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ce4803687b
+ fix several formatting issues with manual pages. + correct read of terminfo entry in which all strings are absent or explicitly cancelled. Before this fix, the result was that all were treated as only absent. + modify infocmp to suppress mixture of absent/cancelled capabilities that would only show as "NULL, NULL", unless the -q option is used, e.g., to show "-, @" or "@, -".
418 lines
22 KiB
HTML
418 lines
22 KiB
HTML
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* @Id: curs_util.3x,v 1.47 2017/02/18 16:43:03 tom Exp @
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii">
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<meta name="generator" content="Manpage converted by man2html - see http://invisible-island.net/scripts/readme.html#others_scripts">
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<TITLE>curs_util 3x</TITLE>
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<link rev=made href="mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<H1 class="no-header">curs_util 3x</H1>
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<PRE>
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<STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
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</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
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<STRONG>delay_output</STRONG>, <STRONG>filter</STRONG>, <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, <STRONG>getwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_name</STRONG>, <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>,
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<STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>, <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>, <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> -
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miscellaneous <STRONG>curses</STRONG> utility routines
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</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
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<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
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<STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*unctrl(chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>c);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*wunctrl(cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*c);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*keyname(int</STRONG> <STRONG>c);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*key_name(wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>w);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>filter(void);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>nofilter(void);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_env(bool</STRONG> <STRONG>f);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_tioctl(bool</STRONG> <STRONG>f);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>putwin(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*filep);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*getwin(FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*filep);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>delay_output(int</STRONG> <STRONG>ms);</STRONG>
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<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>flushinp(void);</STRONG>
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</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> routine returns a character string which is a
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printable representation of the character <EM>c</EM>, ignoring at-
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tributes. Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> no-
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tation. Printing characters are displayed as is. The
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corresponding <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> returns a printable representation
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of a wide character.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> routine returns a character string correspond-
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ing to the key <EM>c</EM>:
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> Printable characters are displayed as themselves,
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e.g., a one-character string containing the key.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> DEL (character 127) is displayed as <STRONG>^?</STRONG>.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> Values above 128 are either meta characters (if the
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screen has not been initialized, or if <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">meta(3x)</A></STRONG> has
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been called with a <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> parameter), shown in the <STRONG>M-</STRONG><EM>X</EM>
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notation, or are displayed as themselves. In the lat-
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ter case, the values may not be printable; this fol-
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lows the X/Open specification.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> Values above 256 may be the names of the names of
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function keys.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> Otherwise (if there is no corresponding name) the
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function returns null, to denote an error. X/Open al-
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so lists an "UNKNOWN KEY" return value, which some im-
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plementations return rather than null.
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The corresponding <STRONG>key_name</STRONG> returns a character string cor-
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responding to the wide-character value <EM>w</EM>. The two func-
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tions do not return the same set of strings; the latter
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returns null where the former would display a meta charac-
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ter.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine, if used, must be called before <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>
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or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called. The effect is that, during those
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calls, <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> is set to 1; the capabilities <STRONG>clear</STRONG>, <STRONG>cup</STRONG>,
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<STRONG>cud</STRONG>, <STRONG>cud1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>, <STRONG>vpa</STRONG> are disabled; and the <STRONG>home</STRONG>
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string is set to the value of <STRONG>cr</STRONG>.
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The <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG> routine cancels the effect of a preceding
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<STRONG>filter</STRONG> call. That allows the caller to initialize a
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screen on a different device, using a different value of
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<STRONG>$TERM</STRONG>. The limitation arises because the <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine
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modifies the in-memory copy of the terminal information.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_env">use_env</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> routine, if used, should be called before
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<STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those compute the
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screen size). It modifies the way <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> treats environ-
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ment variables when determining the screen size.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> Normally <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> looks first at the terminal database
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for the screen size.
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If <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> for parameter, it
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stops here unless If <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> was also called with
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<STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> for parameter.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> Then it asks for the screen size via operating system
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calls. If successful, it overrides the values from
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the terminal database.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> Finally (unless <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> parame-
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ter), <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> examines the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environ-
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ment variables, using a value in those to override the
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results from the operating system or terminal data-
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base.
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<STRONG>Ncurses</STRONG> also updates the screen size in response to
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SIGWINCH, unless overridden by the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG>
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environment variables,
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routine, if used, should be called before
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<STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those compute the
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screen size). After <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> is called with <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> as an
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argument, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> modifies the last step in its computa-
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tion of screen size as follows:
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> checks if the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables
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are set to a number greater than zero.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> for each, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> updates the corresponding environ-
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ment variable with the value that it has obtained via
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operating system call or from the terminal database.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> re-fetches the value of the environment vari-
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ables so that it is still the environment variables
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which set the screen size.
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The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines combine as summarized
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here:
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<EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>env</EM> <EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>tioctl</EM> <EM>Summary</EM>
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----------------------------------------------------------------
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TRUE FALSE This is the default behavior. <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>
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uses operating system calls unless over-
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ridden by $LINES or $COLUMNS environment
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variables.
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TRUE TRUE <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> updates $LINES and $COLUMNS
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based on operating system calls.
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FALSE TRUE <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> ignores $LINES and $COLUMNS, us-
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es operating system calls to obtain
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size.
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FALSE FALSE <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> relies on the terminal database
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to determine size.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> routine writes all data associated with window
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(or pad) <EM>win</EM> into the file to which <EM>filep</EM> points. This
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information can be later retrieved using the <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> func-
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tion.
