libtool/doc/libtool.texi

\input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename libtool.info
@settitle Libtool
@c For double-sided printing, uncomment:
@c @setchapternewpage odd
@c %**end of header

@include version.texi
@set BUGADDR the libtool bug reporting address @email{bug-libtool@@gnu.org}
@set MAILLIST the libtool mailing list @email{libtool@@gnu.org}
@set objdir .libs

@dircategory GNU programming tools
@direntry
* Libtool: (libtool).           Generic shared library support script.
@end direntry

@dircategory Individual utilities
@direntry
* libtoolize: (libtool)Invoking libtoolize.     Adding libtool support.
@end direntry

@ifinfo
This file documents GNU Libtool @value{VERSION}

Copyright (C) 1996-2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice
identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph


@end ignore
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the Foundation.
@end ifinfo


@titlepage
@title GNU Libtool
@subtitle For version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}
@author Gordon Matzigkeit
@author Alexandre Oliva
@author Thomas Tanner
@author Gary V. Vaughan

@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1996-2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the Free Software Foundation.
@end titlepage

@c Put everything in one index (arbitrarily chosen to be the concept index).
@syncodeindex vr cp
@syncodeindex fn cp
@syncodeindex tp cp
@synindex pg cp

@ifinfo
@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@top Shared library support for GNU

This file documents GNU Libtool, a script that allows package developers
to provide generic shared library support.  This edition documents
version @value{VERSION}.

@xref{Reporting bugs}, for information on how to report problems with
libtool.

@menu
* Introduction::                What the heck is libtool?
* Libtool paradigm::            How libtool's view of libraries is different.
* Using libtool::               Example of using libtool to build libraries.
* Invoking libtool::            Running the @code{libtool} script.
* Integrating libtool::         Using libtool in your own packages.
* Versioning::                  Using library interface versions.
* Library tips::                Tips for library interface design.
* Inter-library dependencies::  Libraries that depend on other libraries.
* Dlopened modules::            @code{dlopen}ing libtool-created libraries.
* Using libltdl::               Libtool's portable @code{dlopen} wrapper library.
* Other languages::             Using libtool without a C compiler.
* Troubleshooting::             When libtool doesn't work as advertised.
* Maintaining::                 Information used by the libtool maintainer.
* Index::                       Full index.

@detailmenu --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Introduction

* Motivation::                  Why does GNU need a libtool?
* Issues::                      The problems that need to be addressed.
* Other implementations::       How other people have solved these issues.
* Postmortem::                  Learning from past difficulties.

Using libtool

* Creating object files::       Compiling object files for libraries.
* Linking libraries::           Creating libraries from object files.
* Linking executables::         Linking object files against libtool libraries.
* Debugging executables::       Running GDB on libtool-generated programs.
* Installing libraries::        Making libraries available to users.
* Installing executables::      Making programs available to users.
* Static libraries::            When shared libraries are not wanted.

Invoking @code{libtool}

* Compile mode::                Creating library object files.
* Link mode::                   Generating executables and libraries.
* Execute mode::                Debugging libtool-generated programs.
* Install mode::                Making libraries and executables public.
* Finish mode::                 Completing a library installation.
* Uninstall mode::              Removing installed executables and libraries.
* Clean mode::                  Removing uninstalled executables and libraries.

Integrating libtool with your package

* Makefile rules::              Writing @file{Makefile} rules for libtool.
* Using Automake::              Automatically supporting libtool.
* Configuring::                 Configuring libtool for a host system.
* Distributing::                What files to distribute with your package.
* Static-only libraries::       Sometimes shared libraries are just a pain.

Configuring libtool

* Invoking ltconfig::           @code{ltconfig} command line options.
* ltconfig example::            Manually configuring a @code{libtool}.
* AM_PROG_LIBTOOL::             Configuring @code{libtool} in @file{configure.in}.

Including libtool in your package

* Invoking libtoolize::         @code{libtoolize} command line options.
* Autoconf .o macros::          Autoconf macros that set object file names.

Library interface versions

* Interfaces::                  What are library interfaces?
* Libtool versioning::          Libtool's versioning system.
* Updating version info::       Changing version information before releases.
* Release numbers::             Breaking binary compatibility for aesthetics.

Tips for interface design

* C header files::              How to write portable include files.

Dlopened modules

* Building modules::            Creating dlopenable objects and libraries.
* Dlpreopening::                Dlopening that works on static platforms.
* Finding the dlname::          Choosing the right file to @code{dlopen}.
* Dlopen issues::               Unresolved problems that need your attention.

Using libltdl

* Libltdl interface::           How to use libltdl in your programs.
* Modules for libltdl::         Creating modules that can be @code{dlopen}ed.
* Distributing libltdl::        How to distribute libltdl with your package.

Using libtool with other languages

* C++ libraries::

Troubleshooting

* Libtool test suite::          Libtool's self-tests.
* Reporting bugs::              How to report problems with libtool.

The libtool test suite

* Test descriptions::           The contents of the test suite.
* When tests fail::             What to do when a test fails.

Maintenance notes for libtool

* New ports::                   How to port libtool to new systems.
* Tested platforms::            When libtool was last tested.
* Platform quirks::             Information about different library systems.
* libtool script contents::     Configuration information that libtool uses.
* Cheap tricks::                Making libtool maintainership easier.

Porting libtool to new systems

* Information sources::         Where to find relevant documentation
* Porting inter-library dependencies::  Implementation details explained

Platform quirks

* References::                  Finding more information.
* Compilers::                   Creating object files from source files.
* Reloadable objects::          Binding object files together.
* Archivers::                   Programs that create static archives.

@end detailmenu
@end menu

@end ifinfo

@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction

In the past, if a source code package developer wanted to take advantage
of the power of shared libraries, he needed to write custom support code
for each platform on which his package ran.  He also had to design a
configuration interface so that the package installer could choose what sort of
libraries were built.

GNU Libtool simplifies the developer's job by encapsulating both the
platform-specific dependencies, and the user interface, in a single
script.  GNU Libtool is designed so that the complete functionality of
each host type is available via a generic interface, but nasty quirks
are hidden from the programmer.

GNU Libtool's consistent interface is reassuring@dots{} users don't need
to read obscure documentation in order to have their favorite source
package build shared libraries.  They just run your package
@code{configure} script (or equivalent), and libtool does all the dirty
work.

There are several examples throughout this document.  All assume the
same environment: we want to build a library, @file{libhello}, in a
generic way.

@file{libhello} could be a shared library, a static library, or
both@dots{} whatever is available on the host system, as long as libtool
has been ported to it.

This chapter explains the original design philosophy of libtool.  Feel
free to skip to the next chapter, unless you are interested in history,
or want to write code to extend libtool in a consistent way.

@menu
* Motivation::                  Why does GNU need a libtool?
* Issues::                      The problems that need to be addressed.
* Other implementations::       How other people have solved these issues.
* Postmortem::                  Learning from past difficulties.
@end menu

@node Motivation
@section Motivation for writing libtool

@cindex motivation for writing libtool
@cindex design philosophy
Since early 1995, several different GNU developers have recognized the
importance of having shared library support for their packages.  The
primary motivation for such a change is to encourage modularity and
reuse of code (both conceptually and physically) in GNU programs.

Such a demand means that the way libraries are built in GNU packages
needs to be general, to allow for any library type the package installer
might want.  The problem is compounded by the absence of a standard
procedure for creating shared libraries on different platforms.

The following sections outline the major issues facing shared library
support in GNU, and how shared library support could be standardized
with libtool.

@cindex specifications for libtool
@cindex libtool specifications
The following specifications were used in developing and evaluating this
system:

@enumerate
@item
The system must be as elegant as possible.

@item
The system must be fully integrated with the GNU Autoconf and Automake
utilities, so that it will be easy for GNU maintainers to use.  However,
the system must not require these tools, so that it can be used by
non-GNU packages.

@item
Portability to other (non-GNU) architectures and tools is desirable.
@end enumerate

@node Issues
@section Implementation issues

@cindex tricky design issues
@cindex design issues
The following issues need to be addressed in any reusable shared library
system, specifically libtool:

@enumerate
@item
The package installer should be able to control what sort of libraries
are built.

@item
It can be tricky to run dynamically linked programs whose libraries have
not yet been installed.  @code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH} must be set properly (if
it is supported), or programs fail to run.

@item
The system must operate consistently even on hosts which don't support
shared libraries.

@item
The commands required to build shared libraries may differ wildly from
host to host.  These need to be determined at configure time in
a consistent way.

@item
It is not always obvious with which suffix a shared library should be
installed.  This makes it difficult for @file{Makefile} rules, since they
generally assume that file names are the same from host to host.

@item
The system needs a simple library version number abstraction, so that
shared libraries can be upgraded in place.  The programmer should be
informed how to design the interfaces to the library to maximize binary
compatibility.

@item
The install @file{Makefile} target should warn the package installer to set
the proper environment variables (@code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH} or equivalent),
or run @code{ldconfig}.
@end enumerate

@node Other implementations
@section Other implementations

Even before libtool was developed, many free software packages built and
installed their own shared libraries.  At first, these packages were
examined to avoid reinventing existing features.

Now it is clear that none of these packages have documented the details
of shared library systems that libtool requires.  So, other packages
have been more or less abandoned as influences.

@node Postmortem
@section A postmortem analysis of other implementations

@cindex other implementations, flaws in
@cindex reusability of library systems
In all fairness, each of the implementations that were examined do the
job that they were intended to do, for a number of different host
systems.  However, none of these solutions seem to function well as a
generalized, reusable component.

@cindex complexity of library systems
Most were too complex to use (much less modify) without understanding
exactly what the implementation does, and they were generally not
documented.

The main difficulty is that different vendors have different views of
what libraries are, and none of the packages which were examined seemed
to be confident enough to settle on a single paradigm that just
@emph{works}.

Ideally, libtool would be a standard that would be implemented as series
of extensions and modifications to existing library systems to make them
work consistently.  However, it is not an easy task to convince
operating system developers to mend their evil ways, and people want to
build shared libraries right now, even on buggy, broken, confused
operating systems.

For this reason, libtool was designed as an independent shell script.
It isolates the problems and inconsistencies in library building that
plague @file{Makefile} writers by wrapping the compiler suite on
different platforms with a consistent, powerful interface.

With luck, libtool will be useful to and used by the GNU community, and
that the lessons that were learned in writing it will be taken up by
designers of future library systems.

@node Libtool paradigm
@chapter The libtool paradigm

At first, libtool was designed to support an arbitrary number of library
object types.  After libtool was ported to more platforms, a new
paradigm gradually developed for describing the relationship between
libraries and programs.

@cindex definition of libraries
@cindex libraries, definition of
In summary, ``libraries are programs with multiple entry points, and
more formally defined interfaces.''

Version 0.7 of libtool was a complete redesign and rewrite of libtool to
reflect this new paradigm.  So far, it has proved to be successful:
libtool is simpler and more useful than before.

The best way to introduce the libtool paradigm is to contrast it with
the paradigm of existing library systems, with examples from each.  It
is a new way of thinking, so it may take a little time to absorb, but
when you understand it, the world becomes simpler.

@node Using libtool
@chapter Using libtool

@cindex examples of using libtool
@cindex libtool examples
It makes little sense to talk about using libtool in your own packages
until you have seen how it makes your life simpler.  The examples in
this chapter introduce the main features of libtool by comparing the
standard library building procedure to libtool's operation on two
different platforms:

@table @samp
@item a23
An Ultrix 4.2 platform with only static libraries.

@item burger
A NetBSD/i386 1.2 platform with shared libraries.
@end table

You can follow these examples on your own platform, using the
preconfigured libtool script that was installed with libtool
(@pxref{Configuring}).

Source files for the following examples are taken from the @file{demo}
subdirectory of the libtool distribution.  Assume that we are building a
library, @file{libhello}, out of the files @file{foo.c} and
@file{hello.c}.

Note that the @file{foo.c} source file uses the @code{cos} math library
function, which is usually found in the standalone math library, and not
the C library (@pxref{Trig Functions, , Trigonometric Functions, libc,
The GNU C Library Reference Manual}).  So, we need to add @kbd{-lm} to
the end of the link line whenever we link @file{foo.o} or @file{foo.lo}
into an executable or a library (@pxref{Inter-library dependencies}).

The same rule applies whenever you use functions that don't appear in
the standard C library@dots{} you need to add the appropriate
@kbd{-l@var{name}} flag to the end of the link line when you link
against those objects.

After we have built that library, we want to create a program by linking
@file{main.o} against @file{libhello}.

@menu
* Creating object files::       Compiling object files for libraries.
* Linking libraries::           Creating libraries from object files.
* Linking executables::         Linking object files against libtool libraries.
* Debugging executables::       Running GDB on libtool-generated programs.
* Installing libraries::        Making libraries available to users.
* Installing executables::      Making programs available to users.
* Static libraries::            When shared libraries are not wanted.
@end menu

@node Creating object files
@section Creating object files

@cindex compiling object files
@cindex object files, compiling
To create an object file from a source file, the compiler is invoked
with the `-c' flag (and any other desired flags):

@example
burger$ @kbd{gcc -g -O -c main.c}
burger$
@end example

The above compiler command produces an object file, @file{main.o}, from
the source file @file{main.c}.

For most library systems, creating object files that become part of a
static library is as simple as creating object files that are linked to
form an executable:

@example
burger$ @kbd{gcc -g -O -c foo.c}
burger$ @kbd{gcc -g -O -c hello.c}
burger$
@end example

@cindex position-independent code
@cindex PIC (position-independent code)
Shared libraries, however, may only be built from
@dfn{position-independent code} (PIC).  So, special flags must be passed
to the compiler to tell it to generate PIC rather than the standard
position-dependent code.

@cindex library object file
@cindex @samp{.lo} files
@cindex object files, library
Since this is a library implementation detail, libtool hides the
complexity of PIC compiler flags by using separate library object files
(which end in @samp{.lo} instead of @samp{.o}).  On systems without shared
libraries (or without special PIC compiler flags), these library object
files are identical to ``standard'' object files.

To create library object files for @file{foo.c} and @file{hello.c},
simply invoke libtool with the standard compilation command as
arguments (@pxref{Compile mode}):

@example
a23$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -c foo.c}
gcc -g -O -c foo.c
echo timestamp > foo.lo
a23$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -c hello.c}
gcc -g -O -c hello.c
echo timestamp > hello.lo
a23$
@end example

Note that libtool creates two files for each invocation.  The @samp{.lo}
file is a library object, which may be built into a shared library, and
the @samp{.o} file is a standard object file.  On @samp{a23}, the
library objects are just timestamps, because only static libraries are
supported.

On shared library systems, libtool automatically inserts the PIC
generation flags into the compilation command, so that the library
object and the standard object differ:

@example
burger$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -c foo.c}
gcc -g -O -c -fPIC -DPIC foo.c
mv -f foo.o foo.lo
gcc -g -O -c foo.c >/dev/null 2>&1
burger$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -c hello.c}
gcc -g -O -c -fPIC -DPIC hello.c
mv -f hello.o hello.lo
gcc -g -O -c hello.c >/dev/null 2>&1
burger$
@end example

Notice that the second run of GCC has its output discarded.  This is
done so that compiler warnings aren't annoyingly duplicated.

@node Linking libraries
@section Linking libraries

@pindex ar
Without libtool, the programmer would invoke the @code{ar} command to
create a static library:

@example
burger$ @kbd{ar cru libhello.a hello.o foo.o}
burger$
@end example

@pindex ranlib
But of course, that would be too simple, so many systems require that
you run the @code{ranlib} command on the resulting library (to give it
better karma, or something):

@example
burger$ @kbd{ranlib libhello.a}
burger$
@end example

It seems more natural to use the C compiler for this task, given
libtool's ``libraries are programs'' approach.  So, on platforms without
shared libraries, libtool simply acts as a wrapper for the system
@code{ar} (and possibly @code{ranlib}) commands.

@cindex libtool libraries
@cindex @samp{.la} files
Again, the libtool library name differs from the standard name (it has a
@samp{.la} suffix instead of a @samp{.a} suffix).  The arguments to libtool are
the same ones you would use to produce an executable named
@file{libhello.la} with your compiler (@pxref{Link mode}):

@example
a23$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -o libhello.la foo.o hello.o}
libtool: cannot build libtool library `libhello.la' from non-libtool \
                objects
a23$
@end example

Aha!  Libtool caught a common error@dots{} trying to build a library
from standard objects instead of library objects.  This doesn't matter
for static libraries, but on shared library systems, it is of great
importance.

So, let's try again, this time with the library object files.  Remember
also that we need to add @kbd{-lm} to the link command line because
@file{foo.c} uses the @code{cos} math library function (@pxref{Using
libtool}).

