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348 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
348 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
# $OpenLDAP$
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# Copyright 1999-2000, The OpenLDAP Foundation, All Rights Reserved.
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# COPYING RESTRICTIONS APPLY, see COPYRIGHT.
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H1: Database Creation and Maintenance Tools
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This section tells you how to create a slapd database from
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scratch, and how to do trouble shooting if you run into
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problems. There are two ways to create a database. First,
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you can create the database on-line using LDAP. With this
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method, you simply start up slapd and add entries using the
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LDAP client of your choice. This method is fine for relatively
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small databases (a few hundred or thousand entries,
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depending on your requirements). This method works for database
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types which support updates.
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The second method of database creation is to do it off-line
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using special utilities provided with slapd. This method is
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best if you have many thousands of entries to create, which
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would take an unacceptably long time using the LDAP method,
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or if you want to ensure the database is not accessed while
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it is being created. Note that not all database types support
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these utilitites.
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H2: Creating a database over LDAP
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With this method, you use the LDAP client of your choice
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(e.g., the ldapadd(1)) to add entries, just like you would
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once the database is created. You should be sure to set the
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following configuration options before starting slapd:
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> suffix <dn>
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As described in the preceding section, this option says what
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entries are to be held by this database. You should set this
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to the DN of the root of the subtree you are trying to create.
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For example
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> suffix "dc=example, dc=com"
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You should be sure to specify a directory where the index
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files should be created:
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> directory <directory>
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For example:
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> directory /usr/local/var/openldap-ldbm
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You need to create this directory with appropriate permissions
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such that slapd can write to it.
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You need to make it so you can connect to slapd as directory user
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with permission to add entries. You can configure the directory
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to support a special {{super-user}} or {{root}} user just for
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this purpose. This is done through the following two options
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in the database definition:
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> rootdn <dn>
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> rootpw <passwd>
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For example:
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> rootdn "cn=Manager, dc=example, dc=com"
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> rootpw secret
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These options specify a DN and password that can be used
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to authenticate as the {{super-user}} entry of the database (i.e.,
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the entry allowed to do anything). The DN and password
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specified here will always work, regardless of whether the
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entry named actually exists or has the password given. This
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solves the chicken-and-egg problem of how to authenticate
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and add entries before any entries yet exist.
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Finally, you should make sure that the database definition
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contains the index definitions you want:
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> index {<attrlist> | default} [pres,eq,approx,sub,none]
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For example, to index the cn, sn, uid and objectclass
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attributes the following index configuration lines could be
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used.
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> index cn,sn,uid
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> index objectclass pres,eq
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See Section 4 on the configuration file for more details on
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this option. Once you have configured things to your liking,
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start up slapd, connect with your LDAP client, and start
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adding entries. For example, to add a the organizational entry
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followed by a Postmaster entry using the {{I:ldapadd}} tool, you
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could create an {{TERM:LDIF}} file called {{EX:entries.ldif}} with the
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contents:
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> dc=example, dc=com
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> objectClass=dcObject
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> objectClass=organization
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> dc=example
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> o=Example Corporation
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> description=The Example Corporation
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>
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> cn=Postmaster, dc=example, dc=com
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> objectClass=organizationalRole
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> cn=Postmaster
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> description=OpenLDAP Postmaster <Postmaster@example.com>
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and then use a command like this to actually create the
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entry:
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> ldapadd -f entries.ldif -x -D "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" -w secret
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The above command assumes settings provided in the above
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examples.
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H2: Creating a database off-line
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The second method of database creation is to do it off-line,
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using the slapd database tools described below. This method is
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best if you have many thousands of entries to create, which
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would take an unacceptably long time using
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the LDAP method described above. These tools read the
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slapd configuration file and an input file containing a text
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representation of the entries to add. For database types which
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support the tools, they produce the database files directly (otherwise
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you must use the on-line method above). There are several important
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configuration options you will want to be sure and set in the config
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file database definition first:
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> suffix <dn>
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As described in the preceding section, this option says what
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entries are to be held by this database. You should set this
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to the DN of the root of the subtree you are trying to create.
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For example
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> suffix "dc=example, dc=com"
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You should be sure to specify a directory where the index
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files should be created:
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> directory <directory>
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For example:
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> directory /usr/local/var/openldap-ldbm
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Finally, you need to specify which indexes you want to build.
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This is done by one or more index options.
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> index {<attrlist> | default} [pres,eq,approx,sub,none]
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For example:
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> index cn,sn,uid pres,eq,approx
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> index objectClass eq
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This would create presence, equality and approximate
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indexes for the cn, sn, and uid attributes and an equality
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index for the objectClass attribute. See the configuration
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file section for more information on this option.
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H3: The {{EX:slapadd}} program
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Once you've configured things to your liking, you create the
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primary database and associated indexes by running the
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{{slapadd}}(8) program:
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> slapadd -l <inputfile> -f <slapdconfigfile>
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> [-d <debuglevel>] [-n <integer>|-b <suffix>]
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The arguments have the following meanings:
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> -l <inputfile>
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Specifies the LDIF input file containing the entries to add in
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text form (described below in Section 8.3).
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> -f <slapdconfigfile>
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Specifies the slapd configuration file that tells where to
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create the indexes, what indexes to create, etc.
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> -d <debuglevel>
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Turn on debugging, as specified by {{EX:<debuglevel>}}. The
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debug levels are the same as for slapd (see Section 6.1).
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> -n <databasenumber>
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An optional argument that specifies the configuration file
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database for which to build. The first database listed
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is "1", the second "2", etc. By default, the first ldbm database
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in the configuration file is used. Should not be used in
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conjunction with {{EX:-b}}.
