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Network Working Group Mark Smith, Editor
Request for Comments: DRAFT Netscape Communications Corp.
Obsoletes: RFC 2255 Tim Howes
Expires: 25 April 2004 Opsware, Inc.
25 October 2003
LDAP: Uniform Resource Locator
<draft-ietf-ldapbis-url-04.txt>
1. Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is subject to all provisions
of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
Discussion of this document should take place on the LDAP (v3)
Revision (ldapbis) Working Group mailing list <ietf-
ldapbis@openldap.org>.
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
2. Abstract
This document describes a format for an LDAP Uniform Resource Locator
(URL). An LDAP URL describes an LDAP search operation that is used
to retrieve information from an LDAP directory, or, in the context of
an LDAPv3 referral or reference, an LDAP URL describes a service
where an LDAP operation may be progressed.
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3. Table of Contents
1. Status of this Memo............................................1
2. Abstract.......................................................1
3. Table of Contents..............................................2
4. Introduction...................................................2
5. URL Definition.................................................2
5.1. Escaping Using the Method.................................4
6. Defaults for Fields of the LDAP URL............................5
7. Examples.......................................................6
8. Security Considerations........................................8
9. Normative References...........................................8
10. Informative References.........................................9
11. Intellectual Property Rights...................................9
12. Acknowledgements...............................................10
13. Authors' Address...............................................10
14. Full Copyright Statement.......................................11
15. Appendix A: Changes Since RFC 2255.............................11
15.1. Technical Changes...........................................11
15.2. Editorial Changes...........................................12
16. Appendix B: Changes Since Previous Document Revision...........13
16.1. Technical Changes...........................................14
16.2. Editorial Changes...........................................14
4. Introduction
LDAP is the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, defined in
[Protocol]. This document specifies the LDAP URL format for version
3 of LDAP and clarifies how LDAP URLs are resolved. This document
also defines an extension mechanism for LDAP URLs, so that future
documents can extend their functionality, for example, to provide
access to new LDAPv3 extensions as they are defined. Note: not all
of the parameters of the LDAP search operation described in
[Protocol] can be expressed using the format defined in this
document.
This document is an integral part of the LDAP Technical Specification
[Roadmap].
This document replaces RFC 2255. See Appendix A for a list of changes
relative to RFC 2255.
The key words "MUST", "MAY", and "SHOULD" used in this document are
to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
5. URL Definition
An LDAP URL begins with the protocol prefix "ldap" and is defined by
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the following grammar, following the ABNF notation defined in
[RFC2234].
ldapurl = scheme COLON SLASH SLASH [hostport] [SLASH dn
[QUESTION [attributes] [QUESTION [scope]
[QUESTION [filter] [QUESTION extensions]]]]]
scheme = "ldap"
hostport = <hostport from Section 3.2.2 of [RFC2396]>
; as updated by [RFC2732] to allow IPv6 literal addresses
dn = <distinguishedName from Section 3 of [LDAPDN]>
; see the "Escaping Using the % Method" section below.
attributes = attrdesc *(COMMA attrdesc)
attrdesc = <AttributeDescription from Section 4.1.4 of [Protocol]>
/ ASTERISK
; see the "Escaping Using the % Method" section below.
scope = "base" / "one" / "sub"
filter = <filter from Section 4 of [Filters]>
; see the "Escaping Using the % Method" section below.
extensions = extension *(COMMA extension)
extension = [EXCLAMATION] extype [EQUALS exvalue]
extype = oid / oiddescr
exvalue = <LDAPString from section 4.1.2 of [Protocol]>
; see the "Escaping Using the % Method" section below.
oid = <LDAPOID from section 4.1.2 of [Protocol]>
oiddescr = <name from section 3.3 of [RFC3383]>
EXCLAMATION = %x21 ; exclamation mark ("!")
ASTERISK = %x2A ; asterisk ("*")
COLON = %x3A ; colon (":")
QUESTION = %x3F ; question mark ("?")
SLASH = %x5C; forward slash ("/")
The "ldap" prefix indicates an entry or entries residing in the LDAP
server running on the given hostname at the given portnumber. Note
that the hostport may contain literal IPv6 addresses as specified in
[RFC2732].
