
|
|
|
|
The same as B<-msie_hack>
|
|
|
|
=item B<policy>
|
|
|
|
The same as B<-policy>. Mandatory. See the B<POLICY FORMAT> section
|
|
for more information.
|
|
|
|
=item B<name_opt>, B<cert_opt>
|
|
|
|
These options allow the format used to display the certificate details
|
|
when asking the user to confirm signing. All the options supported by
|
|
the B<x509> utilities B<-nameopt> and B<-certopt> switches can be used
|
|
here, except the B<no_signame> and B<no_sigdump> are permanently set
|
|
and cannot be disabled (this is because the certificate signature cannot
|
|
be displayed because the certificate has not been signed at this point).
|
|
|
|
For convenience the values B<ca_default> are accepted by both to produce
|
|
a reasonable output.
|
|
|
|
If neither option is present the format used in earlier versions of
|
|
OpenSSL is used. Use of the old format is B<strongly> discouraged because
|
|
it only displays fields mentioned in the B<policy> section, mishandles
|
|
multicharacter string types and does not display extensions.
|
|
|
|
=item B<copy_extensions>
|
|
|
|
Determines how extensions in certificate requests should be handled.
|
|
If set to B<none> or this option is not present then extensions are
|
|
ignored and not copied to the certificate. If set to B<copy> then any
|
|
extensions present in the request that are not already present are copied
|
|
to the certificate. If set to B<copyall> then all extensions in the
|
|
request are copied to the certificate: if the extension is already present
|
|
in the certificate it is deleted first. See the B<WARNINGS> section before
|
|
using this option.
|
|
|
|
The main use of this option is to allow a certificate request to supply
|
|
values for certain extensions such as subjectAltName.
|
|
|
|
=back
|
|
|
|
=head1 POLICY FORMAT
|
|
|
|
The policy section consists of a set of variables corresponding to
|
|
certificate DN fields. If the value is "match" then the field value
|
|
must match the same field in the CA certificate. If the value is
|
|
"supplied" then it must be present. If the value is "optional" then
|
|
it may be present. Any fields not mentioned in the policy section
|
|
are silently deleted, unless the B<-preserveDN> option is set but
|
|
this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour.
|
|
|
|
=head1 SPKAC FORMAT
|
|
|
|
The input to the B<-spkac> command line option is a Netscape
|
|
signed public key and challenge. This will usually come from
|
|
the B<KEYGEN> tag in an HTML form to create a new private key.
|
|
It is however possible to create SPKACs using L<openssl-spkac(1)>.
|
|
|
|
The file should contain the variable SPKAC set to the value of
|
|
the SPKAC and also the required DN components as name value pairs.
|
|
If you need to include the same component twice then it can be
|
|
preceded by a number and a '.'.
|
|
|
|
When processing SPKAC format, the output is DER if the B<-out>
|
|
flag is used, but PEM format if sending to stdout or the B<-outdir>
|
|
flag is used.
|
|
|
|
=head1 EXAMPLES
|
|
|
|
Note: these examples assume that the directory structure this command
|
|
assumes is already set up and the relevant files already exist. This
|
|
usually involves creating a CA certificate and private key with
|
|
L<openssl-req(1)>, a serial number file and an empty index file and
|
|
placing them in the relevant directories.
|
|
|
|
To use the sample configuration file below the directories F<demoCA>,
|
|
F<demoCA/private> and F<demoCA/newcerts> would be created. The CA
|
|
certificate would be copied to F<demoCA/cacert.pem> and its private
|
|
key to F<demoCA/private/cakey.pem>. A file F<demoCA/serial> would be
|
|
created containing for example "01" and the empty index file
|
|
F<demoCA/index.txt>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sign a certificate request:
|
|
|
|
openssl ca -in req.pem -out newcert.pem
|
|
|
|
Sign an SM2 certificate request:
|
|
|
|
openssl ca -in sm2.csr -out sm2.crt -md sm3 -sigopt "sm2_id:1234567812345678" -sm2-id "1234567812345678"
|
|
|
|
Sign a certificate request, using CA extensions:
|
|
|
|
openssl ca -in req.pem -extensions v3_ca -out newcert.pem
|
|
|
|
Generate a CRL
|
|
|
|
openssl ca -gencrl -out crl.pem
|
|
|
|
Sign several requests:
|
|
|
|
openssl ca -infiles req1.pem req2.pem req3.pem
|
|
|
|
Certify a Netscape SPKAC:
|
|
|
|
openssl ca -spkac spkac.txt
|
|
|
|
A sample SPKAC file (the SPKAC line has been truncated for clarity):
|
|
|
|
SPKAC=MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAn7PDhCeV/xIxUg8V70YRxK2A5
|
|
CN=Steve Test
|
|
emailAddress=steve@openssl.org
|
|
0.OU=OpenSSL Group
|
|
1.OU=Another Group
|
|
|
|
A sample configuration file with the relevant sections for this command:
|
|
|
|
[ ca ]
|
|
default_ca = CA_default # The default ca section
|
|
|
|
[ CA_default ]
|
|
|
|
dir = ./demoCA # top dir
|
|
database = $dir/index.txt # index file.