Another complication in building shared libraries is that we need to
specify the path to the directory in which they (eventually) will be
installed (in this case, @file{/usr/local/lib})@footnote{If you don't
specify an @code{rpath}, then libtool builds a libtool convenience
archive, not a shared library (@pxref{Static libraries}).}:

@example
a23$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -o libhello.la foo.lo hello.lo \
                -rpath /usr/local/lib -lm}
mkdir @value{objdir}
ar cru @value{objdir}/libhello.a foo.o hello.o
ranlib @value{objdir}/libhello.a
creating libhello.la
a23$
@end example

Now, let's try the same trick on the shared library platform:

@example
burger$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -o libhello.la foo.lo hello.lo \
                -rpath /usr/local/lib -lm}
mkdir @value{objdir}
ld -Bshareable -o @value{objdir}/libhello.so.0.0 foo.lo hello.lo -lm
ar cru @value{objdir}/libhello.a foo.o hello.o
ranlib @value{objdir}/libhello.a
creating libhello.la
burger$
@end example

Now that's significantly cooler@dots{} libtool just ran an obscure
@code{ld} command to create a shared library, as well as the static
library.

@cindex @file{@value{objdir}} subdirectory
Note how libtool creates extra files in the @file{@value{objdir}}
subdirectory, rather than the current directory.  This feature is to
make it easier to clean up the build directory, and to help ensure that
other programs fail horribly if you accidentally forget to use libtool
when you should.

@node Linking executables
@section Linking executables

@cindex linking against installed libraries
If you choose at this point to @dfn{install} the library (put it in a
permanent location) before linking executables against it, then you
don't need to use libtool to do the linking.  Simply use the appropriate
@samp{-L} and @samp{-l} flags to specify the library's location.

@cindex buggy system linkers
Some system linkers insist on encoding the full directory name of each
shared library in the resulting executable.  Libtool has to work around
this misfeature by special magic to ensure that only permanent directory
names are put into installed executables.

@cindex security problems with buggy linkers
@cindex bugs, subtle ones caused by buggy linkers
The importance of this bug must not be overlooked: it won't cause
programs to crash in obvious ways.  It creates a security hole,
and possibly even worse, if you are modifying the library source code
after you have installed the package, you will change the behaviour of
the installed programs!

So, if you want to link programs against the library before you install
it, you must use libtool to do the linking.

@cindex linking against uninstalled libraries
Here's the old way of linking against an uninstalled library:

@example
burger$ @kbd{gcc -g -O -o hell.old main.o libhello.a -lm}
burger$
@end example

Libtool's way is almost the same@footnote{However, you should avoid using
@samp{-L} or @samp{-l} flags to link against an uninstalled libtool
library.  Just specify the relative path to the @samp{.la} file, such as
@file{../intl/libintl.la}.  This is a design decision to eliminate any
ambiguity when linking against uninstalled shared libraries.}
(@pxref{Link mode}):

@example
a23$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -o hell main.o libhello.la -lm}
gcc -g -O -o hell main.o ./@value{objdir}/libhello.a -lm
a23$
@end example

That looks too simple to be true.  All libtool did was transform
@file{libhello.la} to @file{./@value{objdir}/libhello.a}, but remember
that @samp{a23} has no shared libraries.

On @samp{burger} the situation is different:

@example
burger$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -o hell main.o libhello.la -lm}
gcc -g -O -o @value{objdir}/hell main.o -L./@value{objdir} -R/usr/local/lib -lhello -lm
creating hell
burger$
@end example

@cindex linking with installed libtool libraries

Now assume @file{libhello.la} had already been installed, and you want
to link a new program with it.  You could figure out where it lives by
yourself, then run:

@example
burger$ @kbd{gcc -g -O -o test test.o -L/usr/local/lib -lhello}
@end example

However, unless @file{/usr/local/lib} is in the standard library search
path, you won't be able to run @code{test}.  However, if you use libtool
to link the already-installed libtool library, it will do The Right
Thing (TM) for you:

@example
burger$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -o test test.o /usr/local/lib/libhello.la}
gcc -g -O -o @value{objdir}/test test.o -Wl,--rpath
-Wl,/usr/local/lib /usr/local/lib/libhello.a -lm
creating test
burger$
@end example

Note that libtool added the necessary run-time path flag, as well as
@samp{-lm}, the library libhello.la depended upon.  Nice, huh?

Since libtool created a wrapper script, you should use libtool to
install it and debug it too.  However, since the program does not depend 
on any uninstalled libtool library, it is probably usable even without
the wrapper script.  Libtool could probably be made smarter to avoid the 
creation of the wrapper script in this case, but this is left as an
exercise for the reader.


@cindex wrapper scripts for programs
@cindex program wrapper scripts
Notice that the executable, @code{hell}, was actually created in the
@file{@value{objdir}} subdirectory.  Then, a wrapper script was created
in the current directory.

On NetBSD 1.2, libtool encodes the installation directory of
@file{libhello}, by using the @samp{-R/usr/local/lib} compiler flag.
Then, the wrapper script guarantees that the executable finds the
correct shared library (the one in @file{./@value{objdir}}) until it is
properly installed.

Let's compare the two different programs:

@example
burger$ @kbd{time ./hell.old}
Welcome to GNU Hell!
** This is not GNU Hello.  There is no built-in mail reader. **
        0.21 real         0.02 user         0.08 sys
burger$ @kbd{time ./hell}
Welcome to GNU Hell!
** This is not GNU Hello.  There is no built-in mail reader. **
        0.63 real         0.09 user         0.59 sys
burger$
@end example

The wrapper script takes significantly longer to execute, but at least
the results are correct, even though the shared library hasn't been
installed yet.

So, what about all the space savings that shared libraries are supposed
to yield?

@example
burger$ @kbd{ls -l hell.old libhello.a}
-rwxr-xr-x  1 gord  gord  15481 Nov 14 12:11 hell.old
-rw-r--r--  1 gord  gord   4274 Nov 13 18:02 libhello.a
burger$ @kbd{ls -l @value{objdir}/hell @value{objdir}/libhello.*}
-rwxr-xr-x  1 gord  gord  11647 Nov 14 12:10 @value{objdir}/hell
-rw-r--r--  1 gord  gord   4274 Nov 13 18:44 @value{objdir}/libhello.a
-rwxr-xr-x  1 gord  gord  12205 Nov 13 18:44 @value{objdir}/libhello.so.0.0
burger$
@end example

Well, that sucks.  Maybe I should just scrap this project and take up
basket weaving.

Actually, it just proves an important point: shared libraries incur
overhead because of their (relative) complexity.  In this situation, the
price of being dynamic is eight kilobytes, and the payoff is about four
kilobytes.  So, having a shared @file{libhello} won't be an advantage
until we link it against at least a few more programs.

@node Debugging executables
@section Debugging executables

If @file{hell} was a complicated program, you would certainly want to
test and debug it before installing it on your system.  In the above
section, you saw how the libtool wrapper script makes it possible to run
the program directly, but unfortunately, this mechanism interferes with
the debugger:

@example
burger$ @kbd{gdb hell}
GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it
 under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details.
GDB 4.16 (i386-unknown-netbsd), (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

"hell": not in executable format: File format not recognized

(gdb) @kbd{quit}
burger$
@end example

Sad.  It doesn't work because GDB doesn't know where the executable
lives.  So, let's try again, by invoking GDB directly on the executable:

@example
burger$ @kbd{gdb @value{objdir}/hell}
trick:/home/src/libtool/demo$ gdb .libs/hell
GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it
 under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details.
GDB 4.16 (i386-unknown-netbsd), (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
(gdb) @kbd{break main}
Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048547: file main.c, line 29.
(gdb) @kbd{run}
Starting program: /home/src/libtool/demo/.libs/hell
/home/src/libtool/demo/.libs/hell: can't load library 'libhello.so.2'

Program exited with code 020.
(gdb) @kbd{quit}
burger$
@end example

Argh.  Now GDB complains because it cannot find the shared library that
@file{hell} is linked against.  So, we must use libtool in order to
properly set the library path and run the debugger.  Fortunately, we can
forget all about the @file{@value{objdir}} directory, and just run it on
the executable wrapper (@pxref{Execute mode}):

@example
burger$ @kbd{libtool gdb hell}
GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it
 under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details.
GDB 4.16 (i386-unknown-netbsd), (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
(gdb) @kbd{break main}
Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048547: file main.c, line 29.
(gdb) @kbd{run}
Starting program: /home/src/libtool/demo/.libs/hell

Breakpoint 1, main (argc=1, argv=0xbffffc40) at main.c:29
29	  printf ("Welcome to GNU Hell!\n");
(gdb) @kbd{quit}
The program is running.  Quit anyway (and kill it)? (y or n) @kbd{y}
burger$
@end example

@node Installing libraries
@section Installing libraries

@pindex strip
Installing libraries on a non-libtool system is quite
straightforward@dots{} just copy them into place:@footnote{Don't
accidentally strip the libraries, though, or they will be unusable.}

@pindex su
@example
burger$ @kbd{su}
Password: @kbd{********}
burger# @kbd{cp libhello.a /usr/local/lib/libhello.a}
burger#
@end example

Oops, don't forget the @code{ranlib} command:

@example
burger# @kbd{ranlib /usr/local/lib/libhello.a}
burger#
@end example

@pindex install
Libtool installation is quite simple, as well.  Just use the
@code{install} or @code{cp} command that you normally would
(@pxref{Install mode}):

@example
a23# @kbd{libtool cp libhello.la /usr/local/lib/libhello.la}
cp libhello.la /usr/local/lib/libhello.la
cp @value{objdir}/libhello.a /usr/local/lib/libhello.a
ranlib /usr/local/lib/libhello.a
a23#
@end example

Note that the libtool library @file{libhello.la} is also installed, to
help libtool with uninstallation (@pxref{Uninstall mode}) and linking
(@pxref{Linking executables}) and to help programs with dlopening
(@pxref{Dlopened modules}).

Here is the shared library example:

@example
burger# @kbd{libtool install -c libhello.la /usr/local/lib/libhello.la}
install -c @value{objdir}/libhello.so.0.0 /usr/local/lib/libhello.so.0.0
install -c libhello.la /usr/local/lib/libhello.la
install -c @value{objdir}/libhello.a /usr/local/lib/libhello.a
ranlib /usr/local/lib/libhello.a
burger#
@end example

@cindex stripping libraries
@cindex libraries, stripping
It is safe to specify the @samp{-s} (strip symbols) flag if you use a
BSD-compatible install program when installing libraries.
Libtool will either ignore the @samp{-s} flag, or will run a program
that will strip only debugging and compiler symbols from the library.

Once the libraries have been put in place, there may be some additional
configuration that you need to do before using them.  First, you must
make sure that where the library is installed actually agrees with the
@samp{-rpath} flag you used to build it.

@cindex postinstallation
@cindex installation, finishing
@cindex libraries, finishing installation
Then, running @samp{libtool -n --finish @var{libdir}} can give you
further hints on what to do (@pxref{Finish mode}):

@example
burger# @kbd{libtool -n --finish /usr/local/lib}
PATH="$PATH:/sbin" ldconfig -m /usr/local/lib
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Libraries have been installed in:
   /usr/local/lib

To link against installed libraries in a given directory, LIBDIR,
you must use the `-LLIBDIR' flag during linking.

 You will also need to do one of the following:
   - add LIBDIR to the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable
     during execution
   - add LIBDIR to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable
     during linking
   - use the `-RLIBDIR' linker flag

See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for
more information, such as the ld and ld.so manual pages.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
burger#
@end example

After you have completed these steps, you can go on to begin using the
installed libraries.  You may also install any executables that depend
on libraries you created.

@node Installing executables
@section Installing executables

If you used libtool to link any executables against uninstalled libtool
libraries (@pxref{Linking executables}), you need to use libtool to
install the executables after the libraries have been installed
(@pxref{Installing libraries}).

So, for our Ultrix example, we would run:

@example
a23# libtool install -c hell /usr/local/bin/hell
install -c hell /usr/local/bin/hell
a23#
@end example

On shared library systems, libtool just ignores the wrapper script and
installs the correct binary:

@example
burger# libtool install -c hell /usr/local/bin/hell
install -c @value{objdir}/hell /usr/local/bin/hell
burger#
@end example

@node Static libraries
@section Linking static libraries

@cindex static linking
@cindex convenience libraries
Why return to @code{ar} and @code{ranlib} silliness when you've had a
taste of libtool?  Well, sometimes it is desirable to create a static
archive that can never be shared.  The most frequent case is when you
have a set of object files that you use to build several different
programs.  You can create a ``convenience library'' out of those
objects, and link programs with the library, instead of listing all
object files for every program.  This technique is often used to
overcome GNU automake's lack of support for linking object files built
from sources in other directories, because it supports linking with
libraries from other directories.  This limitation applies to GNU
automake up to release 1.4; newer releases should support sources in
other directories.

If you just want to link this convenience library into programs, then
you could just ignore libtool entirely, and use the old @code{ar} and
@code{ranlib} commands (or the corresponding GNU automake
@samp{_LIBRARIES} rules).  You can even install a convenience library
(but you probably don't want to) using libtool:

@example
burger$ @kbd{libtool ./install-sh -c libhello.a /local/lib/libhello.a}
./install-sh -c libhello.a /local/lib/libhello.a
ranlib /local/lib/libhello.a
burger$
@end example

Using libtool for static library installation protects your library from
being accidentally stripped (if the installer used the @samp{-s} flag),
as well as automatically running the correct @code{ranlib} command.

But libtool libraries are more than just collections of object files:
they can also carry library dependency information, which old archives
do not.  If you want to create a libtool static convenience library, you 
can omit the @samp{-rpath} flag and use @samp{-static} to indicate that
you're only interested in a static library.  When you link a program
with such a library, libtool will actually link all object files and
dependency libraries into the program.

If you omit both @samp{-rpath} and @samp{-static}, libtool create a
libtool convenience library that can be used to create other libtool
libraries, even shared ones.  Just like in the static case, the library
behaves as an alias to a set of object files and dependency libraries,
but in this case the object files are suitable for inclusion in shared
libraries.  But be careful not to link a single convenience library,
directly or indirectly, into a single program or library, otherwise you
may get errors about symbol redefinitions.

When GNU automake is used, you should use @code{noinst_LTLIBRARIES}
instead of @code{lib_LTLIBRARIES} for convenience libraries, so that
the @samp{-rpath} option is not passed when they are linked.

As a rule of thumb, link a libtool convenience library into at most one
libtool library, and never into a program, and link libtool static
convenience libraries only into programs, and only if you need to carry
library dependency information to the user of the static convenience
library.

@cindex standalone binaries
Another common situation where static linking is desirable is in
creating a standalone binary.  Use libtool to do the linking and add the
@samp{-all-static} flag.

@node Invoking libtool
@chapter Invoking @code{libtool}
@pindex libtool
@cindex libtool command options
@cindex options, libtool command
@cindex command options, libtool

The @code{libtool} program has the following synopsis:

@example
libtool [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{mode-arg}]@dots{}
@end example

@noindent
and accepts the following options:

@table @samp
@item --config
Display libtool configuration variables and exit.

@item --debug
Dump a trace of shell script execution to standard output.  This
produces a lot of output, so you may wish to pipe it to @code{less} (or
@code{more}) or redirect to a file.

@item -n
@itemx --dry-run
Don't create, modify, or delete any files, just show what commands would
be executed by libtool.

@item --features
Display basic configuration options.  This provides a way for packages
to determine whether shared or static libraries will be built.

@item --finish
Same as @samp{--mode=finish}.

@item --help
Display a help message and exit.  If @samp{--mode=@var{mode}} is
specified, then detailed help for @var{mode} is
displayed.

@item --mode=@var{mode}
Use @var{mode} as the operation mode.  By default, the operation mode is
inferred from the @var{mode-args}.

If @var{mode} is specified, it must be one of the following:

@table @samp
@item compile
Compile a source file into a libtool object.

@item execute
Automatically set the library path so that another program can use
uninstalled libtool-generated programs or libraries.

@item finish
Complete the installation of libtool libraries on the system.

@item install
Install libraries or executables.

@item link
Create a library or an executable.

@item uninstall
Delete installed libraries or executables.

@item clean
Delete uninstalled libraries or executables.
@end table

@item --version
Print libtool version information and exit.
@end table

The @var{mode-args} are a variable number of arguments, depending on the
selected operation mode.  In general, each @var{mode-arg} is interpreted
by programs libtool invokes, rather than libtool itself.

@menu
* Compile mode::                Creating library object files.
* Link mode::                   Generating executables and libraries.
* Execute mode::                Debugging libtool-generated programs.
* Install mode::                Making libraries and executables public.
* Finish mode::                 Completing a library installation.
* Uninstall mode::              Removing installed executables and libraries.
* Clean mode::                  Removing uninstalled executables and libraries.
@end menu

@node Compile mode
@section Compile mode
@cindex mode, compile
@cindex compile mode

For @dfn{compile} mode, @var{mode-args} is a compiler command to be used
in creating a `standard' object file.  These arguments should begin with
the name of the C compiler, and contain the @samp{-c} compiler flag so
that only an object file is created.

Libtool determines the name of the output file by removing the directory
component from the source file name, then substituting the source code
suffix (e.g. @samp{.c} for C source code) with the library object suffix,
@samp{.lo}.

If shared libraries are being built, any necessary PIC generation flags
are substituted into the compilation command.
You can pass compiler and linker specific flags using @samp{-Wc,@var{flag}}
and @samp{-Xcompiler @var{flag}} or @samp{-Wl,@var{flag}} and
@samp{-Xlinker @var{flag}}, respectively.

If the @samp{-static} option is given, then a @samp{.o} file is built,
even if libtool was configured with @samp{--disable-static}.