The dn is an LDAP Distinguished Name using the string format
described in [LDAPDN]. It identifies the base object of the LDAP
search or the target of a non-search operation.
The attributes construct is used to indicate which attributes should
be returned from the entry or entries. Individual attrdesc names are
as defined for AttributeDescription in [Protocol].
The scope construct is used to specify the scope of the search to
perform in the given LDAP server. The allowable scopes are "base"
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for a base object search, "one" for a one-level search, or "sub" for
a subtree search.
The filter is used to specify the search filter to apply to entries
within the specified scope during the search. It has the format
specified in [Filters].
The extensions construct provides the LDAP URL with an extensibility
mechanism, allowing the capabilities of the URL to be extended in the
future. Extensions are a simple comma-separated list of type=value
pairs, where the =value portion MAY be omitted for options not
requiring it. Each type=value pair is a separate extension. These
LDAP URL extensions are not necessarily related to any of the LDAPv3
extension mechanisms. Extensions may be supported or unsupported by
the client resolving the URL. An extension prefixed with a '!'
character (ASCII 33) is critical. An extension not prefixed with a
'!' character is non-critical.
If an extension is supported by the client, the client MUST obey the
extension if the extension is critical. The client SHOULD obey
supported extensions that are non-critical.
If an extension is unsupported by the client, the client MUST NOT
process the URL if the extension is critical. If an unsupported
extension is non-critical, the client MUST ignore the extension.
If a critical extension cannot be processed successfully by the
client, the client MUST NOT process the URL. If a non-critical
extension cannot be processed successfully by the client, the client
SHOULD ignore the extension.
The extension type (extype) MAY be specified using the oid form
(e.g., 1.2.3.4) or the oiddesc form (e.g., myLDAPURLExtension). Use
of the oiddesc form SHOULD be restricted to registered object
identifier descriptive names. See [RFC3383] for registration details
and usage guidelines for descriptive names.
No LDAP URL extensions are defined in this document. Other documents
or a future version of this document MAY define one or more
extensions.
5.1. Escaping Using the % Method
A generated LDAP URL MUST consist only of the restricted set of
characters included in the uric production that is defined in section
2 of [RFC2396]. Implementations SHOULD accept other valid UTF-8
strings [UTF-8] as input. An octet MUST be escaped using the %
method described in section 2.4 of [RFC2396] in any of these
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situations:
The octet is not in the reserved set defined in section 2.2 of
[RFC2396] or in the unreserved set defined in section 2.3 of
[RFC2396].
It is the single Reserved character '?' and occurs inside a dn,
filter, or other element of an LDAP URL.
It is a comma character ',' that occurs inside an extension value.
6. Defaults for Fields of the LDAP URL
Some fields of the LDAP URL are optional, as described above. In the
absence of any other specification, the following general defaults
SHOULD be used when a field is absent. Note: other documents MAY
specify different defaulting rules; for example, section 4.1.11 of
[Protocol] specifies a different rule for determining the correct DN
to use when it is absent in an LDAP URL that is returned as a
referral.
hostport
The default LDAP port is TCP port 389. If no hostport is given,
the client must have some apriori knowledge of an appropriate LDAP
server to contact.
dn
If no dn is given, the default is the zero-length DN, "".
attributes
If the attributes part is omitted, all user attributes of the
entry or entries should be requested (e.g., by setting the
attributes field AttributeDescriptionList in the LDAP search
request to a NULL list, or (in LDAPv3) by requesting the special
attribute name "*").
scope
If scope is omitted, a scope of "base" is assumed.
filter
If filter is omitted, a filter of "(objectClass=*)" is assumed.
extensions
If extensions is omitted, no extensions are assumed.
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7. Examples
The following are some example LDAP URLs using the format defined
above. The first example is an LDAP URL referring to the University
of Michigan entry, available from an LDAP server of the client's
choosing:
ldap:///o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US
The next example is an LDAP URL referring to the University of
Michigan entry in a particular ldap server:
ldap://ldap1.example.net/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US
Both of these URLs correspond to a base object search of the
"o=University of Michigan,c=US" entry using a filter of
"(objectclass=*)", requesting all attributes.
