# Copyright 1999-2001, The OpenLDAP Foundation, All Rights Reserved. # COPYING RESTRICTIONS APPLY, see COPYRIGHT. H1: Security Considerations OpenLDAP Software is designed to run in a wide variety of computing environments from tightly-controlled closed networks to the global Internet. Hence, OpenLDAP Software provides many different security mechanisms. This chapter describes these mechanisms and discusses security considerations for using OpenLDAP Software. H2: Network Security H3: Selective Listening By default, {{slapd}}(8) will listen on both the IPv4 and IPv6 "any" addresses. It is often desirable to have {{slapd}} listen on select address/port pairs. For example, listening only on the IPv4 address {{EX:127.0.0.1}} will disallow remote access to the directory server. E.g.: > slapd -h ldap://127.0.0.1 While the server can be configured to listen on a particular interface address, this doesn't necessarily restrict access to the server to only those networks accessible via that interface. To selective restrict remote access, it is recommend that an {{SECT:IP Firewall}} be used to restrict access. See {{SECT:Command-line Options}} and {{slapd}}(8) for more information. H3: IP Firewall {{TERM:IP}} firewall capabilities of the server system can be used to restrict access based upon the client's IP address and/or network interface used to communicate with the client. Generally, {{slapd}}(8) listens on port 389/tcp for LDAP over {{TERM:TCP}} (e.g. {{F:ldap://}}) and port 636/tcp for LDAP over {{TERM:SSL}} (e.g. {{F:ldaps://}}). Note that LDAP over TCP sessions can be protected by {{TERM:TLS}} through the use of {{StartTLS}}. StartTLS is the Standard Track mechanism for protecting LDAP sessions with TLS. As specifics of how to configure IP firewall are dependent on the particular kind of IP firewall used, no examples are provided here. See the document associated with your IP firewall. H3: TCP Wrappers OpenLDAP supports {{TERM:TCP}} Wrappers. TCP Wrappers provide a rule-based access control system for controlling TCP/IP access to the server. For example, the {{host_options}}(5) rule: > slapd: 10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 : ALLOW > slapd: ALL : DENY allows only incoming connections from the private network {{F:10.0.0.0}} and localhost ({{F:127.0.0.1}}) to access the directory service. Note that IP addresses are used as {{slapd}}(8) is not normally configured to perform reverse lookups. It is noted that TCP wrappers require the connection to be accepted. As significant processing is required just to deny a connection, it is generally advised that IP firewall protection be used instead of TCP wrappers. See {{hosts_access}}(5) for more information on TCP wrapper rules. H2: Integrity and Confidentiality Protection {{TERM[expand]TLS}} (TLS) can be used to provide integrity and confidentiality protection. OpenLDAP supports both StartTLS and {{F:ldaps://}}. See the {{SECT:Using TLS}} chapter for more information. A number of {{TERM[expand]SASL}} (SASL) mechanisms, such as DIGEST-MD5 and {{TERM:GSSAPI}}, also provide integrity and confidentiality protection. See the {{SECT:Using SASL}} chapter for more information. H3: Security Strength Factors The server uses {{TERM[expand]SSF}}s (SSF) to indicate the relative strength of protection. A SSF of zero (0) indicates no protections are in place. A SSF of one (1) indicates integrity protection are in place. A SSF greater than one (>1) roughly correlates to the effective encryption key length. For example, {{TERM:DES}} is 56, {{TERM:3DES}} is 112, and {{TERM:AES}} 128, 192, or 256. A number of administrative controls rely on SSFs associated with TLS and SASL protection in place on an LDAP session. {{EX:security}} controls disallow operations when appropriate protections are not in place. For example: > security ssf=1 update_ssf=112 requires integrity protection for all operations and encryption protection, 3DES equivalent, for update operations (e.g. add, delete, modify, etc.). See {{slapd.conf}}(5) for details. For fine-grained control, SSFs may be used in access controls. See {{SECT:Access Control}} section of the {{SECT:The slapd Configuration File}} for more information. H2: Authentication Methods H3: "simple" method The LDAP "simple" method has three modes of operation: * anonymous, * unauthenticated, and * user/password authenticated. Anonymous access is obtained by providing no name and no password to the "simple" bind operation. Unauthenticated access is obtained by providing a name but no password. Authenticated access is obtain by providing a valid name and password. An anonymous bind results in an {{anonymous}} authorization. Anonymous bind mechanism is enabled by default, but can be disabled by specifying "{{EX:disallow bind_anon}}" in {{slapd.conf}}(5). An unauthenticated bind results in an {{anonymous}} authorization. Unauthenticated bind mechanism is disabled by default, but can be enabled by specifying "{{EX:allow bind_anon_cred}}" in {{slapd.conf}}(5). As a number of LDAP applications mistakenly generate unauthenticated bind request when authenticated access was intended (that is, they do not ensure a password was provided), this mechanism should generally not be enabled. A successful user/password authenticated bind results in a user authorization identity, the provided name, being associated with the session. User/password authenticated bind is enabled by default. However, as this mechanism offers no evesdropping protection (e.g., the password is set in the clear), it is recommended that it be used only in tightly controlled systems or when the LDAP session is protected by other means (e.g., TLS, {{TERM:IPSEC}}). Where the administrator relies on TLS to protect the password, it is recommended that unprotected authentication be disabled. This is done by setting "{{EX:disallow bind_simple_unprotected}}" in {{slapd.conf}}(5). The user/password authenticated bind mechanism can be completely disabled by setting "{{EX:disallow bind_simple}}". Note: An unsuccessful bind always results in the session having an {{anonymous}} authorization state. H3: SASL method The LDAP SASL method allows use of any SASL authentication mechanism. The {{SECT:Using SASL}} discusses use of SASL.