Note that the @samp{-o} option is now fully supported.  It is emulated
on the platforms that don't support it (by locking and moving the
objects), so it is really easy to use libtool, just with minor
modifications to your Makefiles. Typing for example
@example
libtool gcc -c foo/x.c -o foo/x.lo
@end example
will do what you expect.

Note, however, that, if the compiler does not support @samp{-c} and
@samp{-o}, it is impossible to compile @file{foo/x.c} without
overwriting an existing @file{./x.o}.  Therefore, if you do have a
source file @file{./x.c}, make sure you introduce dependencies in your
@file{Makefile} to make sure @file{./x.o} (or @file{./x.lo}) is
re-created after any sub-directory's @file{x.lo}:
@example
x.o x.lo: foo/x.lo bar/x.lo
@end example
This will also ensure that make won't try to use a temporarily corrupted
@file{x.o} to create a program or library.  It may cause needless
recompilation on platforms that support @samp{-c} and @samp{-o}
together, but it's the only way to make it safe for those that don't.

@node Link mode
@section Link mode
@cindex link mode
@cindex mode, link

@dfn{Link} mode links together object files (including library
objects) to form another library or to create an executable program.

@var{mode-args} consist of a command using the C compiler to create an
output file (with the @samp{-o} flag) from several object files.

The following components of @var{mode-args} are treated specially:

@table @samp
@cindex undefined symbols, allowing
@cindex unresolved symbols, allowing
@item -all-static
If @var{output-file} is a program, then do not link it against any
shared libraries at all.  If @var{output-file} is a library, then only
create a static library.

@item -avoid-version
Tries to avoid versioning (@pxref{Versioning}) for libraries and modules,
i.e. no version information is stored and no symbolic links are created.
If the platform requires versioning, this option has no effect.

@item -dlopen @var{file}
Same as @samp{-dlpreopen @var{file}}, if native dlopening is not
supported on the host platform (@pxref{Dlopened modules}) or if
the program is linked with @samp{-static} or @samp{-all-static}.
Otherwise, no effect.  If @var{file} is @code{self} libtool will make
sure that the program can @code{dlopen} itself, either by enabling
@code{-export-dynamic} or by falling back to @samp{-dlpreopen self}.

@item -dlpreopen @var{file}
Link @var{file} into the output program, and add its symbols to
@var{lt_preloaded_symbols} (@pxref{Dlpreopening}).  If @var{file} is
@code{self}, the symbols of the program itself will be added to
@var{lt_preloaded_symbols}.
If @var{file} is @code{force} libtool will make sure that
@var{lt_preloaded_symbols} is always @emph{defined}, regardless of whether
it's empty or not.

@item -export-dynamic
Allow symbols from @var{output-file} to be resolved with @code{dlsym}
(@pxref{Dlopened modules}).

@item -export-symbols @var{symfile}
Tells the linker to export only the symbols listed in @var{symfile}. 
The symbol file should end in @samp{.sym} and must contain the name of one 
symbol per line. This option has no effect on some platforms.
By default all symbols are exported.

@item -export-symbols-regex @var{regex}
Same as @samp{-export-symbols}, except that only symbols matching
the regular expression @var{regex} are exported.
By default all symbols are exported.

@item -L@var{libdir}
Search @var{libdir} for required libraries that have already been
installed.

@item -l@var{name}
@var{output-file} requires the installed library @file{lib@var{name}}.
This option is required even when @var{output-file} is not an
executable.

@item -module
Creates a library that can be dlopened (@pxref{Dlopened modules}). 
This option doesn't work for programs.
Module names don't need to be prefixed with 'lib'.
In order to prevent name clashes, however, 'libname' and 'name' 
must not be used at the same time in your package.

@item -no-fast-install
Disable fast-install mode for the executable @var{output-file}
(@pxref{Invoking ltconfig}).  Useful if the program won't be necessarly
installed.

@item -no-install
Link an executable @var{output-file} (@pxref{Invoking ltconfig}) that
can't be installed and therefore doesn't need a wrapper script.
Useful if the program is only used in the build tree, e.g.,
for testing or generating other files.

@item -no-undefined
Declare that @var{output-file} does not depend on any other libraries.
Some platforms cannot create shared libraries that depend on other
libraries (@pxref{Inter-library dependencies}).

@item -o @var{output-file}
Create @var{output-file} from the specified objects and libraries.

@item -release @var{release}
Specify that the library was generated by release @var{release} of your
package, so that users can easily tell which versions are newer than
others.  Be warned that no two releases of your package will be binary
compatible if you use this flag.  If you want binary compatibility, use
the @samp{-version-info} flag instead (@pxref{Versioning}).

@item -rpath @var{libdir}
If @var{output-file} is a library, it will eventually be installed in
@var{libdir}.  If @var{output-file} is a program, add @var{libdir} to
the run-time path of the program.

@item -R @var{libdir}
If @var{output-file} is a program, add @var{libdir} to its run-time
path.  If @var{output-file} is a library, add -R@var{libdir} to its
@var{dependency_libs}, so that, whenever the library is linked into a
program, @var{libdir} will be added to its run-time path.

@item -static
If @var{output-file} is a program, then do not link it against any
uninstalled shared libtool libraries.  If @var{output-file} is a
library, then only create a static library.

@item -version-info @var{current}[:@var{revision}[:@var{age}]]
If @var{output-file} is a libtool library, use interface version
information @var{current}, @var{revision}, and @var{age} to build it
(@pxref{Versioning}).  Do @strong{not} use this flag to specify package
release information, rather see the @samp{-release} flag.

@item -Wl,@var{flag}
@itemx -Xlinker @var{flag}
Pass a linker specific flag directly to the linker.
@end table

If the @var{output-file} ends in @samp{.la}, then a libtool library is
created, which must be built only from library objects (@samp{.lo} files).
The @samp{-rpath} option is required.  In the current implementation,
libtool libraries may not depend on other uninstalled libtool libraries
(@pxref{Inter-library dependencies}).

If the @var{output-file} ends in @samp{.a}, then a standard library is
created using @code{ar} and possibly @code{ranlib}.

@cindex partial linking
@cindex linking, partial
If @var{output-file} ends in @samp{.o} or @samp{.lo}, then a reloadable object
file is created from the input files (generally using @samp{ld -r}).
This method is often called @dfn{partial linking}.

Otherwise, an executable program is created.

@node Execute mode
@section Execute mode
@cindex execute mode
@cindex mode, execute

For @dfn{execute} mode, the library path is automatically set, then a
program is executed.

The first of the @var{mode-args} is treated as a program name, with the
rest as arguments to that program.

The following components of @var{mode-args} are treated specially:

@table @samp
@item -dlopen @var{file}
Add the directory containing @var{file} to the library path.
@end table

This mode sets the library path environment variable according to any
@samp{-dlopen} flags.

If any of the @var{args} are libtool executable wrappers, then they are
translated into the name of their corresponding uninstalled binary, and
any of their required library directories are added to the library path.

@node Install mode
@section Install mode
@cindex install mode
@cindex mode, install

In @dfn{install} mode, libtool interprets @var{mode-args} as an
installation command beginning with @code{cp}, or a BSD-compatible
@code{install} program.

The rest of the @var{mode-args} are interpreted as arguments to that
command.

The command is run, and any necessary unprivileged post-installation
commands are also completed.

@node Finish mode
@section Finish mode
@cindex finish mode
@cindex mode, finish

@dfn{Finish} mode helps system administrators install libtool libraries
so that they can be located and linked into user programs.

Each @var{mode-arg} is interpreted as the name of a library directory.
Running this command may require superuser privileges, so the
@samp{--dry-run} option may be useful.

@node Uninstall mode
@section Uninstall mode
@cindex uninstall mode
@cindex mode, uninstall

@dfn{Uninstall} mode deletes installed libraries, executables and objects.

The first @var{mode-arg} is the name of the program to use to delete
files (typically @file{/bin/rm}).

The remaining @var{mode-args} are either flags for the deletion program
(beginning with a `-'), or the names of files to delete.

@node Clean mode
@section Clean mode
@cindex clean mode
@cindex mode, clean

@dfn{Clean} mode deletes uninstalled libraries, executables, objects
and libtool's temporary files associated with them.

The first @var{mode-arg} is the name of the program to use to delete
files (typically @file{/bin/rm}).

The remaining @var{mode-args} are either flags for the deletion program
(beginning with a `-'), or the names of files to delete.

@node Integrating libtool
@chapter Integrating libtool with your package

This chapter describes how to integrate libtool with your packages so
that your users can install hassle-free shared libraries.

@menu
* Makefile rules::              Writing @file{Makefile} rules for libtool.
* Using Automake::              Automatically supporting libtool.
* Configuring::                 Configuring libtool for a host system.
* Distributing::                What files to distribute with your package.
* Static-only libraries::       Sometimes shared libraries are just a pain.
@end menu

@node Makefile rules
@section Writing @file{Makefile} rules for libtool
@cindex Makefile
@cindex Makefile.am
@cindex Makefile.in

Libtool is fully integrated with Automake (@pxref{Top,, Introduction,
automake, The Automake Manual}), starting with Automake version 1.2.

If you want to use libtool in a regular @file{Makefile} (or
@file{Makefile.in}), you are on your own.  If you're not using Automake
1.2, and you don't know how to incorporate libtool into your package you
need to do one of the following:

@enumerate 1
@item
Download Automake (version 1.2 or later) from your nearest GNU mirror,
install it, and start using it.

@item
Learn how to write @file{Makefile} rules by hand.  They're sometimes complex,
but if you're clever enough to write rules for compiling your old
libraries, then you should be able to figure out new rules for libtool
libraries (hint: examine the @file{Makefile.in} in the @file{demo}
subdirectory of the libtool distribution@dots{} note especially that it
was automatically generated from the @file{Makefile.am} by Automake).
@end enumerate

@node Using Automake
@section Using Automake with libtool

@vindex LTLIBRARIES
Libtool library support is implemented under the @samp{LTLIBRARIES}
primary.

Here are some samples from the Automake @file{Makefile.am} in the
libtool distribution's @file{demo} subdirectory.

First, to link a program against a libtool library, just use the
@samp{program_LDADD} variable:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = hell hell.debug

# Build hell from main.c and libhello.la
hell_SOURCES = main.c
hell_LDADD = libhello.la

# Create an easier-to-debug version of hell.
hell_debug_SOURCES = main.c
hell_debug_LDADD = libhello.la
hell_debug_LDFLAGS = -static
@end example

The flags @samp{-dlopen} or @samp{-dlpreopen} (@pxref{Link mode}) would
fit better in the @var{program_LDADD} variable.  Unfortunately, GNU
automake, up to release 1.4, doesn't accept these flags in a
@var{program_LDADD} variable, so you have the following alternatives:

@itemize @bullet
@item
add them to @var{program_LDFLAGS}, and list the libraries in
@var{program_DEPENDENCIES}, then wait for a release of GNU automake that
accepts these flags where they belong;

@item
surround the flags between quotes, but then you must set
@var{program_DEPENDENCIES} too:

@example
program_LDADD = "-dlopen" libfoo.la
program_DEPENDENCIES = libfoo.la
@end example

@item
set and @samp{AC_SUBST} variables @var{DLOPEN} and @var{DLPREOPEN} in
@file{configure.in} and use @samp{@@DLOPEN@@} and @samp{@@DLPREOPEN@@}
as replacements for the explicit flags @samp{-dlopen} and
@samp{-dlpreopen} in @samp{program_LDADD}.  Automake will discard
@samp{AC_SUBST}ed variables from dependencies, so it will behave exactly
as we expect it to behave when it accepts these flags in
@samp{program_LDADD}.  But hey!, this is ugly!
@end itemize

You may use the @samp{program_LDFLAGS} variable to stuff in any flags
you want to pass to libtool while linking @samp{program} (such as
@samp{-static} to avoid linking uninstalled shared libtool libraries).

Building a libtool library is almost as trivial@dots{} note the use of
@samp{libhello_la_LDFLAGS} to pass the @samp{-version-info}
(@pxref{Versioning}) option to libtool:

@example
# Build a libtool library, libhello.la for installation in libdir.
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libhello.la
libhello_la_SOURCES = hello.c foo.c
libhello_la_LDFLAGS = -version-info 3:12:1
@end example

The @samp{-rpath} option is passed automatically by Automake (except for
libraries listed as @code{noinst_LTLIBRARIES}), so you
should not specify it.

@xref{A Shared Library, Building a Shared Library, The Automake Manual,
automake, The Automake Manual}, for more information.

@node Configuring
@section Configuring libtool
@cindex configuring libtool

Libtool requires intimate knowledge of your compiler suite and operating
system in order to be able to create shared libraries and link against
them properly.  When you install the libtool distribution, a
system-specific libtool script is installed into your binary directory.

However, when you distribute libtool with your own packages
(@pxref{Distributing}), you do not always know which compiler suite and
operating system are used to compile your package.

For this reason, libtool must be @dfn{configured} before it can be
used.  This idea should be familiar to anybody who has used a GNU
@code{configure} script.  @code{configure} runs a number of tests for
system features, then generates the @file{Makefiles} (and possibly a
@file{config.h} header file), after which you can run @code{make} and
build the package.

Libtool has its own equivalent to the @code{configure} script,
@code{ltconfig}.

@menu
* Invoking ltconfig::           @code{ltconfig} command line options.
* ltconfig example::            Manually configuring a @code{libtool}.
* AM_PROG_LIBTOOL::             Configuring @code{libtool} in @file{configure.in}.
@end menu

@node Invoking ltconfig
@subsection Invoking @code{ltconfig}
@pindex ltconfig
@cindex ltconfig command options
@cindex options, ltconfig command
@cindex command options, ltconfig

@code{ltconfig} runs a series of configuration tests, then creates a
system-specific @code{libtool} in the current directory.  The
@code{ltconfig} program has the following synopsis:

@example
ltconfig [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{ltmain} [@var{host}]
@end example

@noindent
and accepts the following options:

@table @samp
@item --build=@var{build}
Set the build system to be different to the host system.  This creates a
libtool which prefers build tools which are prefixed by the host alias over
the standard tools.  For example, specifying @code{--build=i486-pc-linux-gnu}
on a host described by i486-pc-cygwin would create a libtool which used
@code{i486-pc-cygwin-ranlib} in preference to @code{ranlib} if present.  This
is useful for cross build environments.

@item --debug
Dump a trace of shell script execution to standard output.  This
produces a lot of output, so you may wish to pipe it to @code{less} (or
@code{more}) or redirect to a file.

@item --disable-shared
Create a @code{libtool} that only builds static libraries.

@item --disable-static
Create a @code{libtool} that builds only shared libraries if they are
available.  If only static libraries can be built, then this flag has
no effect.

@item --disable-fast-install
On platforms in which installable executables, that are created by
default, are not suitable for execution in the build directory, create a
@code{libtool} that links executables that search for uninstalled
libraries by default, and relinks them at install time.  It is ignored
on platforms in which a single executable is enough.

@item --enable-dlopen
Test whether some dlopening mechanism is supported.  If this flag is not
given, or no working dlopening mechanism is found, create a
@code{libtool} that performs dlpreopening of all dlopened modules.

@item --help
Display a help message and exit.

@item --no-verify
Do not use @code{config.sub} to verify that @var{host} is a valid
canonical host system name.

@item --output=@var{file}
@item -o @var{file}
Instead of creating a libtool script called @code{libtool}, create one
called @var{file}.  This can be useful if you want to create libtool
scripts for cross-compilers, or you want to have more than one libtool
in the same directory.

@item --quiet
@itemx --silent
Do not print informational messages when running configuration tests.

@item --srcdir=@var{dir}
Look for @code{config.guess} and @code{config.sub} in @var{dir}.

@item --version
Print @code{ltconfig} version information and exit.

@item --with-gcc
Assume that the GNU C compiler will be used when invoking the created
@code{libtool} to compile and link object files.

@item --with-gnu-ld
Assume that the C compiler uses the GNU linker.

@item --disable-lock
Create a @code{libtool} that does not perform locking to ensure proper
parallel compilation if the C compiler does not support @samp{-c} and
@samp{-o} together.

@item --cache-file=@var{file}
Use this @var{file} as a cache for results of a few tests.  This is
usually @file{config.cache} used by @code{configure}.  By default, no
cache file is used.
@end table

@var{ltmain} is the @code{ltmain.sh} shell script fragment that provides
the basic libtool functionality (@pxref{Distributing}).

@var{host} is the canonical host system name, which by default is
guessed by running @code{config.guess}.