The next example is an LDAP URL referring to only the postalAddress
attribute of the University of Michigan entry:
ldap://ldap1.example.net/o=University%20of%20Michigan,
c=US?postalAddress
The corresponding LDAP search operation is the same as in the
previous example, except that only the postalAddress attribute is
requested.
The next example is an LDAP URL referring to the set of entries found
by querying the given LDAP server on port 6666 and doing a subtree
search of the University of Michigan for any entry with a common name
of "Babs Jensen", retrieving all attributes:
ldap://ldap1.example.net:6666/o=University%20of%20Michigan,
c=US??sub?(cn=Babs%20Jensen)
The next example is an LDAP URL referring to all children of the c=GB
entry:
ldap://ldap1.example.com/c=GB?objectClass?one
The objectClass attribute is requested to be returned along with the
entries, and the default filter of "(objectclass=*)" is used.
The next example is an LDAP URL to retrieve the mail attribute for
the LDAP entry named "o=Question?,c=US" is given below, illustrating
the use of the escaping mechanism on the reserved character '?'.
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ldap://ldap2.example.com/o=Question%3f,c=US?mail
The next example illustrates the interaction between the LDAP string
representation of filters quoting mechanism and URL quoting
mechanisms.
ldap://ldap3.example.com/o=Babsco,c=US???(four-octet=%5c00%5c00%5c00%5c04)
IP The filter in this example uses the LDAP escaping mechanism of \
to encode three zero or null bytes in the value. In LDAP, the filter
would be written as (four-octet=\00\00\00\04). Because the \
character must be escaped in a URL, the \'s are escaped as %5c in the
URL encoding.
The next example illustrates the interaction between the LDAP string
representation of DNs quoting mechanism and URL quoting mechanisms.
ldap://ldap.example.com/o=An%20Example%5c2c%20Inc.,c=US
The DN encoded in the above URL is:
o=An Example\2c Inc.,c=US
That is, the left-most RDN value is:
An Example, Inc.
The following three URLs that are equivalent, assuming that the
defaulting rules specified in section 4 of this document are used:
ldap://ldap.example.net
ldap://ldap.example.net/
ldap://ldap.example.net/?
These three URLs all point to the root DSE on the ldap.example.net
server.
The final two examples show use of a hypothetical, experimental bind
name extension (the value associated with the extension is an LDAP DN).
ldap:///??sub??e-bindname=cn=Manager%2cdc=example%2cdc=com
ldap:///??sub??!e-bindname=cn=Manager%2cdc=example%2cdc=com
The two URLs are the same, except that the second one marks the e-
bindname extension as critical. Notice the use of the % encoding
method to encode the commas within the distinguished name value in
the e-bindname extension.
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8. Security Considerations
General URL security considerations discussed in [RFC2396] are
relevant for LDAP URLs.
The use of security mechanisms when processing LDAP URLs requires
particular care, since clients may encounter many different servers
via URLs, and since URLs are likely to be processed automatically,
without user intervention. A client SHOULD have a user-configurable
policy about which servers to connect to using which security
mechanisms, and SHOULD NOT make connections that are inconsistent
with this policy. If a client chooses to reuse an existing
connection when resolving one or more LDAP URL, it MUST ensure that
the connection is compatible with the URL and that no security
policies are violated.
Sending authentication information, no matter the mechanism, may
violate a user's privacy requirements. In the absence of specific
policy permitting authentication information to be sent to a server,
a client should use an anonymous connection. (Note that clients
conforming to previous LDAP URL specifications, where all connections
are anonymous and unprotected, are consistent with this
specification; they simply have the default security policy.) Simply
opening a connection to another server may violate some users'
privacy requirements, so clients should provide the user with a way
to control URL processing.
Some authentication methods, in particular reusable passwords sent to
the server, may reveal easily-abused information to the remote server
or to eavesdroppers in transit, and should not be used in URL
processing unless explicitly permitted by policy. Confirmation by
the human user of the use of authentication information is
appropriate in many circumstances. Use of strong authentication
methods that do not reveal sensitive information is much preferred.