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> -b <suffix>
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An optional argument that specifies the configuration file
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database for which to build. The provided suffix is matched
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against database {{EX:suffix}} to determine the database
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number. Should not be used in conjunction with {{EX:-n}}.
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H3: The {{EX:slapindex}} program
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Sometimes it may be necessary to regenerate indices (such
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as after modifying {{slapd.conf}}(5)). This is possible using
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the {{slapindex}}(8) program. {{EX:slapindex}} is invoked
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like this
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> slapindex -f <slapdconfigfile>
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> [-d <debuglevel>] [-n <databasenumber>|-b <suffix>]
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Where the -f, -d, -n and -b options are the same as for the
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{{slapadd}}(1) program. slapindex rebuilds all indices based
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upon the current database contents.
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H3: The {{EX:slapcat}} program
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The {{EX:slapcat}} program is dump the database to a {{TERM:LDIF}}
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file. This can be useful when you want to make a human-readable
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backup of your database or for editing your database off-line.
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The program is invoked like this:
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> slapcat -l <filename> -f <slapdconfigfile>
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> [-d <debuglevel>] [-n <databasenumber>|-b <suffix>]
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where -n or -b is used to select the database in the slapd.conf(5)
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specified using -f. The corresponding LDIF output is written to
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standard output or to the file specified using the -l option.
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H3: The {{EX:ldif}} program
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The {{ldif}}(1) program is used to convert arbitrary data values to
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{{TERM:LDIF}} format. This can be useful when writing a program or
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script to create the LDIF file you will feed into the {{slapadd}}(8)
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or {{ldapadd}}(1) program, or when writing a SHELL backend. {{ldif}}(1)
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takes an attribute descriptin as an argument and reads the attribute
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value(s) from standard input. It produces the LDIF formatted
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attribute line(s) on standard output. The usage is:
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> ldif [-b] <attrdesc>
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where {{EX:<attrdesc>}} is an attribute description. Without the
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-b option, ldif considers each line of standard input to be a
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separate value of the attribute.
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> ldif description << EOF
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> leading space
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> # leading hash mark
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> EOF
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The -b option can be used to force ldif to interpret its input
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as a single raw binary value. This option is useful when
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converting binary data such as a {{EX:jpegPhoto}} or {{EX:audio}}
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attribute. For example:
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> ldif -b jpegPhoto < photo.jpeg
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H2: The LDIF text entry format
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The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) is used to represent LDAP
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entries in a simple text format. The basic form of an entry is:
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> # comment
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> dn: <distinguished name>
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> <attrdesc>: <attrvalue>
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> <attrdesc>: <attrvalue>
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>
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> ...
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Lines starting with '{{EX:#}}' character are
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comments. An attribute description may be a simple attribute
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type like {{EX:cn}} or {{EX:objectClass}} or {{EX:1.2.3}} (an {{TERM:OID}}
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associated with an attribute type) or may include options such
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as {{EX:cn;lang_en_US}} or {{EX:userCertificate;binary}}.
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A line may be continued by starting the next line with a
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{{single}} space or tab character. For example:
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> dn: cn=Barbara J Jensen, dc=example, dc=
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> com
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> cn: Barbara J
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> Jensen
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is equivalent to:
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> dn: cn=Barbara J Jensen, dc=example, dc=com
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> cn: Barbara J Jensen
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Multiple attribute values are specified on separate lines. e.g.,
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> cn: Barbara J Jensen
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> cn: Babs Jensen
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If an {{EX:<attrvalue>}} contains a non-printing character, or
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begins with a space or a colon '{{EX::}}', the {{EX:<attrdesc>}} is followed
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by a double colon and the value is encoded in base 64
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notation. e.g., the value {{EX:" begins with a space"}} would be
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encoded like this:
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> cn:: IGJlZ2lucyB3aXRoIGEgc3BhY2U=
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Multiple entries within the same LDIF file are separated by
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blank lines. Here's an example of an LDIF file containing
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three entries.
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> # First Entry
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> dn: cn=Barbara J Jensen, dc=example, dc=com
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> cn: Barbara J Jensen
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> cn: Babs Jensen
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> objectclass: person
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> sn: Jensen
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>
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> # Second Entry
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> dn: cn=Bjorn J Jensen, dc=example, dc=com
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> cn: Bjorn J Jensen
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> cn: Bjorn Jensen
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> objectclass: person
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> sn: Jensen
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>
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> # Third Entry
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> dn: cn=Jennifer J Jensen, dc=example, dc=com
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> cn: Jennifer J Jensen
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> cn: Jennifer Jensen
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> objectclass: person
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> sn: Jensen
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> # Base64 encoded JPEG photo
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> jpegPhoto:: /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAAAAAQABAAD/2wBDABALD
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> A4MChAODQ4SERATGCgaGBYWGDEjJR0oOjM9PDkzODdASFxOQ
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> ERXRTc4UG1RV19iZ2hnPk1xeXBkeFxlZ2P/2wBDARESEhgVG
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Notice that the {{EX:jpegPhoto}} in Jennifer's entry is
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encoded using base 64. The {{ldif}}(1) program (described in
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{{SECT:The {{EX:ldif}} program}} section above) can be used to
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produce an attribute-description/base64-value pair suitable for
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inclusion in an LDIF file.
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Note: Trailing spaces are not trimmed from values in an
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LDIF file. Nor are multiple internal spaces compressed. If
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you don't want them in your data, don't put them there.
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