@code{ltconfig} also recognizes the following environment variables:

@defvar CC
The C compiler that will be used by the generated @code{libtool}.  If
this is not set, @code{ltconfig} will look for @code{gcc} or @code{cc}.
@end defvar

@defvar CFLAGS
Compiler flags used to generate standard object files.  If this is not
set, @code{ltconfig} will not use any such flags.  It affects only the
way @code{ltconfig} runs tests, not the produced @code{libtool}.
@end defvar

@defvar CPPFLAGS
C preprocessor flags.  If this is not set, @code{ltconfig} will not use
any such flags.  It affects only the way @code{ltconfig} runs tests, not
the produced @code{libtool}.
@end defvar

@defvar LD
The system linker to use (if the generated @code{libtool} requires one).
If this is not set, @code{ltconfig} will try to find out what is the
linker used by @var{CC}.
@end defvar

@defvar LDFLAGS
The flags to be used by @code{ltconfig} when it links a program.  If
this is not set, @code{ltconfig} will not use any such flags.  It
affects only the way @code{ltconfig} runs tests, not the produced
@code{libtool}.
@end defvar

@defvar LIBS
The libraries to be used by @code{ltconfig} when it links a program.  If
this is not set, @code{ltconfig} will not use any such flags.  It
affects only the way @code{ltconfig} runs tests, not the produced
@code{libtool}.
@end defvar

@defvar NM
Program to use rather than checking for @code{nm}.
@end defvar

@defvar RANLIB
Program to use rather than checking for @code{ranlib}.
@end defvar

@defvar LN_S
A command that creates a link of a program, a soft-link if possible, a
hard-link otherwise.
@end defvar

@defvar DLLTOOL
Program to use rather than checking for @code{dlltool}.  Only meaningful 
for Cygwin/MS-Windows.
@end defvar

@defvar OBJDUMP
Program to use rather than checking for @code{objdump}.  Only meaningful 
for Cygwin/MS-Windows.
@end defvar

@defvar AS
Program to use rather than checking for @code{as}.  Only meaningful for
Cygwin/MS-Windows.
@end defvar

@node ltconfig example
@subsection Using @code{ltconfig}

Here is a simple example of using @code{ltconfig} to configure libtool
on a NetBSD/i386 1.2 system:

@example
burger$ @kbd{./ltconfig ltmain.sh}
checking host system type... i386-unknown-netbsd1.2
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether we are using GNU C... yes
checking for gcc option to produce PIC... -fPIC -DPIC
checking for gcc option to statically link programs... -static
checking if ld is GNU ld... no
checking if ld supports shared libraries... yes
checking dynamic linker characteristics... netbsd1.2 ld.so
checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build shared libraries... yes
creating libtool
burger$
@end example

This example shows how to configure @code{libtool} for cross-compiling
to a i486 GNU/Hurd 0.1 system (assuming compiler tools reside in
@file{/local/i486-gnu/bin}):

@example
burger$ export PATH=/local/i486-gnu/bin:$PATH
burger$ ./ltconfig ltmain.sh i486-gnu0.1
checking host system type... i486-unknown-gnu0.1
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether we are using GNU C... yes
checking for gcc option to produce PIC... -fPIC -DPIC
checking for gcc option to statically link programs... -static
checking if ld is GNU ld... yes
checking if GNU ld supports shared libraries... yes
checking dynamic linker characteristics... gnu0.1 ld.so
checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build shared libraries... yes
creating libtool
burger$
@end example

@node AM_PROG_LIBTOOL
@subsection The @code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} macro

If you are using GNU Autoconf (or Automake), you should add a call to
@code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} to your @file{configure.in} file.  This macro
offers seamless integration between the @code{configure} script and
@code{ltconfig}:

@defmac AM_PROG_LIBTOOL
Add support for the @samp{--enable-shared} and @samp{--disable-shared}
@code{configure} flags.  Invoke @code{ltconfig} with the correct
arguments to configure the package (@pxref{Invoking
ltconfig}).@footnote{@code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} requires that you define the
@file{Makefile} variable @code{top_builddir} in your @file{Makefile.in}.
Automake does this automatically, but Autoconf users should set it to
the relative path to the top of your build directory (@file{../..}, for
example).}

By default, this macro turns on shared libraries if they are available,
and also enables static libraries if they don't conflict with the shared
libraries.  You can modify these defaults by calling either the
@code{AC_DISABLE_SHARED} or @code{AC_DISABLE_STATIC} macros:

@example
# Turn off shared libraries during beta-testing, since they
# make the build process take too long.
AC_DISABLE_SHARED
AM_PROG_LIBTOOL
@end example

The user may specify modified forms of the configure flags
@samp{--enable-shared} and @samp{--enable-static} to choose whether
shared or static libraries are built based on the name of the package.
For example, to have shared @samp{bfd} and @samp{gdb} libraries built,
but not shared @samp{libg++}, you can run all three @code{configure}
scripts as follows:

@example
trick$ ./configure --enable-shared=bfd,gdb
@end example

In general, specifying @samp{--enable-shared=@var{pkgs}} is the same as
configuring with @samp{--enable-shared} every package named in the
comma-separated @var{pkgs} list, and every other package with
@samp{--disable-shared}.  The @samp{--enable-static=@var{pkgs}} flag
behaves similarly, but it uses @samp{--enable-static} and
@samp{--disable-static}. The same applies to the 
@samp{--enable-fast-install=@var{pkgs}} flag, which uses
@samp{--enable-fast-install} and @samp{--disable-fast-install}.

The package name @samp{default} matches any packages which have not set
their name in the @code{PACKAGE} environment variable.

This macro also sets the shell variable @var{LIBTOOL_DEPS}, that you can 
use to automatically update the libtool script if it becomes
out-of-date.  In order to do that, add to your @file{configure.in}:

@example
AM_PROG_LIBTOOL
AC_SUBST(LIBTOOL_DEPS)
@end example

and, to @file{Makefile.in} or @file{Makefile.am}:

@example
LIBTOOL_DEPS = @@LIBTOOL_DEPS@@
libtool: $(LIBTOOL_DEPS)
        $(SHELL) ./config.status --recheck
@end example

If you are using GNU automake, you can omit the assignment, as automake
will take care of it.  You'll obviously have to create some dependency
on @file{libtool}.

@end defmac

@defmac AC_LIBTOOL_DLOPEN
Enable checking for dlopen support. This macro should be used if
the package makes use of the @samp{-dlopen} and @samp{-dlpreopen} flags,
otherwise libtool will assume that the system does not support dlopening.
The macro must be called @strong{before} @code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LIBTOOL_WIN32_DLL
This macro should be used if the package has been ported to build clean
dlls on win32 platforms.  Usually this means that any library data items
are exported with @code{__declspec(dllexport)} and imported with
@code{__declspec(dllimport)}.  If this macro is not used, libtool will
assume that the package libraries are not dll clean and will build only
static libraries on win32 hosts.

@code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} must be called @strong{after} this macro, and
provision must be made to pass @samp{-no-undefined} to @code{libtool}
in link mode from the package @code{Makefile}.  Naturally, passing
@samp{-no-undefined} means that all the library symbols @strong{really are}
defined at link time!
@end defmac

@defmac AC_DISABLE_FAST_INSTALL
Change the default behaviour for @code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} to disable
optimization for fast installation.  The user may still override this
default, depending on platform support, by specifying
@samp{--enable-fast-install}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_DISABLE_SHARED
@defmacx AM_DISABLE_SHARED
Change the default behaviour for @code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} to disable
shared libraries.  The user may still override this default by
specifying @samp{--enable-shared}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_DISABLE_STATIC
@defmacx AM_DISABLE_STATIC
Change the default behaviour for @code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} to disable
static libraries.  The user may still override this default by
specifying @samp{--enable-static}.
@end defmac

@pindex aclocal
When you invoke the @code{libtoolize} program (@pxref{Invoking
libtoolize}), it will tell you where to find a definition of
@code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL}.  If you use Automake, the @code{aclocal} program
will automatically add @code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} support to your
@code{configure} script.

Nevertheless, it is advisable to include a copy of @file{libtool.m4} in
@file{acinclude.m4}, so that, even if @file{aclocal.m4} and
@file{configure} are rebuilt for any reason, the appropriate libtool
macros will be used.  The alternative is to hope the user will have a
compatible version of @file{libtool.m4} installed and accessible for
@code{aclocal}.  This may lead to weird errors when versions don't
match.

@node Distributing
@section Including libtool in your package

In order to use libtool, you need to include the following files with
your package:

@table @file
@item config.guess
@pindex config.guess
Attempt to guess a canonical system name.

@item config.sub
@pindex config.sub
Canonical system name validation subroutine script.

@item ltconfig
Generate a libtool script for a given system.

@item ltmain.sh
@pindex ltmain.sh
A generic script implementing basic libtool functionality.
@end table

Note that the libtool script itself should @emph{not} be included with
your package.  @xref{Configuring}.

You should use the @code{libtoolize} program, rather than manually
copying these files into your package.

@menu
* Invoking libtoolize::         @code{libtoolize} command line options.
* Autoconf .o macros::          Autoconf macros that set object file names.
@end menu

@node Invoking libtoolize
@subsection Invoking @code{libtoolize}
@pindex libtoolize
@cindex libtoolize command options
@cindex command options, libtoolize
@cindex options, libtoolize command

The @code{libtoolize} program provides a standard way to add libtool
support to your package.  In the future, it may implement better usage
checking, or other features to make libtool even easier to use.

The @code{libtoolize} program has the following synopsis:

@example
libtoolize [@var{option}]@dots{}
@end example

@noindent
and accepts the following options:

@table @samp
@item --automake
Work silently, and assume that Automake libtool support is used.

@samp{libtoolize --automake} is used by Automake to add libtool files to
your package, when @code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} appears in your
@file{configure.in}.

@item --copy
@itemx -c
Copy files from the libtool data directory rather than creating
symlinks.

@item --debug
Dump a trace of shell script execution to standard output.  This
produces a lot of output, so you may wish to pipe it to @code{less} (or
@code{more}) or redirect to a file.

@item --dry-run
@itemx -n
Don't run any commands that modify the file system, just print them
out.

@item --force
@itemx -f
Replace existing libtool files.  By default, @code{libtoolize} won't
overwrite existing files.

@item --help
Display a help message and exit.

@item --ltdl
Install libltdl in a subdirectory of your package.

@item --ltdl-tar
Add the file libltdl.tar.gz to your package.

@item --version
Print @code{libtoolize} version information and exit.
@end table

@findex AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR
If @code{libtoolize} detects an explicit call to
@code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR} (@pxref{Input, , The Autoconf Manual,
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}) in your @file{configure.in}, it
will put the files in the specified directory.

@code{libtoolize} displays hints for adding libtool support to your
package, as well.

@node Autoconf .o macros
@subsection Autoconf @samp{.o} macros

The Autoconf package comes with a few macros that run tests, then set a
variable corresponding to the name of an object file.  Sometimes it is
necessary to use corresponding names for libtool objects.

Here are the names of variables that list libtool objects:

@defvar LTALLOCA
@findex AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
Substituted by @code{AC_FUNC_ALLOCA} (@pxref{Particular Functions, Particular
Function Checks, The Autoconf Manual, autoconf, The Autoconf
Manual}).  Is either empty, or contains @samp{alloca.lo}.
@end defvar

@defvar LTLIBOBJS
@findex AC_REPLACE_FUNCS
Substituted by @code{AC_REPLACE_FUNCS} (@pxref{Generic Functions, Generic
Function Checks, The Autoconf Manual, autoconf, The Autoconf
Manual}), and a few other functions.
@end defvar

Unfortunately, the most recent version of Autoconf (2.12, at the time of
this writing) does not have any way for libtool to provide support for
these variables.  So, if you depend on them, use the following code
immediately before the call to @code{AC_OUTPUT} in your
@file{configure.in}:

@example
LTLIBOBJS=`echo "$LIBOBJS" | sed 's/\.o/.lo/g'`
AC_SUBST(LTLIBOBJS)
LTALLOCA=`echo "$ALLOCA" | sed 's/\.o/.lo/g'`
AC_SUBST(LTALLOCA)
AC_OUTPUT(@dots{})
@end example

@node Static-only libraries
@section Static-only libraries
@cindex debugging libraries
@cindex developing libraries
@cindex double-compilation, avoiding
@cindex avoiding shared libraries
@cindex eliding shared libraries
@cindex using shared libraries, not
@cindex shared libraries, not using
@cindex time, saving
@cindex saving time

When you are developing a package, it is often worthwhile to configure
your package with the @samp{--disable-shared} flag, or to override the
defaults for @code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} by using the
@code{AM_DISABLE_SHARED} Autoconf macro (@pxref{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL, , The
@code{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} macro}).  This prevents libtool from building
shared libraries, which has several advantages:

@itemize @bullet
@item
compilation is twice as fast, which can speed up your development cycle,

@item
debugging is easier because you don't need to deal with any complexities
added by shared libraries, and

@item
you can see how libtool behaves on static-only platforms.
@end itemize

You may want to put a small note in your package @file{README} to let
other developers know that @samp{--disable-shared} can save them time.
The following example note is taken from the GIMP@footnote{GNU Image
Manipulation Program, for those who haven't taken the plunge.  See
@url{http://www.gimp.org/}.} distribution @file{README}:

@example
The GIMP uses GNU Libtool in order to build shared libraries on a
variety of systems. While this is very nice for making usable
binaries, it can be a pain when trying to debug a program. For that
reason, compilation of shared libraries can be turned off by
specifying the @samp{--disable-shared} option to @file{configure}.
@end example

@node Versioning
@chapter Library interface versions
@cindex dynamic dependencies
@cindex dependency versioning
@cindex shared library versions

The most difficult issue introduced by shared libraries is that of
creating and resolving runtime dependencies.  Dependencies on programs
and libraries are often described in terms of a single name, such as
@code{sed}.  So, one may say ``libtool depends on sed,'' and that is
good enough for most purposes.

However, when an interface changes regularly, we need to be more
specific: ``Gnus 5.1 requires Emacs 19.28 or above.''  Here, the
description of an interface consists of a name, and a ``version
number.''

Even that sort of description is not accurate enough for some purposes.
What if Emacs 20 changes enough to break Gnus 5.1?

The same problem exists in shared libraries: we require a formal version
system to describe the sorts of dependencies that programs have on
shared libraries, so that the dynamic linker can guarantee that programs
are linked only against libraries that provide the interface they
require.

@menu
* Interfaces::                  What are library interfaces?
* Libtool versioning::          Libtool's versioning system.
* Updating version info::       Changing version information before releases.
* Release numbers::             Breaking binary compatibility for aesthetics.
@end menu

@node Interfaces
@section What are library interfaces?
@cindex library interfaces

Interfaces for libraries may be any of the following (and more):

@itemize @bullet
@item
global variables: both names and types

@item
global functions: argument types and number, return types, and function names

@item
standard input, standard output, standard error, and file formats

@item
sockets, pipes, and other inter-process communication protocol formats
@end itemize

Note that static functions do not count as interfaces, because they are
not directly available to the user of the library.

@node Libtool versioning
@section Libtool's versioning system
@cindex libtool library versions
@cindex formal versioning
@cindex versioning, formal

Libtool has its own formal versioning system.  It is not as flexible as
some, but it is definitely the simplest of the more powerful versioning
systems.

Think of a library as exporting several sets of interfaces, arbitrarily
represented by integers.  When a program is linked against a library, it
may use any subset of those interfaces.

Libtool's description of the interfaces that a program uses is simple:
it encodes the least and the greatest interface numbers in the resulting
binary (@var{first-interface}, @var{last-interface}).

The dynamic linker is guaranteed that if a library supports @emph{every}
interface number between @var{first-interface} and @var{last-interface},
then the program can be relinked against that library.

Note that this can cause problems because libtool's compatibility
requirements are actually stricter than is necessary.

Say @file{libhello} supports interfaces 5, 16, 17, 18, and 19, and that
libtool is used to link @file{test} against @file{libhello}.

Libtool encodes the numbers 5 and 19 in @file{test}, and the dynamic
linker will only link @file{test} against libraries that support
@emph{every} interface between 5 and 19.  So, the dynamic linker refuses
to link @file{test} against @file{libhello}!

In order to eliminate this problem, libtool only allows libraries to
declare consecutive interface numbers.  So, @file{libhello} can declare at
most that it supports interfaces 16 through 19.  Then, the dynamic
linker will link @file{test} against @file{libhello}.

So, libtool library versions are described by three integers:

@table @var
@item current
The most recent interface number that this library implements.

@item revision
The implementation number of the @var{current} interface.

@item age
The difference between the newest and oldest interfaces that this
library implements.  In other words, the library implements all the
interface numbers in the range from number @code{@var{current} -
@var{age}} to @code{@var{current}}.
@end table

If two libraries have identical @var{current} and @var{age} numbers,
then the dynamic linker chooses the library with the greater
@var{revision} number.

@node Updating version info
@section Updating library version information

If you want to use libtool's versioning system, then you must specify
the version information to libtool using the @samp{-version-info} flag
during link mode (@pxref{Link mode}).

This flag accepts an argument of the form
@samp{@var{current}[:@var{revision}[:@var{age}]]}.  So, passing
@samp{-version-info 3:12:1} sets @var{current} to 3, @var{revision} to
12, and @var{age} to 1.

If either @var{revision} or @var{age} are omitted, they default to 0.
Also note that @var{age} must be less than or equal to the @var{current}
interface number.

Here are a set of rules to help you update your library version
information:

@enumerate 1
@item
Start with version information of @samp{0:0:0} for each libtool library.

@item
Update the version information only immediately before a public release
of your software.  More frequent updates are unnecessary, and only
guarantee that the current interface number gets larger faster.

@item
If the library source code has changed at all since the last update,
then increment @var{revision} (@samp{@var{c}:@var{r}:@var{a}} becomes
@samp{@var{c}:@math{r+1}:@var{a}}).