If the URL represents a referral for an update operation, strong
authentication methods SHOULD be used. Please refer to the Security
Considerations section of [AuthMeth] for more information.
The LDAP URL format allows the specification of an arbitrary LDAP
search operation to be performed when evaluating the LDAP URL.
Following an LDAP URL may cause unexpected results, for example, the
retrieval of large amounts of data, the initiation of a long-lived
search, etc. The security implications of resolving an LDAP URL are
the same as those of resolving an LDAP search query.
9. Normative References
[LDAPDN] Zeilenga, K. (editor), "LDAP: String Representation of
Smith & Howes Intended Category: Standards Track [Page 8]
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Distinguished Names", draft-ietf-ldapbis-dn-xx.txt, a work in
progress.
[Filters] Smith, M. and Howes, T., "LDAP: String Representation of
Search Filters", draft-ietf-ldapbis-filter-xx.txt, a work in
progress.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key Words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels," RFC 2119, BCP 14, March 1997.
[Protocol] Sermersheim, J. (editor), "LDAP: The Protocol", draft-
ietf-ldapbis-protocol-xx.txt, a work in progress.
[RFC2234] Crocker, D., Overell, P., "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
[RFC2396] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and Masinter, L., "Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 2396, August 1998.
[RFC2732] Hinden, R., Carpenter, B., Masinter, L., "Format for
Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's", RFC 2732, December 1999.
[RFC3383] Zeilenga, K., "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Considerations for the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(LDAP)", RFC 3383, September 2002.
[AuthMeth] Harrison, R. (editor), "LDAP: Authentication Methods",
draft-ietf-ldapbis-authmeth-xx.txt, a work in progress. a work in
progress.
[Roadmap] K. Zeilenga (editor), "LDAP: Technical Specification Road
Map", draft-ietf-ldapbis-roadmap-xx.txt, a work in progress.
[UTF-8] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646",
draft-yergeau-rfc2279bis-xx.txt, a work in progress.
10. Informative References
None.
11. Intellectual Property Rights
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it
has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the
Smith & Howes Intended Category: Standards Track [Page 9]
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IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and
standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of
claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of
licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to
obtain a general license or permission for the use of such
proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can
be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive
Director.
12. Acknowledgements
The LDAP URL format was originally defined at the University of
Michigan. This material is based upon work supported by the National
Science Foundation under Grant No. NCR-9416667. The support of both
the University of Michigan and the National Science Foundation is
gratefully acknowledged.
This document is an update to RFC 2255 by Tim Howes and Mark Smith.
Changes included in this revised specification are based upon
discussions among the authors, discussions within the LDAP (v3)
Revision Working Group (ldapbis), and discussions within other IETF
Working Groups. The contributions of individuals in these working
groups is gratefully acknowledged. Several people in particular have
made valuable comments on this document; RL "Bob" Morgan, Mark Wahl,
Kurt Zeilenga, Jim Sermersheim, and Hallvard Furuseth deserve special
thanks for their contributions.
13. Authors' Address
Mark Smith, Editor
Netscape Communications Corp.
360 W. Caribbean Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
USA
+1 650 937-3477
MarkCSmithWork@aol.com
Tim Howes
Opsware, Inc.
599 N. Mathilda Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94085
USA
+1 408 744-7509
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howes@opsware.com
14. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
15. Appendix A: Changes Since RFC 2255
15.1. Technical Changes
The following technical changes were made to the contents of the "URL
Definition" section:
Revised all of the ABNF to use common productions from [Models].
Added note and references to [RFC2732] to allow literal IPv6
addresses inside the hostport portion of the URL.
Added missing ASTERISK as an alternative for the attrdesc part of the
URL. It is believed that existing implementations of RFC 2255
already support this.
Added angle brackets around free-form prose in the "dn", "hostport",
"attrdesc", "filter", and "exvalue" rules.
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Changed the ABNF for ldapurl to group the dn component with the
preceding slash.
Changed the extype rule to be an LDAPOID from [Protocol] or an OID
description from [RFC3383].
Changed the text about extension types so it references [RFC3383].
Reordered rules to more closely follow the order the elements appear
in the URL.
"Bindname Extension": removed due to lack of known implementations.