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The <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> routine reads window related data stored in the
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file by <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>. The routine then creates and initializes
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a new window using that data. It returns a pointer to the
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new window. There are a few caveats:
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> the data written is a copy of the <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> structure,
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and its associated character cells. The format dif-
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fers between the wide-character (ncursesw) and non-
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wide (ncurses) libraries. You can transfer data be-
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tween the two, however.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> the retrieved window is always created as a top-level
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window (or pad), rather than a subwindow.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> the window's character cells contain the color pair
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<EM>value</EM>, but not the actual color <EM>numbers</EM>. If cells in
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the retrieved window use color pairs which have not
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been created in the application using <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>, they
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will not be colored when the window is refreshed.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG> routine inserts an <EM>ms</EM> millisecond pause
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in output. This routine should not be used extensively
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because padding characters are used rather than a CPU
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pause. If no padding character is specified, this uses
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<STRONG>napms</STRONG> to perform the delay.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG> routine throws away any typeahead that has
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been typed by the user and has not yet been read by the
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program.
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</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
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Except for <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, routines that return an integer re-
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turn <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4 specifies only "an in-
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teger value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful completion.
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Routines that return pointers return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG> on error.
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X/Open does not define any error conditions. In this im-
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plementation
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<STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>
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returns an error if the terminal was not initial-
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ized.
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<STRONG>putwin</STRONG>
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returns an error if the associated <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG> calls
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return an error.
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</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-filter">filter</a></H3><PRE>
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The SVr4 documentation describes the action of <STRONG>filter</STRONG> only
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in the vaguest terms. The description here is adapted
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from the XSI Curses standard (which erroneously fails to
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describe the disabling of <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>).
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-keyname">keyname</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> function may return the names of user-defined
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string capabilities which are defined in the terminfo en-
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try via the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>. This implementation auto-
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matically assigns at run-time keycodes to user-defined
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strings which begin with "k". The keycodes start at
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KEY_MAX, but are not guaranteed to be the same value for
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different runs because user-defined codes are merged from
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all terminal descriptions which have been loaded. The
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<STRONG>use_extended_names</STRONG> function controls whether this data is
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loaded when the terminal description is read by the li-
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brary.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines are specific to
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<STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>. They were not supported on Version 7, BSD or
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System V implementations. It is recommended that any code
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depending on <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> extensions be conditioned using
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NCURSES_VERSION.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></H3><PRE>
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The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> and <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> functions have several issues with
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portability:
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> The files written and read by these functions use an
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implementation-specific format. Although the format
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is an obvious target for standardization, it has been
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overlooked.
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Interestingly enough, according to the copyright dates
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in Solaris source, the functions (along with <STRONG>scr_init</STRONG>,
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etc.) originated with the University of California,
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Berkeley (in 1982) and were later (in 1988) incorpo-
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rated into SVr4. Oddly, there are no such functions
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in the 4.3BSD curses sources.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> Most implementations simply dump the binary <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG>
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structure to the file. These include SVr4 curses,
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NetBSD and PDCurses, as well as older <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> ver-
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sions. This implementation (as well as the X/Open
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variant of Solaris curses, dated 1995) uses textual
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dumps.
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The implementations which use binary dumps use block-
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I/O (the <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG> and <STRONG>fread</STRONG> functions). Those that use
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textual dumps use buffered-I/O. A few applications
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may happen to write extra data in the file using these
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functions. Doing that can run into problems mixing
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block- and buffered-I/O. This implementation reduces
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the problem on writes by flushing the output. Howev-
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er, reading from a file written using mixed schemes
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may not be successful.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></H3><PRE>
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The XSI Curses standard, Issue 4 describes these func-
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tions. It states that <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> and <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> will return a
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null pointer if unsuccessful, but does not define any er-
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ror conditions. This implementation checks for three cas-
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es:
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> the parameter is a 7-bit US-ASCII code. This is the
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case that X/Open Curses documented.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> the parameter is in the range 128-159, i.e., a C1 con-
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trol code. If <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> has been called with
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a <STRONG>2</STRONG> parameter, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> returns the parameter, i.e., a
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one-character string with the parameter as the first
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character. Otherwise, it returns "~@", "~A", etc.,
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analogous to "^@", "^A", C0 controls.
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X/Open Curses does not document whether <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> can be
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called before initializing curses. This implementa-
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tion permits that, and returns the "~@", etc., values
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in that case.
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<STRONG>o</STRONG> parameter values outside the 0 to 255 range. <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>
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returns a null pointer.
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The strings returned by <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> in this implementation are
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determined at compile time, showing C1 controls from the
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upper-128 codes with a "~" prefix rather than "^". Other
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implementations have different conventions. For example,
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they may show both sets of control characters with "^",
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and strip the parameter to 7 bits. Or they may ignore C1
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controls and treat all of the upper-128 codes as print-
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able. This implementation uses 8 bits but does not modify
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the string to reflect locale. The <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> func-
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tion allows the caller to change the output of <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>.
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Likewise, the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">meta(3x)</A></STRONG> function allows the caller to
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change the output of <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>, i.e., it determines whether
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to use the "M-" prefix for "meta" keys (codes in the range
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128 to 255). Both <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> and <STRONG>meta</STRONG> succeed only
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after curses is initialized. X/Open Curses does not docu-
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ment the treatment of codes 128 to 159. When treating
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them as "meta" keys (or if <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> is called before ini-
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tializing curses), this implementation returns strings
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"M-^@", "M-^A", etc.
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</PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_env_use_tioctl">use_env/use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
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If <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> is configured to provide the sp-functions ex-
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tension, the state of <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> may be updat-
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ed before creating each <EM>screen</EM> rather than once only
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(<STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>). This feature of <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> is not pro-
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vided by other implementation of curses.
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</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
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<STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>curs_in-</STRONG>
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<STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">opts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>,
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<STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>.
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<STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
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</PRE>
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<div class="nav">
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-use_env">use_env</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h3-filter">filter</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-keyname">keyname</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h3-use_env_use_tioctl">use_env/use_tioctl</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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