@item
If any interfaces have been added, removed, or changed since the last
update, increment @var{current}, and set @var{revision} to 0.

@item
If any interfaces have been added since the last public release, then
increment @var{age}.

@item
If any interfaces have been removed since the last public release, then
set @var{age} to 0.
@end enumerate

@strong{@emph{Never}} try to set the interface numbers so that they
correspond to the release number of your package.  This is an abuse that
only fosters misunderstanding of the purpose of library versions.
Instead, use the @samp{-release} flag (@pxref{Release numbers}), but be
warned that every release of your package will not be binary compatible
with any other release.

@node Release numbers
@section Managing release information

Often, people want to encode the name of the package release into the
shared library so that it is obvious to the user which package their
programs are linked against.  This convention is used especially on
GNU/Linux:

@example
trick$ @kbd{ls /usr/lib/libbfd*}
/usr/lib/libbfd.a	    /usr/lib/libbfd.so.2.7.0.2
/usr/lib/libbfd.so
trick$
@end example

On @samp{trick}, @file{/usr/lib/libbfd.so} is a symbolic link to
@file{libbfd.so.2.7.0.2}, which was distributed as a part of
@samp{binutils-2.7.0.2}.

Unfortunately, this convention conflicts directly with libtool's idea of
library interface versions, because the library interface rarely changes
at the same time that the release number does, and the library suffix is
never the same across all platforms.

So, in order to accommodate both views, you can use the @samp{-release}
flag in order to set release information for libraries which you do not
want to use @samp{-version-info}.  For the @file{libbfd} example, the
next release which uses libtool should be built with @samp{-release
2.9.0}, which will produce the following files on GNU/Linux:

@example
trick$ @kbd{ls /usr/lib/libbfd*}
/usr/lib/libbfd-2.9.0.so     /usr/lib/libbfd.a
/usr/lib/libbfd.so
trick$
@end example

In this case, @file{/usr/lib/libbfd.so} is a symbolic link to
@file{libbfd-2.9.0.so}.  This makes it obvious that the user is dealing
with @samp{binutils-2.9.0}, without compromising libtool's idea of
interface versions.

Note that this option causes a modification of the library name, so do
not use it unless you want to break binary compatibility with any past
library releases.  In general, you should only use @samp{-release} for
package-internal libraries or for ones whose interfaces change very
frequently.

@node Library tips
@chapter Tips for interface design
@cindex library interfaces, design
@cindex design of library interfaces

Writing a good library interface takes a lot of practice and thorough
understanding of the problem that the library is intended to solve.

If you design a good interface, it won't have to change often, you won't
have to keep updating documentation, and users won't have to keep
relearning how to use the library.

Here is a brief list of tips for library interface design, which may
help you in your exploits:

@table @asis
@item Plan ahead
Try to make every interface truly minimal, so that you won't need to
delete entry points very often.

@item Avoid interface changes
@cindex renaming interface functions
Some people love redesigning and changing entry points just for the heck
of it (note: @emph{renaming} a function is considered changing an entry
point).  Don't be one of those people.  If you must redesign an
interface, then try to leave compatibility functions behind so that
users don't need to rewrite their existing code.

@item Use opaque data types
@cindex opaque data types
The fewer data type definitions a library user has access to, the
better.  If possible, design your functions to accept a generic pointer
(which you can cast to an internal data type), and provide access
functions rather than allowing the library user to directly manipulate
the data.
That way, you have the freedom to change the data structures without
changing the interface.

This is essentially the same thing as using abstract data types and
inheritance in an object-oriented system.

@item Use header files
@cindex header files
If you are careful to document each of your library's global functions
and variables in header files, and include them in your library source
files, then the compiler will let you know if you make any interface
changes by accident (@pxref{C header files}).

@item Use the @code{static} keyword (or equivalent) whenever possible
@cindex global functions
The fewer global functions your library has, the more flexibility you'll
have in changing them.  Static functions and variables may change forms
as often as you like@dots{} your users cannot access them, so they
aren't interface changes.
@end table

@menu
* C header files::              How to write portable include files.
@end menu

@node C header files
@section Writing C header files
@cindex portable C headers
@cindex C header files, portable
@cindex include files, portable

Writing portable C header files can be difficult, since they may be read
by different types of compilers:

@table @asis
@item C++ compilers
C++ compilers require that functions be declared with full prototypes,
since C++ is more strongly typed than C.  C functions and variables also
need to be declared with the @code{extern "C"} directive, so that the
names aren't mangled.  @xref{C++ libraries}, for other issues relevant
to using C++ with libtool.

@item ANSI C compilers
ANSI C compilers are not as strict as C++ compilers, but functions
should be prototyped to avoid unnecessary warnings when the header file
is @code{#include}d.

@item non-ANSI C compilers
Non-ANSI compilers will report errors if functions are prototyped.
@end table

These complications mean that your library interface headers must use
some C preprocessor magic in order to be usable by each of the above
compilers.

@file{foo.h} in the @file{demo} subdirectory of the libtool distribution
serves as an example for how to write a header file that can be
safely installed in a system directory.

Here are the relevant portions of that file:

@example
/* __BEGIN_DECLS should be used at the beginning of your declarations,
   so that C++ compilers don't mangle their names.  Use __END_DECLS at
   the end of C declarations. */
#undef __BEGIN_DECLS
#undef __END_DECLS
#ifdef __cplusplus
# define __BEGIN_DECLS extern "C" @{
# define __END_DECLS @}
#else
# define __BEGIN_DECLS /* empty */
# define __END_DECLS /* empty */
#endif

/* __P is a macro used to wrap function prototypes, so that compilers
   that don't understand ANSI C prototypes still work, and ANSI C
   compilers can issue warnings about type mismatches. */
#undef __P
#if defined (__STDC__) || defined (_AIX) \
        || (defined (__mips) && defined (_SYSTYPE_SVR4)) \
        || defined(WIN32) || defined(__cplusplus)
# define __P(protos) protos
#else
# define __P(protos) ()
#endif
@end example

These macros are used in @file{foo.h} as follows:

@example
#ifndef _FOO_H_
#define _FOO_H_ 1

/* The above macro definitions. */
@dots{}

__BEGIN_DECLS
int foo __P((void));
int hello __P((void));
__END_DECLS

#endif /* !_FOO_H_ */
@end example

Note that the @file{#ifndef _FOO_H_} prevents the body of @file{foo.h}
from being read more than once in a given compilation.

Feel free to copy the definitions of @code{__P}, @code{__BEGIN_DECLS},
and @code{__END_DECLS} into your own headers.  Then, you may use them to
create header files that are valid for C++, ANSI, and non-ANSI
compilers.

Do not be naive about writing portable code.  Following the tips given
above will help you miss the most obvious problems, but there are
definitely other subtle portability issues.  You may need to cope with
some of the following issues:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Pre-ANSI compilers do not always support the @code{void *} generic
pointer type, and so need to use @code{char *} in its place.

@item
The @code{const} and @code{signed} keywords are not supported by some
compilers, especially pre-ANSI compilers.

@item
The @code{long double} type is not supported by many compilers.
@end itemize

@node Inter-library dependencies
@chapter Inter-library dependencies
@cindex dependencies between libraries
@cindex inter-library dependencies

By definition, every shared library system provides a way for
executables to depend on libraries, so that symbol resolution is
deferred until runtime.

An @dfn{inter-library dependency} is one in which a library depends on
other libraries.  For example, if the libtool library @file{libhello}
uses the @code{cos} function, then it has an inter-library dependency
on @file{libm}, the math library that implements @code{cos}.

Some shared library systems provide this feature in an
internally-consistent way: these systems allow chains of dependencies of
potentially infinite length.

However, most shared library systems are restricted in that they only
allow a single level of dependencies.  In these systems, programs may
depend on shared libraries, but shared libraries may not depend on other
shared libraries.

In any event, libtool provides a simple mechanism for you to declare
inter-library dependencies: for every library @file{lib@var{name}} that
your own library depends on, simply add a corresponding
@code{-l@var{name}} option to the link line when you create your
library.  To make an example of our
@file{libhello} that depends on @file{libm}:

@example
burger$ @kbd{libtool gcc -g -O -o libhello.la foo.lo hello.lo \
                -rpath /usr/local/lib -lm}
burger$
@end example

When you link a program against @file{libhello}, you don't need to
specify the same @samp{-l} options again: libtool will do that for you,
in order to guarantee that all the required libraries are found.  This
restriction is only necessary to preserve compatibility with static
library systems and simple dynamic library systems.

Some platforms, such as AIX, do not even allow you this
flexibility.  In order to build a shared library, it must be entirely
self-contained (that is, have references only to symbols that are found
in the @samp{.lo} files or the specified @samp{-l} libraries), and you
need to specify the @var{-no-undefined} flag.  By default, libtool
builds only static libraries on these kinds of platforms.

The simple-minded inter-library dependency tracking code of libtool
releases prior to 1.2 was disabled because it was not clear when it was
possible to link one library with another, and complex failures would
occur.  A more complex implementation of this concept was re-introduced
before release 1.3, but it has not been ported to all platforms that
libtool supports.  The default, conservative behavior is to avoid
linking one library with another, introducing their inter-dependencies
only when a program is linked with them.

@node Dlopened modules
@chapter Dlopened modules
@findex dlopen
@findex dlsym
@findex dlclose
@findex shl_load
@cindex dynamic linking, applications
@cindex dlopening modules
@cindex modules, dynamic
@cindex application-level dynamic linking

It can sometimes be confusing to discuss @dfn{dynamic linking}, because
the term is used to refer to two different concepts:

@enumerate 1
@item
Compiling and linking a program against a shared library, which is
resolved automatically at run time by the dynamic linker.  In this
process, dynamic linking is transparent to the application.

@item
The application calling functions such as @code{dlopen},@footnote{HP-UX,
to be different, uses a function named @code{shl_load}.} which load
arbitrary, user-specified modules at runtime.  This type of dynamic
linking is explicitly controlled by the application.
@end enumerate

To mitigate confusion, this manual refers to the second type of dynamic
linking as @dfn{dlopening} a module.

The main benefit to dlopening object modules is the ability to access
compiled object code to extend your program, rather than using an
interpreted language.  In fact, dlopen calls are frequently used in
language interpreters to provide an efficient way to extend the
language.

As of version @value{VERSION}, libtool provides support for dlopened
modules.  However, you should indicate that your package is willing to
use such support, by using the macro @samp{AC_LIBTOOL_DLOPEN} in
@file{configure.in}.  If this macro is not used (or it is used
@emph{after} @samp{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL}), libtool will assume no dlopening
mechanism is available, and will try to simulate it.

This chapter discusses how you as a dlopen application developer might 
use libtool to generate dlopen-accessible modules.

@menu
* Building modules::            Creating dlopenable objects and libraries.
* Dlpreopening::                Dlopening that works on static platforms.
* Finding the dlname::          Choosing the right file to @code{dlopen}.
* Dlopen issues::               Unresolved problems that need your attention.
@end menu

@node Building modules
@section Building modules to dlopen

On some operating systems, a program symbol must be specially declared
in order to be dynamically resolved with the @code{dlsym} (or
equivalent) function.

Libtool provides the @samp{-export-dynamic} and @samp{-module} 
link flags (@pxref{Link mode}), which do this declaration.  
You need to use these flags if you are linking an application program that 
dlopens other modules or a libtool library that will also be dlopened.

For example, if we wanted to build a shared library, @file{libhello},
that would later be dlopened by an application, we would add
@samp{-module} to the other link flags:

@example
burger$ @kbd{libtool gcc -module -o libhello.la foo.lo \
                hello.lo -rpath /usr/local/lib -lm}
burger$
@end example

If symbols from your @emph{executable} are needed to satisfy unresolved
references in a library you want to dlopen you will have to use the flag
@samp{-export-dynamic}.
You should use @samp{-export-dynamic} while linking the executable that calls
dlopen:

@example
burger$ @kbd{libtool gcc -export-dynamic -o hell-dlopener main.o}
burger$
@end example

@node Dlpreopening
@section Dlpreopening

Libtool provides special support for dlopening libtool object and
libtool library files, so that their symbols can be resolved @emph{even
on platforms without any @code{dlopen} and @code{dlsym}
functions}.

Consider the following alternative ways of loading code into your
program, in order of increasing ``laziness'':

@enumerate 1
@item
Linking against object files that become part of the program executable,
whether or not they are referenced.  If an object file cannot be found,
then the linker refuses to create the executable.

@item
Declaring a static library to the linker, so that it is searched at link
time in order to satisfy any undefined references in the above object
files.  If the static library cannot be found, then the linker refuses
to link the executable.

@item
Declaring a shared library to the runtime linker, so that it is searched
at runtime in order to satisfy any undefined references in the above
files.  If the shared library cannot be found, then the dynamic linker
aborts the program before it runs.

@item
Dlopening a module, so that the application can resolve its own,
dynamically-computed references.  If there is an error opening the
module, or the module is not found, then the application can recover
without crashing.
@end enumerate

Libtool emulates @samp{-dlopen} on static platforms by linking objects
into the program at compile time, and creating data structures that
represent the program's symbol table.

In order to use this feature, you must declare the objects you want your
application to dlopen by using the @samp{-dlopen} or @samp{-dlpreopen}
flags when you link your program (@pxref{Link mode}).

@deftypefn {Structure} {struct} lt_dlsymlist @{ @w{const char *@var{name};} @w{lt_ptr_t @var{address};} @}
The @var{name} attribute is a null-terminated character string of the
symbol name, such as @code{"fprintf"}.  The @var{address} attribute is a
generic pointer to the appropriate object, such as @code{&fprintf}.
@end deftypefn

@deftypevar {const lt_dlsymlist *} lt_preloaded_symbols
An array of @var{lt_symbol} structures, representing all the preloaded
symbols linked into the program. For each @samp{-dlpreloaded} file 
there is an element with the @var{name} of the file and a @var{address} 
of @code{0}, followed by all symbols exported from this file.
For the executable itself the special name @@PROGRAM@@ is used.
The last element has a @var{name} and @var{address} of @code{0}.
@end deftypevar

Some compilers may allow identifiers which are not valid in ANSI C, such
as dollar signs.  Libtool only recognizes valid ANSI C symbols (an
initial ASCII letter or underscore, followed by zero or more ASCII
letters, digits, and underscores), so non-ANSI symbols will not appear
in @var{lt_preloaded_symbols}.

@node Finding the dlname
@section Finding the correct name to dlopen
@cindex names of dynamic modules
@cindex dynamic modules, names

After a library has been linked with @samp{-module}, it can be dlopened.  
Unfortunately, because of the variation in library names,
your package needs to determine the correct file to dlopen.

The most straightforward and flexible implementation is to determine the
name at runtime, by finding the installed @samp{.la} file, and searching
it for the following lines:

@example
# The name that we can @code{dlopen}.
dlname='@var{dlname}'
@end example

If @var{dlname} is empty, then the library cannot be dlopened.
Otherwise, it gives the dlname of the library.  So, if the library was
installed as @file{/usr/local/lib/libhello.la}, and the @var{dlname} was
@file{libhello.so.3}, then @file{/usr/local/lib/libhello.so.3} should be
dlopened.

If your program uses this approach, then it should search the
directories listed in the @code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH}@footnote{@code{LIBPATH}
on AIX, and @code{SHLIB_PATH} on HP-UX.} environment variable, as well as
the directory where libraries will eventually be installed.  Searching
this variable (or equivalent) will guarantee that your program can find
its dlopened modules, even before installation, provided you have linked
them using libtool.

@node Dlopen issues
@section Unresolved dlopen issues
@cindex pitfalls with dlopen
@cindex dlopening, pitfalls
@cindex trouble with dlopen

The following problems are not solved by using libtool's dlopen support:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Dlopen functions are generally only available on shared library
platforms.  If you want your package to be portable to static platforms,
you have to use either libltdl (@pxref{Using libltdl}) or develop your 
own alternatives to dlopening dynamic code.
Most reasonable solutions involve writing wrapper functions for the
@code{dlopen} family, which do package-specific tricks when dlopening
is unsupported or not available on a given platform.

@item
There are major differences in implementations of the @code{dlopen}
family of functions.  Some platforms do not even use the same function
names (notably HP-UX, with its @code{shl_load} family).

@item
The application developer must write a custom search function in order
to discover the correct module filename to supply to @code{dlopen}.
@end itemize

@node Using libltdl
@chapter Using libltdl
@findex libltdl
@findex dlopen
@findex dlsym
@findex dlclose
@findex dlerror
@findex shl_load
@cindex dynamic linking, applications
@cindex dlopening modules
@cindex modules, dynamic
@cindex application-level dynamic linking

Libtool provides a small library, called @file{libltdl}, that aims at
hiding the various difficulties of dlopening libraries from programmers.
It consists of a header-file and a small C source file that can be
distributed with applications that need dlopening functionality.  On
some platforms, whose dynamic linkers are too limited for a simple
implementation of @file{libltdl} services, it requires GNU DLD, or it
will only emulate dynamic linking with libtool's dlpreopening mechanism.