|
|
new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # new certs dir
|
|
|
|
certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA cert
|
|
serial = $dir/serial # serial no file
|
|
#rand_serial = yes # for random serial#'s
|
|
private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA private key
|
|
|
|
default_days = 365 # how long to certify for
|
|
default_crl_days= 30 # how long before next CRL
|
|
default_md = md5 # md to use
|
|
|
|
policy = policy_any # default policy
|
|
email_in_dn = no # Don't add the email into cert DN
|
|
|
|
name_opt = ca_default # Subject name display option
|
|
cert_opt = ca_default # Certificate display option
|
|
copy_extensions = none # Don't copy extensions from request
|
|
|
|
[ policy_any ]
|
|
countryName = supplied
|
|
stateOrProvinceName = optional
|
|
organizationName = optional
|
|
organizationalUnitName = optional
|
|
commonName = supplied
|
|
emailAddress = optional
|
|
|
|
=head1 FILES
|
|
|
|
Note: the location of all files can change either by compile time options,
|
|
configuration file entries, environment variables or command line options.
|
|
The values below reflect the default values.
|
|
|
|
/usr/local/ssl/lib/openssl.cnf - master configuration file
|
|
./demoCA - main CA directory
|
|
./demoCA/cacert.pem - CA certificate
|
|
./demoCA/private/cakey.pem - CA private key
|
|
./demoCA/serial - CA serial number file
|
|
./demoCA/serial.old - CA serial number backup file
|
|
./demoCA/index.txt - CA text database file
|
|
./demoCA/index.txt.old - CA text database backup file
|
|
./demoCA/certs - certificate output file
|
|
|
|
=head1 RESTRICTIONS
|
|
|
|
The text database index file is a critical part of the process and
|
|
if corrupted it can be difficult to fix. It is theoretically possible
|
|
to rebuild the index file from all the issued certificates and a current
|
|
CRL: however there is no option to do this.
|
|
|
|
V2 CRL features like delta CRLs are not currently supported.
|
|
|
|
Although several requests can be input and handled at once it is only
|
|
possible to include one SPKAC or self-signed certificate.
|
|
|
|
=head1 BUGS
|
|
|
|
The use of an in-memory text database can cause problems when large
|
|
numbers of certificates are present because, as the name implies
|
|
the database has to be kept in memory.
|
|
|
|
This command really needs rewriting or the required functionality
|
|
exposed at either a command or interface level so a more friendly utility
|
|
(perl script or GUI) can handle things properly. The script
|
|
B<CA.pl> helps a little but not very much.
|
|
|
|
Any fields in a request that are not present in a policy are silently
|
|
deleted. This does not happen if the B<-preserveDN> option is used. To
|
|
enforce the absence of the EMAIL field within the DN, as suggested by
|
|
RFCs, regardless the contents of the request' subject the B<-noemailDN>
|
|
option can be used. The behaviour should be more friendly and
|
|
configurable.
|
|
|
|
Canceling some commands by refusing to certify a certificate can
|
|
create an empty file.
|
|
|
|
=head1 WARNINGS
|
|
|
|
This command is quirky and at times downright unfriendly.
|
|
|
|
This command was originally meant as an example of how to do
|
|
things in a CA. It was not supposed to be used as a full blown CA itself:
|
|
nevertheless some people are using it for this purpose.
|
|
|
|
This command command is effectively a single user command: no locking
|
|
is done on the various files and attempts to run more than one B<openssl ca>
|
|
command on the same database can have unpredictable results.
|
|
|
|
The B<copy_extensions> option should be used with caution. If care is
|
|
not taken then it can be a security risk. For example if a certificate
|
|
request contains a basicConstraints extension with CA:TRUE and the
|
|
B<copy_extensions> value is set to B<copyall> and the user does not spot
|
|
this when the certificate is displayed then this will hand the requester
|
|
a valid CA certificate.
|
|
|
|
This situation can be avoided by setting B<copy_extensions> to B<copy>
|
|
and including basicConstraints with CA:FALSE in the configuration file.
|
|
Then if the request contains a basicConstraints extension it will be
|
|
ignored.
|
|
|
|
It is advisable to also include values for other extensions such
|
|
as B<keyUsage> to prevent a request supplying its own values.
|
|
|
|
Additional restrictions can be placed on the CA certificate itself.
|
|
For example if the CA certificate has:
|
|
|
|
basicConstraints = CA:TRUE, pathlen:0
|
|
|
|
then even if a certificate is issued with CA:TRUE it will not be valid.
|
|
|
|
=head1 HISTORY
|
|
|
|
Since OpenSSL 1.1.1, the program follows RFC5280. Specifically,
|
|
certificate validity period (specified by any of B<-startdate>,
|
|
B<-enddate> and B<-days>) will be encoded as UTCTime if the dates are
|
|
earlier than year 2049 (included), and as GeneralizedTime if the dates
|
|
are in year 2050 or later.
|
|
|
|
OpenSSL 1.1.1 introduced a new random generator (CSPRNG) with an improved
|
|
seeding mechanism. The new seeding mechanism makes it unnecessary to
|
|
define a RANDFILE for saving and restoring randomness. This option is
|
|
retained mainly for compatibility reasons.
|
|
|
|
=head1 SEE ALSO
|
|
|
|
L<openssl(1)>,
|
|
L<openssl-req(1)>,
|
|
L<openssl-spkac(1)>,
|
|
L<openssl-x509(1)>,
|
|
L<CA.pl(1)>,
|
|
L<config(5)>,
|
|
L<x509v3_config(5)>
|
|
|
|
=head1 COPYRIGHT
|
|
|
|
Copyright 2000-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
|
|
|
|
Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use
|
|
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
|
|
in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
|
|
L<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.
|
|
|
|
=cut
|