15.2. Editorial Changes
Changed document title to include "LDAP:" prefix.
IESG Note: removed note about lack of satisfactory mandatory
authentication mechanisms.
"Status of this Memo" section: updated boilerplate to match current
I-D guidelines.
"Abstract" section: separated from introductory material.
"Table of Contents" section: added.
"Introduction" section: new section; separated from the Abstract.
Changed the text indicate that RFC 2255 is replaced by this document
(instead of RFC 1959). Added text to indicate that LDAP URLs are
used for references and referrals. Fixed typo (replaced the nonsense
phrase "to perform to retrieve" with "used to retrieve"). Added a
note to let the reader know that not all of the parameters of the
LDAP search operation described in [Protocol] can be expressed using
this format.
"URL Definition" section: removed second copy of ldapurl grammar and
following two paragraphs (editorial error in RFC 2255). Fixed line
break within '!' sequence. Reworded last paragraph to clarify which
characters must be URL escaped. Added text to indicate that LDAP
URLs are used for references and referrals. Added text that refers
to the ABNF from RFC 2234.
"Defaults for Fields of the LDAP URL" section: added; formed by
moving text about defaults out of the "URL Definition" section.
"URL Processing" section: clarified that connections MAY be reused
only if the open connection is compatible with the URL. Added text
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to indicate that use of security services is encouraged and that they
SHOULD be used when updates are involved. Removed "dn" from
discussion of authentication methods. Added note that the client MAY
interrogate the server to determine the most appropriate method.
"Examples" section: Modified examples to use example.com and
example.net hostnames. Added missing '?' to the LDAP URL example
whose filter contains three null bytes. Removed space after one
comma within a DN. Revised the bindname example to use e-bindname.
Changed the name of an attribute used in one example from "int" to
"four-octet" to avoid potential confusion. Added an example that
demonstrates the interaction between DN escaping and URL escaping.
Added some examples to show URL equivalence with respect to the dn
portion of the URL.
"Security Considerations" section: Added a note about connection
reuse. Added a note about using strong authentication methods for
updates. Added a reference to RFC 2829. Added note that simply
opening a connection may violate some users' privacy requirements.
"Acknowledgements" section: added statement about this being an
update to RFC 2255. Added Kurt Zeilenga, Jim Sermersheim, and
Hallvard Furuseth.
"Normative References" section: renamed from "References" per new RFC
guidelines. Changed from [1] style to [Protocol] style throughout the
document. Added references to RFCs 2234, 2829, and 3383. Updated
RFC 1738 references to the appropriate sections within RFC 2396.
Updated the references to refer to LDAPBis WG documents. Removed the
reference to the LDAP Attribute Syntaxes document and added a
reference to the Roadmap document.
"Informative References" section: added for clarity.
Header and "Authors' Address" sections: added "editor" next to Mark
Smith's name. Updated affiliation and contact information.
Copyright: updated the year.
16. Appendix B: Changes Since Previous Document Revision
This appendix lists all changes relative to the previously published
revision, draft-ietf-ldapbis-url-03.txt. Note that when appropriate
these changes are also included in Appendix A, but are also included
here for the benefit of the people who have already reviewed draft-
ietf-ldapbis-url-03.txt. This section will be removed before this
document is published as an RFC.
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16.1. Technical Changes
None.
16.2. Editorial Changes
"URL Definition" section: added comments in the ABNF to point the
reader to the "Escaping Using the % Method" section, which was
changed into a section of its own to highlight the importance of
escaping the URL components correctly.
"Examples" section: changed the name of an attribute used in one
example from "int" to "four-octet" to avoid potential confusion.
Replaced all occurrences of "asterix" with the correctly spelled
"asterisk."
"Normative References" section: changed UTF-8 reference to point to
the UTF-8 Internet Draft; replace [LDAPIANA] Internet Draft reference
with a reference to RFC 3383.
"Intellectual Property Rights" section: added.
Author's Addresses section: New email address for Mark Smith.
"Full Copyright Statement" section: updated text to match latest IETF
guidelines.
This Internet Draft expires on 25 April 2004.
Smith & Howes Intended Category: Standards Track [Page 14]
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