@noindent
libltdl supports currently the following dynamic linking mechanisms:

@itemize @bullet
@item
@code{dlopen} (Solaris, Linux and various BSD flavors)
@item
@code{shl_load} (HP-UX)
@item
@code{LoadLibrary} (Win16 and Win32)
@item
@code{load_add_on} (BeOS)
@item
GNU DLD (emulates dynamic linking for static libraries)
@item
libtool's dlpreopen (see @pxref{Dlpreopening})
@end itemize

@noindent
libltdl is licensed under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License,
with the following exception:

@quotation
As a special exception to the GNU Library General Public License,
if you distribute this file as part of a program that uses GNU libtool
to create libraries and programs, you may include it under the same
distribution terms that you use for the rest of that program.
@end quotation

@menu
* Libltdl interface::           How to use libltdl in your programs.
* Modules for libltdl::         Creating modules that can be @code{dlopen}ed.
* Distributing libltdl::        How to distribute libltdl with your package.
@end menu

@node Libltdl interface
@section How to use libltdl in your programs

@noindent
The libltdl API is similar to the dlopen interface of Solaris and Linux,
which is very simple but powerful.

@noindent
To use libltdl in your program you have to include the header file @file{ltdl.h}:

@example
#include <ltdl.h>
@end example

@noindent
Note that libltdl is not threadsafe, i.e. a multithreaded application
has to use a mutex for libltdl.  It was reported that GNU/Linux's glibc
2.0's @code{dlopen} with @samp{RTLD_LAZY} (which libltdl uses by
default) is not thread-safe, but this problem is supposed to be fixed in
glibc 2.1.  On the other hand, @samp{RTLD_NOW} was reported to introduce
problems in multi-threaded applications on FreeBSD.  Working around
these problems is left as an exercise for the reader; contributions are
certainly welcome.

@noindent
The following types are defined in @file{ltdl.h}:

@deftp {Type} lt_ptr_t
@code{lt_ptr_t} is a generic pointer.
@end deftp

@deftp {Type} lt_dlhandle
@code{lt_dlhandle} is a module "handle". 
Every dlopened module has a handle associated with it.
@end deftp

@deftypefn {Type} {struct} lt_dlinfo @{ @w{char *@var{filename};} @w{char *@var{name};} @w{int @var{ref_count};} @}
@code{lt_dlinfo} is used to store information about a module.
The @var{filename} attribute is a null-terminated character string of the
real module file name.  If the module is a libtool module then @var{name}
is its module name (e.g. @code{"libfoo"} for @code{"dir/libfoo.la"}),
otherwise it is set to @code{NULL}.
The @var{ref_count} attribute is a reference counter that describes how often
the same module is currently loaded.
@end deftypefn

@deftp {Type} lt_dlsymlist
@code{lt_dlsymlist} is a symbol list for dlpreopened modules.
This structure is described in @pxref{Dlpreopening}.
@end deftp

@page
@noindent
libltdl provides the following functions:

@deftypefun int lt_dlinit (void)
Initialize libltdl.
This function must be called before using libltdl
and may be called several times.
Return 0 on success, otherwise the number of errors.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int lt_dlexit (void)
Shut down libltdl and close all modules.
This function will only then shut down libltdl when it was called as 
many times as @code{lt_dlinit} has been successfully called.
Return 0 on success, otherwise the number of errors.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun lt_dlhandle lt_dlopen (const char *@var{filename})
Open the module with the file name @var{filename} and return a
handle for it.  @code{lt_dlopen} is able to open libtool dynamic
modules, preloaded static modules, the program itself and 
native dynamic libraries.  

Unresolved symbols in the module are resolved using its dependency
libraries (not implemented yet) and previously dlopened modules.  If the
executable using this module was linked with the @code{-export-dynamic}
flag, then the global symbols in the executable will also be used to
resolve references in the module.
 
If @var{filename} is @code{NULL} and the program was linked with
@code{-export-dynamic} or @code{-dlopen self}, @code{lt_dlopen} will
return a handle for the program itself, which can be used to access its
symbols.

If libltdl cannot find the library and the file name @var{filename} does
not have a directory component it will additionally search in the
following search paths for the module (in the order as follows):
 
@enumerate 1
@item user-defined search path:
This search path can be set by the program using the
functions @code{lt_dlsetsearchpath} and @code{lt_dladdsearchdir}.
 
@item libltdl's search path:
This search path is the value of the environment variable
@var{LTDL_LIBRARY_PATH}.
 
@item system library search path:
The system dependent library search path 
(e.g. on Linux it is @var{LD_LIBRARY_PATH}).
@end enumerate

Each search path must be a colon-separated list of absolute directories,
for example, @code{"/usr/lib/mypkg:/lib/foo"}.
 
If the same module is loaded several times, the same handle is returned.
If @code{lt_dlopen} fails for any reason, it returns @code{NULL}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun lt_dlhandle lt_dlopenext (const char *@var{filename})
The same as @code{lt_dlopen}, except that it tries to append
different file name extensions to the file name.
If the file with the file name @var{filename} cannot be found
libltdl tries to append the following extensions:

@enumerate 1
@item the libtool archive extension @samp{.la}
@item the extension used for native dynamic libraries on the host platform, 
e.g., @samp{.so}, @samp{.sl}, etc.
@end enumerate

This lookup strategy was designed to allow programs that don't 
have knowledge about native dynamic libraries naming conventions 
to be able to @code{dlopen} such libraries as well as libtool modules
transparently.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int lt_dlclose (lt_dlhandle @var{handle})
Decrement the reference count on the module @var{handle}.
If it drops to zero and no other module depends on this module,
then the module is unloaded.
Return 0 on success.
@end deftypefun
 
@deftypefun lt_ptr_t lt_dlsym (lt_dlhandle @var{handle}, const char *@var{name})
Return the address in the module @var{handle}, where the symbol given 
by the null terminated string @var{name} is loaded.
If the symbol cannot be found, @code{NULL} is returned.
@end deftypefun
 
@deftypefun {const char *} lt_dlerror (void)
Return a human readable string describing the most 
recent error that occurred from any of libltdl's functions.
Return @code{NULL} if no errors have occurred since initialization
or since it was last called.
@end deftypefun
 
@deftypefun int lt_dlpreload (const lt_dlsymlist *@var{preloaded})
Register the list of preloaded modules @var{preloaded}.
If @var{preloaded} is @code{NULL}, then all previously registered
symbol lists, except the list set by @code{lt_dlpreload_default},
are deleted. Return 0 on success.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int lt_dlpreload_default (const lt_dlsymlist *@var{preloaded})
Set the default list of preloaded modules to @var{preloaded}, which
won't be deleted by @code{lt_dlpreload}.  Note that this function does
@emph{not} require libltdl to be initialized using @code{lt_dlinit} and
can be used in the program to register the default preloaded modules.
Instead of calling this function directly, most programs will use the
macro @code{LTDL_SET_PRELOADED_SYMBOLS}.

Return 0 on success.
@end deftypefun

@defmac LTDL_SET_PRELOADED_SYMBOLS()
Set the default list of preloaded symbols.
Should be used in your program to initialize libltdl's 
list of preloaded modules.

@example
#include <ltdl.h>

int main() @{
  /* ... */
  LTDL_SET_PRELOADED_SYMBOLS();
  /* ... */
@}
@end example
@end defmac

@deftypefun int lt_dladdsearchdir (const char *@var{search_dir})
Add the search directory @var{search_dir} to the user-defined library 
search path. Return 0 on success.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int lt_dlsetsearchpath (const char *@var{search_path})
Replace the current user-defined library search path with
@var{search_path}, which must be a colon-separated list of absolute
directories.  Return 0 on success.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun {const char *} lt_dlgetsearchpath (void)
Return the current user-defined library search path.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int lt_dlsetdata (lt_dlhandle @var{handle}, lt_ptr_t @var{data})
Set the application private data for the module @var{handle} to @var{data}.
Return 0 on success.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun lt_ptr_t lt_dlgetdata (lt_dlhandle @var{handle})
Return the application private data for the module @var{handle}.
If the handle @var{handle} is invalid or no data was set, it returns @code{NULL}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun {const lt_dlinfo *} lt_dlgetinfo (lt_dlhandle @var{handle})
Return a pointer to a struct that contains some information about
the module @var{handle}.  The contents of the struct must not be modified.
Return @code{NULL} on failure. 
@end deftypefun

@deftypevar {lt_ptr_t (*} lt_dlmalloc ) (size_t size)
@deftypevarx {void (*} lt_dlfree ) (lt_ptr_t ptr)
These variables are set to @code{malloc} and @code{free}, by default,
but you can set them to any other functions that provides equivalent
functionality.  However, you must not modify their values after calling
any libltdl function other than @code{lt_dlpreopen_default} or the macro
@code{LTDL_SET_PRELOADED_SYMBOLS}.
@end deftypevar

@node Modules for libltdl
@section Creating modules that can be @code{dlopen}ed

Libtool modules are like normal libtool libraries with a few exceptions:

You have to link the module with libtool's @samp{-module} switch,
and you should link any program that is intended to dlopen the module with
@samp{-dlopen modulename.la} so that libtool can dlpreopen the module
on platforms which don't support dlopening.  If the module depends on any
other libraries, make sure you specify them either when you link the module
or when you link programs that dlopen it.
If you want to disable @pxref{Versioning} for a specific module
you should link it with the @samp{-avoid-version} switch.
Note that libtool modules don't need to have a "lib" prefix.
However, automake 1.4 or higher is required to build such modules.

Usually a set of modules provide the same interface, i.e, exports the same
symbols, so that a program can dlopen them without having to know more
about their internals.
In order to avoid symbol conflicts all exported symbols must be prefixed
with "modulename_LTX_" (@samp{modulename} is the name of the module).
Internal symbols must be named in such a way that they won't conflict
with other modules, for example, by prefixing them with "_modulename_".
Although some platforms support having the same symbols defined more than
once it is generally not portable and it makes it impossible to dlpreopen 
such modules.  libltdl will automatically cut the prefix off to get 
the real name of the symbol.  Additionally, it supports modules which
don't use a prefix so that you can also dlopen non-libtool modules.

@file{foo1.c} gives an example of a portable libtool module.
Exported symbols are prefixed with "foo1_LTX_", internal symbols 
with "_foo1_". Aliases are defined at the beginning so that the code 
is more readable. 

@example
/* aliases for the exported symbols */
#define foo	foo1_LTX_foo
#define bar	foo1_LTX_bar

/* a global variable definition */
int bar = 1;

/* a private function */
int _foo1_helper() @{
  return bar;
@}

/* an exported function */
int foo() @{
  return _foo_helper();
@}
@end example

@noindent
The @file{Makefile.am} contains the necessary rules to build the 
module @file{foo1.la}:

@example
...
lib_LTLIBRARIES = foo1.la

foo1_la_SOURCES = foo1.c
foo1_la_LDFLAGS = -module
...
@end example

@node Distributing libltdl
@section How to distribute libltdl with your package

Even though libltdl is installed together with libtool, you may wish to
include libltdl in the distribution of your package, for the convenience 
of users of your package that don't have libtool or libltdl installed.
In this case, you must decide whether to manually add the @code{ltdl}
objects to your package, or else which flavor of libltdl you want to use:
a convenience library or an installable libtool library.

The most simplistic way to add @code{ltdl} to your package is to copy
the source files, @file{ltdl.c} and @file{ltdl.h}, to a source directory
withing your package and to build and link them along with the rest of
your sources.  To help you do this, the m4 macros for autoconf are
available in @file{ltdl.m4}.  You must ensure that they are available in
@file{aclocal.m4} before you run autoconf -- by appending the contents
of @file{ltdl.m4} to @file{acinclude.m4}, if you are using automake, or
to @file{aclocal.m4} if you are not.  Having made the macros available,
you must add a call to the @samp{AC_LIB_LTDL} macro to your package's
@file{configure.in} to perform the configure time checks required to
build @file{ltdl.o} correctly.  This method has problems if you then try
to link the package binaries with an installed libltdl, or a library
which depends on libltdl: you may have problems with duplicate symbol
definitions.

One advantage of the convenience library is that it is not installed, so
the fact that you use libltdl will not be apparent to the user, and it
will not overwrite a pre-installed version of libltdl a user might have.
On the other hand, if you want to upgrade libltdl for any reason 
(e.g. a bugfix) you'll have to recompile your package instead of just 
replacing an installed version of libltdl.
However, if your programs or libraries are linked with other libraries
that use such a pre-installed version of libltdl, you may get linker
errors or run-time crashes.  Another problem is that you cannot link the
convenience library into more than one libtool library, then link a
single program with these libraries, because you may get duplicate
symbols. In general you can safely use the convenience library in programs
which don't depend on other libraries that might use libltdl too.
In order to enable this flavor of libltdl, you should add the
line @samp{AC_LIBLTDL_CONVENIENCE} to your @file{configure.in},
@emph{before} @samp{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL}.

In order to select the installable version of libltdl, you should add a
call of the macro @samp{AC_LIBLTDL_INSTALLABLE} to your
@file{configure.in} @emph{before} @samp{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL}.  This macro
will check whether libltdl is already installed and, if not, request the
libltdl embedded in your package to be built and installed.  Note,
however, that no version checking is performed.  The user may override
the test and determine that the libltdl embedded must be installed,
regardless of the existence of another version, using the configure
switch @samp{--enable-ltdl-install}.

In order to embed libltdl into your package, just add @samp{--ltdl} to
the @code{libtoolize} command line. It will copy the libltdl sources
to a subdirectory @samp{libltdl} in your package.
Both macros accept an optional argument to specify the location
of the @samp{libltdl} directory. By the default both macros assume that it
is @samp{$@{top_builddir@}/libltdl}.

Whatever macro you use, it is up to you to ensure that your
@file{configure.in} will configure libltdl, using
@samp{AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS}, and that your @file{Makefile}s will start
sub-makes within libltdl's directory, using automake's @var{SUBDIRS},
for example.  Both macros define the shell variables @var{LIBLTDL}, to
the link flag that you should use to link with libltdl, and
@var{INCLTDL}, to the preprocessor flag that you should use to compile
with programs that include @file{ltdl.h}.  It is up to you to use
@samp{AC_SUBST} to ensure that this variable will be available in
@file{Makefile}s, or add them to variables that are @samp{AC_SUBST}ed by
default, such as @var{LIBS} and @var{CPPFLAGS}.

If you're using the convenience libltdl, @var{LIBLTDL} will be the
pathname for the convenience version of libltdl and @var{INCLTDL} will be
@samp{-I} followed by the directory that contains libltdl, both starting
with @samp{$@{top_builddir@}/}.

If you request an installed version of libltdl and one is
found@footnote{Even if libltdl is installed,
@samp{AC_LIBLTDL_INSTALLABLE} may fail to detect it, if libltdl depends
on symbols provided by libraries other than the C library.  In this
case, it will needlessly build and install libltdl.}, @var{LIBLTDL} will
be set to @samp{-lltdl} and @var{INCLTDL} will be empty (which is just a
blind assumption that @file{ltdl.h} is somewhere in the include path if
libltdl is in the library path).  If an installable version of libltdl
must be built, its pathname, starting with @samp{$@{top_builddir@}/},
will be stored in @var{LIBLTDL}, and @var{INCLTDL} will be set just like
in the case of convenience library.

So, when you want to link a program with libltdl, be it a convenience,
installed or installable library, just compile with @samp{$(INCLTDL)}
and link it with @samp{$(LIBLTDL)}, using libtool.

You should probably also add @samp{AC_LIBTOOL_DLOPEN} to your
@file{configure.in} @emph{before} @samp{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL}, otherwise
libtool will assume no dlopening mechanism is supported, and revert to
dlpreopening, which is probably not what you want.

Avoid using the @code{-static} or @code{-all-static} switches when
linking programs with libltdl.  This will not work on all platforms,
because the dlopening functions may not be available for static linking.

The following example shows you how to embed the convenience libltdl in
your package.  In order to use the installable variant just replace
@samp{AC_LIBLTDL_CONVENIENCE} with @samp{AC_LIBLTDL_INSTALLABLE}.  We
assume that libltdl was embedded using @samp{libtoolize --ltdl}.

configure.in:
@example
...
dnl Enable building of the convenience library
dnl and set LIBLTDL accordingly
AC_LIBLTDL_CONVENIENCE
dnl Substitute INCLTDL and LIBLTDL in the Makefiles
AC_SUBST(INCLTDL)
AC_SUBST(LIBLTDL)
dnl Check for dlopen support
AC_LIBTOOL_DLOPEN
dnl Configure libtool
AM_PROG_LIBTOOL
dnl Configure libltdl
AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS(libltdl)
...
@end example

Makefile.am:
@example
...
SUBDIRS = libltdl

INCLUDES = $(INCLTDL)

myprog_LDFLAGS = -export-dynamic
# The quotes around -dlopen below fool automake into accepting it
myprog_LDADD = $(LIBLTDL) "-dlopen" self "-dlopen" libfoo.la
myprog_DEPENDENCIES = $(LIBLTDL) libfoo.la
...
@end example

@node Other languages
@chapter Using libtool with other languages
@cindex C, not using
@cindex languages, non-C
@cindex C++, using

Libtool was first implemented in order to add support for writing shared
libraries in the C language.  However, over time, libtool is being
integrated with other languages, so that programmers are free to reap
the benefits of shared libraries in their favorite programming language.

This chapter describes how libtool interacts with other languages,
and what special considerations you need to make if you do not use C.

@menu
* C++ libraries::
@end menu

@node C++ libraries
@section Writing libraries for C++
@c FIXME: in the TOC, the ++ is too large (seems to be math mode)
@cindex trouble with C++
@cindex pitfalls using C++
@cindex C++, pitfalls

Creating libraries of C++ code should be a fairly straightforward
process, because its object files differ from C ones in only three ways:

@enumerate 1
@item
Because of name mangling, C++ libraries are only usable by the C++
compiler that created them.  This decision was made by the designers of
C++ in order to protect users from conflicting implementations of
features such as constructors, exception handling, and RTTI.

@item
On some systems, the C++ compiler must take special actions for the
dynamic linker to run dynamic (i.e., run-time) initializers.  This means
that we should not call @file{ld} directly to link such libraries, and
we should use the C++ compiler instead.

@item
C++ compilers will link some Standard C++ library in by default, but
libtool does not know which are these libraries, so it cannot even run
the inter-library dependence analyzer to check how to link it in.
Therefore, running @file{ld} to link a C++ program or library is deemed
to fail.  However, running the C++ compiler directly may lead to
problems related with inter-library dependencies.
@end enumerate

The conclusion is that libtool is not ready for general use for C++
libraries.  You should avoid any global or static variable
initializations that would cause an ``initializer element is not
constant'' error if you compiled them with a standard C compiler.

There are other ways of working around this problem, but they are beyond
the scope of this manual.

Furthermore, you'd better find out, at configure time, what are the C++
Standard libraries that the C++ compiler will link in by default, and
explicitly list them in the link command line.  Hopefully, in the
future, libtool will be able to do this job by itself.


@node Troubleshooting
@chapter Troubleshooting
@cindex troubleshooting
@cindex problems, solving
@cindex solving problems
@cindex problems, blaming somebody else for

Libtool is under constant development, changing to remain up-to-date
with modern operating systems.  If libtool doesn't work the way you
think it should on your platform, you should read this chapter to help
determine what the problem is, and how to resolve it.

@menu
* Libtool test suite::          Libtool's self-tests.
* Reporting bugs::              How to report problems with libtool.
@end menu

@node Libtool test suite
@section The libtool test suite
@cindex test suite

Libtool comes with its own set of programs that test its capabilities,
and report obvious bugs in the libtool program.  These tests, too, are
constantly evolving, based on past problems with libtool, and known
deficiencies in other operating systems.

As described in the @file{INSTALL} file, you may run @kbd{make check}
after you have built libtool (possibly before you install it) in order
to make sure that it meets basic functional requirements.

@menu
* Test descriptions::           The contents of the test suite.
* When tests fail::             What to do when a test fails.
@end menu

@node Test descriptions
@subsection Description of test suite

Here is a list of the current programs in the test suite, and what they
test for:

@table @file

@item cdemo-conf.test
@itemx cdemo-exec.test
@itemx cdemo-make.test
@itemx cdemo-static.test
@itemx cdemo-shared.test
@pindex cdemo-conf.test
@pindex cdemo-exec.test
@pindex cdemo-make.test
@pindex cdemo-static.test
@pindex cdemo-shared.test
These programs check to see that the @file{cdemo} subdirectory of the
libtool distribution can be configured and built correctly.

The @file{cdemo} subdirectory contains a demonstration of libtool
convenience libraries, a mechanism that allows build-time static
libraries to be created, in a way that their components can be later
linked into programs or other libraries, even shared ones.

The tests @file{cdemo-make.test} and @file{cdemo-exec.test} are executed
three times, under three different libtool configurations:
@file{cdemo-conf.test} configures @file{cdemo/libtool} to build both
static and shared libraries (the default for platforms that support
both), @file{cdemo-static.test} builds only static libraries
(@samp{--disable-shared}), and @file{cdemo-shared.test} builds only
shared libraries (@samp{--disable-static}).

@item demo-conf.test
@itemx demo-exec.test
@itemx demo-inst.test
@itemx demo-make.test
@itemx demo-unst.test
@itemx demo-static.test
@itemx demo-shared.test
@itemx demo-nofast.test
@itemx demo-pic.test
@itemx demo-nopic.test
@pindex demo-conf.test
@pindex demo-exec.test
@pindex demo-inst.test
@pindex demo-make.test
@pindex demo-unst.test
@pindex demo-static.test
@pindex demo-shared.test
@pindex demo-nofast.test
@pindex demo-pic.test
@pindex demo-nopic.test
These programs check to see that the @file{demo} subdirectory of the
libtool distribution can be configured, built, installed, and
uninstalled correctly.

The @file{demo} subdirectory contains a demonstration of a trivial
package that uses libtool.  The tests @file{demo-make.test},
@file{demo-exec.test}, @file{demo-inst.test} and
@file{demo-unst.test} are executed four times, under four different
libtool configurations: @file{demo-conf.test} configures
@file{demo/libtool} to build both static and shared libraries,
@file{demo-static.test} builds only static libraries
(@samp{--disable-shared}), and @file{demo-shared.test} builds only
shared libraries (@samp{--disable-static}).
@file{demo-nofast.test} configures @file{demo/libtool} to
disable the fast-install mode (@samp{--enable-fast-install=no}).
@file{demo-pic.test} configures @file{demo/libtool} to
prefer building PIC code (@samp{--with-pic}), @file{demo-nopic.test}
to prefer non-PIC code (@samp{--without-pic}).

@item deplibs.test
@pindex deplibs.test
Many systems cannot link static libraries into shared libraries.
libtool uses a @code{deplibs_check_method} to prevent such cases.
This tests checks whether libtool's @code{deplibs_check_method}
works properly.

@item hardcode.test
@pindex hardcode.test
On all systems with shared libraries, the location of the library can be
encoded in executables that are linked against it @pxref{Linking
executables}.  This test checks the conditions under which your system
linker hardcodes the library location, and guarantees that they
correspond to libtool's own notion of how your linker behaves.

@item build-relink.test
@pindex build-relink.test
Checks whether variable @var{shlibpath_overrides_runpath} is properly
set.  If the test fails and @var{VERBOSE} is set, it will indicate what
the variable should have been set to.

@item noinst-link.test
@pindex noinst-link.test
Checks whether libtool will not try to link with a previously installed
version of a library when it should be linking with a just-built one.

@item depdemo-conf.test
@itemx depdemo-exec.test
@itemx depdemo-inst.test
@itemx depdemo-make.test
@itemx depdemo-unst.test
@itemx depdemo-static.test
@itemx depdemo-shared.test
@itemx depdemo-nofast.test
@pindex depdemo-conf.test
@pindex depdemo-exec.test
@pindex depdemo-inst.test
@pindex depdemo-make.test
@pindex depdemo-unst.test
@pindex depdemo-static.test
@pindex depdemo-shared.test
@pindex depdemo-nofast.test
These programs check to see that the @file{depdemo} subdirectory of the
libtool distribution can be configured, built, installed, and
uninstalled correctly.

The @file{depdemo} subdirectory contains a demonstration of inter-library
dependencies with libtool.  The test programs link some interdependent
libraries.

The tests @file{depdemo-make.test}, @file{depdemo-exec.test},
@file{depdemo-inst.test} and @file{depdemo-unst.test} are executed
four times, under four different libtool configurations:
@file{depdemo-conf.test} configures @file{depdemo/libtool} to build both
static and shared libraries, @file{depdemo-static.test} builds only static
libraries (@samp{--disable-shared}), and @file{depdemo-shared.test} builds
only shared libraries (@samp{--disable-static}).
@file{depdemo-nofast.test} configures @file{depdemo/libtool} to
disable the fast-install mode (@samp{--enable-fast-install=no}.

@item mdemo-conf.test
@itemx mdemo-exec.test
@itemx mdemo-inst.test
@itemx mdemo-make.test
@itemx mdemo-unst.test
@itemx mdemo-static.test
@itemx mdemo-shared.test
@pindex mdemo-conf.test
@pindex mdemo-exec.test
@pindex mdemo-inst.test
@pindex mdemo-make.test
@pindex mdemo-unst.test
@pindex mdemo-static.test
@pindex mdemo-shared.test
These programs check to see that the @file{mdemo} subdirectory of the
libtool distribution can be configured, built, installed, and
uninstalled correctly.

The @file{mdemo} subdirectory contains a demonstration of a package that
uses libtool and the system independent dlopen wrapper @file{libltdl} to
load modules.  The library @file{libltdl} provides a dlopen wrapper for
various platforms (Linux, Solaris, HP/UX etc.) including support for
dlpreopened modules (@pxref{Dlpreopening}).

The tests @file{mdemo-make.test}, @file{mdemo-exec.test},
@file{mdemo-inst.test} and @file{mdemo-unst.test} are executed
three times, under three different libtool configurations:
@file{mdemo-conf.test} configures @file{mdemo/libtool} to build both
static and shared libraries, @file{mdemo-static.test} builds only static
libraries (@samp{--disable-shared}), and @file{mdemo-shared.test} builds
only shared libraries (@samp{--disable-static}).

@item dryrun.test
@pindex dryrun.test
This test checks whether libtool's @code{--dry-run} mode works properly.

@item assign.test
@pindex assign.test
Checks whether we don't put break or continue on the same 
line as an assignment in the libtool script.

@item link.test
@pindex link.test
This test guarantees that linking directly against a non-libtool static
library works properly.

@item link-2.test
@pindex link-2.test
This test makes sure that files ending in @samp{.lo} are never linked
directly into a program file.

@item nomode.test
@pindex nomode.test
Check whether we can actually get help for libtool.

@item quote.test
@pindex quote.test
This program checks libtool's metacharacter quoting.

@item sh.test
@pindex sh.test
Checks whether a `test' command was forgotten in libtool.

@item suffix.test
@pindex suffix.test
When other programming languages are used with libtool (@pxref{Other
languages}), the source files may end in suffixes other than @samp{.c}.
This test validates that libtool can handle suffixes for all the file
types that it supports, and that it fails when the suffix is invalid.

@end table

@node When tests fail
@subsection When tests fail
@cindex failed tests
@cindex tests, failed

Each of the above tests are designed to produce no output when they are
run via @kbd{make check}.  The exit status of each program tells the
@file{Makefile} whether or not the test succeeded.

If a test fails, it means that there is either a programming error in
libtool, or in the test program itself.

To investigate a particular test, you may run it directly, as you would
a normal program.  When the test is invoked in this way, it produces
output which may be useful in determining what the problem is.

Another way to have the test programs produce output is to set the
@var{VERBOSE} environment variable to @samp{yes} before running them.
For example, @kbd{env VERBOSE=yes make check} runs all the tests, and
has each of them display debugging information.

@node Reporting bugs
@section Reporting bugs
@cindex bug reports
@cindex reporting bugs
@cindex problem reports

If you think you have discovered a bug in libtool, you should think
twice: the libtool maintainer is notorious for passing the buck (or
maybe that should be ``passing the bug'').  Libtool was invented to fix
known deficiencies in shared library implementations, so, in a way, most
of the bugs in libtool are actually bugs in other operating systems.
However, the libtool maintainer would definitely be happy to add support
for somebody else's buggy operating system.  [I wish there was a good
way to do winking smiley-faces in Texinfo.]

Genuine bugs in libtool include problems with shell script portability,
documentation errors, and failures in the test suite (@pxref{Libtool
test suite}).

First, check the documentation and help screens to make sure that the
behaviour you think is a problem is not already mentioned as a feature.

Then, you should read the Emacs guide to reporting bugs (@pxref{Bugs, ,
Reporting Bugs, emacs, The Emacs Manual}).  Some of the details
listed there are specific to Emacs, but the principle behind them is a
general one.

Finally, send a bug report to @value{BUGADDR} with any appropriate
@emph{facts}, such as test suite output (@pxref{When tests fail}), all
the details needed to reproduce the bug, and a brief description of why
you think the behaviour is a bug.  Be sure to include the word
``libtool'' in the subject line, as well as the version number you are
using (which can be found by typing @kbd{ltconfig --version}).

@node Maintaining
@chapter Maintenance notes for libtool

This chapter contains information that the libtool maintainer finds
important.  It will be of no use to you unless you are considering
porting libtool to new systems, or writing your own libtool.

@menu
* New ports::                   How to port libtool to new systems.
* Tested platforms::            When libtool was last tested.
* Platform quirks::             Information about different library systems.
* libtool script contents::     Configuration information that libtool uses.
* Cheap tricks::                Making libtool maintainership easier.
@end menu

@node New ports
@section Porting libtool to new systems

Before you embark on porting libtool to an unsupported system, it is
worthwhile to send e-mail to @value{MAILLIST}, to make sure that you are
not duplicating existing work.

If you find that any porting documentation is missing, please complain! 
Complaints with patches and improvements to the documentation, or to
libtool itself, are more than welcome.

@menu
* Information sources::         Where to find relevant documentation
* Porting inter-library dependencies::  Implementation details explained
@end menu

@node Information sources
@subsection Information sources

Once it is clear that a new port is necessary, you'll generally need the
following information:

@table @asis
@item canonical system name
You need the output of @code{config.guess} for this system, so that you
can make changes to the libtool configuration process without affecting
other systems.

@item man pages for @code{ld} and @code{cc}
These generally describe what flags are used to generate PIC, to create
shared libraries, and to link against only static libraries.  You may
need to follow some cross references to find the information that is
required.

@item man pages for @code{ld.so}, @code{rtld}, or equivalent
These are a valuable resource for understanding how shared libraries are
loaded on the system.

@item man page for @code{ldconfig}, or equivalent
This page usually describes how to install shared libraries.

@item output from @kbd{ls -l /lib /usr/lib}
This shows the naming convention for shared libraries on the system,
including which names should be symbolic links.

@item any additional documentation
Some systems have special documentation on how to build and install
shared libraries.
@end table

If you know how to program the Bourne shell, then you can complete the
port yourself; otherwise, you'll have to find somebody with the relevant
skills who will do the work.  People on the libtool mailing list are
usually willing to volunteer to help you with new ports, so you can send
the information to them.

To do the port yourself, you'll definitely need to modify the
@code{ltconfig} script in order to make platform-specific changes to the
configuration process.  You should search the script for the
@code{PORTME} keyword, which will give you some hints on what you'll
need to change.  In general, all that is involved is modifying the
appropriate configuration variables (@pxref{libtool script contents}).

Your best bet is to find an already-supported system that is similar to
yours, and make your changes based on that.  In some cases, however,
your system will differ significantly from every other supported system,
and it may be necessary to add new configuration variables, and modify
the @code{ltmain.sh} script accordingly.  Be sure to write to the
mailing list before you make changes to @code{ltmain.sh}, since they may
have advice on the most effective way of accomplishing what you want.

@node Porting inter-library dependencies
@subsection Porting inter-library dependencies support
@cindex inter-library dependency
@vindex deplibs_check_method

Since version 1.2c, libtool has re-introduced the ability to do
inter-library dependency on some platforms, thanks to a patch by Toshio
Kuratomi @email{badger@@prtr-13.ucsc.edu}.  Here's a shortened version
of the message that contained his patch:

The basic architecture is this: in @file{ltconfig.in}, the person who
writes libtool makes sure @samp{$deplibs} is included in
@samp{$archive_cmds} somewhere and also sets the variable
@samp{$deplibs_check_method}, and maybe @samp{$file_magic_cmd} when
@samp{deplibs_check_method} is file_magic.

@samp{deplibs_check_method} can be one of five things:
@table @samp
@item file_magic [@var{regex}]
@vindex file_magic
@vindex file_magic_cmd
@vindex file_magic_test_file
looks in the library link path for libraries that have the right
libname.  Then it runs @samp{$file_magic_cmd} on the library and checks
for a match against @samp{regex} using @code{egrep}.  When
@var{file_magic_test_file} is set in @file{ltconfig}, it is used as an
argument to @samp{$file_magic_cmd} in order to verify whether the
regular expression matches its output, and warn the user otherwise.

@item test_compile 
@vindex test_compile
just checks whether it is possible to link a program out of a list of
libraries, and checks which of those are listed in the output of
@code{ldd}.  It is currently unused, and will probably be dropped in the
future.

@item pass_all
@vindex pass_all
will pass everything without any checking.  This may work on platforms
in which code is position-independent by default and inter-library
dependencies are properly supported by the dynamic linker, for example,
on DEC OSF/1 3 and 4.

@item none
@vindex none
It causes deplibs to be reassigned deplibs="".  That way
@samp{archive_cmds} can contain deplibs on all platforms, but not have
deplibs used unless needed.

@item unknown
@vindex unknown
is the default for all systems unless overridden in @file{ltconfig.in}.
It is the same as @samp{none}, but it documents that we really don't
know what the correct value should be, and we welcome patches that
improve it.
@end table

Then in @file{ltmain.in} we have the real workhorse: a little
initialization and postprocessing (to setup/release variables for use
with eval echo libname_spec etc.) and a case statement that decides
which method is being used.  This is the real code... I wish I could
condense it a little more, but I don't think I can without function
calls.  I've mostly optimized it (moved things out of loops, etc) but
there is probably some fat left.  I thought I should stop while I was
ahead, work on whatever bugs you discover, etc before thinking about
more than obvious optimizations.

@node Tested platforms
@section Tested platforms

This table describes when libtool was last known to be tested on
platforms where it claims to support shared libraries:

@example
@include PLATFORMS
@end example

Note: The vendor-distributed HP-UX @code{sed}(1) programs are horribly
broken, and cannot handle libtool's requirements, so users may report
unusual problems.  There is no workaround except to install a working
@code{sed} (such as GNU @code{sed}) on these systems.

Note: The vendor-distributed NCR MP-RAS @code{cc} programs emits
copyright on standard error that confuse tests on size of
@file{conftest.err}.  The workaround is to specify @code{CC}
when run @code{configure} with @kbd{CC='cc -Hnocopyr'}.

@node Platform quirks
@section Platform quirks

This section is dedicated to the sanity of the libtool maintainers.  It
describes the programs that libtool uses, how they vary from system to
system, and how to test for them.

Because libtool is a shell script, it can be difficult to understand
just by reading it from top to bottom.  This section helps show why
libtool does things a certain way.  Combined with the scripts
themselves, you should have a better sense of how to improve libtool, or
write your own.

@menu
* References::                  Finding more information.
* Compilers::                   Creating object files from source files.
* Reloadable objects::          Binding object files together.
* Archivers::                   Programs that create static archives.
@end menu

@node References
@subsection References

The following is a list of valuable documentation references:

@itemize @bullet
@item
SGI's IRIX Manual Pages, which can be found at
@url{http://techpubs.sgi.com/cgi-bin/infosrch.cgi?cmd=browse&db=man}.

@item
Sun's free service area
(@url{http://www.sun.com/service/online/free.html}) and documentation
server (@url{http://docs.sun.com/}).
@end itemize

@node Compilers
@subsection Compilers

The only compiler characteristics that affect libtool are the flags
needed (if any) to generate PIC objects.  In general, if a C compiler
supports certain PIC flags, then any derivative compilers support the
same flags.  Until there are some noteworthy exceptions to this rule,
this section will document only C compilers.

The following C compilers have standard command line options, regardless
of the platform:

@table @code
@item gcc

This is the GNU C compiler, which is also the system compiler for many
free operating systems (FreeBSD, GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux, Lites, NetBSD, and
OpenBSD, to name a few).

The @samp{-fpic} or @samp{-fPIC} flags can be used to generate
position-independent code.  @samp{-fPIC} is guaranteed to generate
working code, but the code is slower on m68k, m88k, and Sparc chips.
However, using @samp{-fpic} on those chips imposes arbitrary size limits
on the shared libraries.
@end table

The rest of this subsection lists compilers by the operating system that
they are bundled with:

@c FIXME these should all be better-documented

@table @code
@item aix3*
@itemx aix4*
AIX compilers have no PIC flags, since AIX has been ported only to
PowerPC and RS/6000 chips. @footnote{All code compiled for the PowerPC
and RS/6000 chips (@code{powerpc-*-*}, @code{powerpcle-*-*}, and
@code{rs6000-*-*}) is position-independent, regardless of the operating
system or compiler suite.  So, ``regular objects'' can be used to build
shared libraries on these systems and no special PIC compiler flags are
required.}

@item hpux10*
Use @samp{+Z} to generate PIC.

@item osf3*
Digital/UNIX 3.x does not have PIC flags, at least not on the PowerPC
platform.

@item solaris2*
Use @samp{-KPIC} to generate PIC.

@item sunos4*
Use @samp{-PIC} to generate PIC.
@end table

@node Reloadable objects
@subsection Reloadable objects

On all known systems, a reloadable object can be created by running
@kbd{ld -r -o @var{output}.o @var{input1}.o @var{input2}.o}.  This
reloadable object may be treated as exactly equivalent to other
objects.

@node Archivers
@subsection Archivers

On all known systems, building a static library can be accomplished by
running @kbd{ar cru lib@var{name}.a @var{obj1}.o @var{obj2}.o @dots{}},
where the @samp{.a} file is the output library, and each @samp{.o} file is an
object file.

On all known systems, if there is a program named @code{ranlib}, then it
must be used to ``bless'' the created library before linking against it,
with the @kbd{ranlib lib@var{name}.a} command.  Some systems, like Irix,
use the @code{ar ts} command, instead.

@node libtool script contents
@section @code{libtool} script contents
@cindex implementation of libtool
@cindex libtool implementation

The @code{libtool} script is generated by @code{ltconfig}
(@pxref{Configuring}).  From libtool version 0.7 to 1.0, this script
simply set shell variables, then sourced the libtool backend,
@code{ltmain.sh}.  @code{ltconfig} from libtool version 1.1 and later
inlines the contents of @code{ltmain.sh} into the generated
@code{libtool}, which improves performance on many systems.

The convention used for naming variables which hold shell commands for
delayed evaluation, is to use the suffix @code{_cmd} where a single
line of valid shell script is needed, and the suffix @code{_cmds} where
multiple lines of shell script @strong{may} be delayed for later
evaluation.  By convention, @code{_cmds} variables delimit the
evaluation units with the @code{~} character where necessary.

Here is a listing of each of the configuration variables, and how they
are used within @code{ltmain.sh}:

@defvar AR
The name of the system library archiver.
@end defvar

@defvar CC
The name of the C compiler used to configure libtool.
@end defvar

@defvar LD
The name of the linker that libtool should use internally for reloadable
linking and possibly shared libraries.
@end defvar

@defvar LTCONFIG_VERSION
This is set to the version number of the @code{ltconfig} script, to
prevent mismatches between the configuration information in
@code{libtool}, and how that information is used in @code{ltmain.sh}.
@end defvar

@defvar NM
The name of a BSD-compatible @code{nm} program, which produces listings
of global symbols in one the following formats:

@example
@var{address} C @var{global-variable-name}
@var{address} D @var{global-variable-name}
@var{address} T @var{global-function-name}
@end example
@end defvar

@defvar RANLIB
Set to the name of the ranlib program, if any.
@end defvar

@defvar allow_undefined_flag
The flag that is used by @samp{archive_cmds} in order to declare that
there will be unresolved symbols in the resulting shared library.
Empty, if no such flag is required.  Set to @samp{unsupported} if there
is no way to generate a shared library with references to symbols that
aren't defined in that library.
@end defvar

@defvar always_export_symbols
Whether libtool should automatically generate a list of exported symbols
using @var{export_symbols_cmds} before linking an archive.
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.  Default is @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar archive_cmds
@defvarx archive_expsym_cmds
@defvarx old_archive_cmds
Commands used to create shared libraries, shared libraries with
@samp{-export-symbols} and static libraries, respectively.
@end defvar

@defvar old_archive_from_new_cmds
If the shared library depends on a static library,
@samp{old_archive_from_new_cmds} contains the commands used to create that
static library.  If this variable is not empty, @samp{old_archive_cmds} is
not used.
@end defvar

@defvar old_archive_from_expsyms_cmds
If a static library must be created from the export symbol list in order to
correctly link with a shared library, @samp{old_archive_from_expsyms_cmds}
contains the commands needed to create that static library.  When these
commands are executed, the variable @var{soname} contains the name of the
shared library in question, and the @var{$objdir/$newlib} contains the
path of the static library these commands should build.  After executing
these commands, libtool will proceed to link against @var{$objdir/$newlib}
instead of @var{soname}.
@end defvar

@defvar build_libtool_libs
Whether libtool should build shared libraries on this system.  Set to
@samp{yes} or @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar build_old_libs
Whether libtool should build static libraries on this system.  Set to
@samp{yes} or @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar compiler_c_o
Whether the compiler supports the @code{-c} and @code{-o} options 
simultaneously. Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar compiler_o_lo
Whether the compiler supports compiling directly to a ".lo" file, 
i.e whether object files do not have to have the suffix ".o".
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar dlopen
Whether @code{dlopen} is supported on the platform.
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar dlopen_self
Whether it is possible to @code{dlopen} the executable itself.
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar dlopen_self_static
Whether it is possible to @code{dlopen} the executable itself, when it
is linked statically (@samp{-all-static}).  Set to @samp{yes} or
@samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar echo
An @code{echo} program which does not interpret backslashes as an
escape character.
@end defvar

@defvar exclude_expsyms
List of symbols that should not be listed in the preloaded symbols.
@end defvar

@defvar export_dynamic_flag_spec
Compiler link flag that allows a dlopened shared library to reference
symbols that are defined in the program.
@end defvar

@defvar export_symbols_cmds
Commands to extract exported symbols from @var{libobjs} to the
file @var{export_symbols}.
@end defvar

@defvar extract_expsyms_cmds
Commands to extract the exported symbols list from a shared library.
These commands are executed if there is no file @var{$objdir/$soname-def},
and should write the names of the exported symbols to that file, for
the use of @samp{old_archive_from_expsyms_cmds}.
@end defvar

@defvar fast_install
Determines whether libtool will privilege the installer or the
developer.  The assumption is that installers will seldom run programs
in the build tree, and the developer will seldom install.  This is only
meaningful on platforms in which @var{shlibpath_overrides_runpath} is
not @samp{yes}, so @var{fast_install} will be set to @samp{needless} in
this case.  If @var{fast_install} set to @samp{yes}, libtool will create
programs that search for installed libraries, and, if a program is run
in the build tree, a new copy will be linked on-demand to use the
yet-to-be-installed libraries.  If set to @samp{no}, libtool will create
programs that use the yet-to-be-installed libraries, and will link
a new copy of the program at install time.  The default value is
@samp{yes} or @samp{needless}, depending on platform and configuration
flags, and it can be turned from @samp{yes} to @samp{no} with the
configure flag @samp{--disable-fast-install}.
@end defvar

@defvar finish_cmds
Commands to tell the dynamic linker how to find shared libraries in a
specific directory.
@end defvar

@defvar finish_eval
Same as @var{finish_cmds}, except the commands are not displayed.
@end defvar

@defvar fix_srcfile_path
Expression to fix the shell variable $srcfile for the compiler.
@end defvar

@defvar global_symbol_pipe
A pipeline that takes the output of @var{NM}, and produces a listing of
raw symbols followed by their C names.  For example:

@example
$ @kbd{eval "$NM progname | $global_symbol_pipe"}
D @var{symbol1} @var{C-symbol1}
T @var{symbol2} @var{C-symbol2}
C @var{symbol3} @var{C-symbol3}
@dots{}
$
@end example

The first column contains the symbol type (used to tell data from code
on some platforms), but its meaning is system dependent.
@end defvar

@defvar global_symbol_to_cdecl
A pipeline that translates the output of @var{global_symbol_pipe} into
proper C declarations.  On platforms whose linkers differentiate code
from data, such as HP/UX, data symbols will be declared as such, and
code symbols will be declared as functions.  On platforms that don't
care, everything is assumed to be data.
@end defvar

@defvar hardcode_action
Either @samp{immediate} or @samp{relink}, depending on whether shared
library paths can be hardcoded into executables before they are installed,
or if they need to be relinked.
@end defvar

@defvar hardcode_direct
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}, depending on whether the linker
hardcodes directories if a library is directly specified on the command
line (such as @samp{@var{dir}/lib@var{name}.a}) when
@var{hardcode_libdir_flag_spec} is specified.
@end defvar

@defvar hardcode_into_libs
Whether the platform supports hardcoding of run-paths into libraries.
If enabled, linking of programs will be much simpler but libraries will
need to be relinked during installation.   Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar hardcode_libdir_flag_spec
Flag to hardcode a @var{libdir} variable into a binary, so that the
dynamic linker searches @var{libdir} for shared libraries at runtime.
If it is empty, libtool will try to use some other hardcoding mechanism.
@end defvar

@defvar hardcode_libdir_separator
If the compiler only accepts a single @var{hardcode_libdir_flag}, then
this variable contains the string that should separate multiple
arguments to that flag.
@end defvar

@defvar hardcode_minus_L
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}, depending on whether the linker
hardcodes directories specified by @samp{-L} flags into the resulting
executable when @var{hardcode_libdir_flag_spec} is specified.
@end defvar

@defvar hardcode_shlibpath_var
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}, depending on whether the linker
hardcodes directories by writing the contents of @samp{$shlibpath_var}
into the resulting executable when @var{hardcode_libdir_flag_spec} is
specified.  Set to @samp{unsupported} if directories specified by
@samp{$shlibpath_var} are searched at run time, but not at link time.
@end defvar

@defvar host
@defvarx host_alias
For information purposes, set to the specified and canonical names of
the system that libtool was configured for.
@end defvar

@defvar include_expsyms
List of symbols that must always be exported when using @var{export_symbols}.
@end defvar

@defvar libext
The standard old archive suffix (normally "a").
@end defvar

@defvar libname_spec
The format of a library name prefix.  On all Unix systems, static
libraries are called @samp{lib@var{name}.a}, but on some systems (such
as OS/2 or MS-DOS), the library is just called @samp{@var{name}.a}.
@end defvar

@defvar library_names_spec
A list of shared library names.  The first is the name of the file,
the rest are symbolic links to the file.  The name in the list is
the file name that the linker finds when given @samp{-l@var{name}}.
@end defvar

@defvar link_all_deplibs
Whether libtool must link a program against all its dependency libraries.
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.  Default is @samp{unknown}, which is
a synonym for @samp{yes}.
@end defvar

@defvar link_static_flag
Linker flag (passed through the C compiler) used to prevent dynamic
linking.
@end defvar

@defvar need_lib_prefix
Whether libtool should automatically prefix module names with 'lib'.
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.  By default, it is @samp{unknown}, which 
means the same as @samp{yes}, but documents that we are not really sure
about it.
@samp{yes} means that it is possible both to @code{dlopen} and to
link against a library without 'lib' prefix,
i.e. it requires @var{hardcode_direct} to be @samp{yes}.
@end defvar

@defvar need_version
Whether versioning is required for libraries, i.e. whether the
dynamic linker requires a version suffix for all libraries.
Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.  By default, it is @samp{unknown}, which 
means the same as @samp{yes}, but documents that we are not really sure
about it.
@end defvar

@defvar need_locks
Whether files must be locked to prevent conflicts when compiling 
simultaneously. Set to @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar no_builtin_flag
Compiler flag to disable builtin functions that conflict with declaring
external global symbols as @code{char}.
@end defvar

@defvar no_undefined_flag
The flag that is used by @samp{archive_cmds} in order to declare that
there will be no unresolved symbols in the resulting shared library.
Empty, if no such flag is required.
@end defvar

@defvar objdir
The name of the directory that contains temporary libtool files.
@end defvar

@defvar objext
The standard object file suffix (normally "o").
@end defvar

@defvar pic_flag
Any additional compiler flags for building library object files.
@end defvar

@defvar postinstall_cmds
@defvarx old_postinstall_cmds
Commands run after installing a shared or static library, respectively.
@end defvar

@defvar postuninstall_cmds
@defvarx old_postuninstall_cmds
Commands run after uninstalling a shared or static library, respectively.
@end defvar

@defvar reload_cmds
@defvarx reload_flag
Commands to create a reloadable object.
@end defvar

@defvar runpath_var
The environment variable that tells the linker which directories to
hardcode in the resulting executable.
@end defvar

@defvar shlibpath_overrides_runpath
Indicates whether it is possible to override the hard-coded library
search path of a program with an environment variable.  If this is set
to no, libtool may have to create two copies of a program in the build
tree, one to be installed and one to be run in the build tree only.
When each of these copies is created depends on the value of
@code{fast_install}.  The default value is @samp{unknown}, which is
equivalent to @samp{no}.
@end defvar

@defvar shlibpath_var
The environment variable that tells the dynamic linker where to find
shared libraries.
@end defvar

@defvar soname_spec
The name coded into shared libraries, if different from the real name of
the file.
@end defvar

@defvar striplib
@defvarx old_striplib
Command to strip a shared (@code{striplib}) or static (@code{old_striplib})
library, respectively.  If these variables are empty, the strip flag
in the install mode will be ignored for libraries (@pxref{Install mode}).
@end defvar

@defvar sys_lib_dlsearch_path_spec
Expression to get the run-time system library search path.  Directories
that appear in this list are never hard-coded into executables.
@end defvar

@defvar sys_lib_search_path_spec
Expression to get the compile-time system library search path.  This
variable is used by libtool when it has to test whether a certain
library is shared or static.  The directories listed in
@var{shlibpath_var} are automatically appended to this list, every time
libtool runs (i.e., not at configuration time), because some linkers use
this variable to extend the library search path.  Linker switches such
as @code{-L} also augment the search path.
@end defvar

@defvar thread_safe_flag_spec
Linker flag (passed through the C compiler) used to generate thread-safe
libraries.
@end defvar

@defvar version_type
The library version numbering type.  One of @samp{libtool},
@samp{linux}, @samp{osf}, @samp{sunos}, or @samp{none}.
@end defvar

@defvar whole_archive_flag_spec
Compiler flag to generate shared objects from convenience archives.
@end defvar

@defvar wl
The C compiler flag that allows libtool to pass a flag directly to the
linker.  Used as: @code{$@{wl@}@var{some-flag}}.
@end defvar

Variables ending in @samp{_cmds} or @samp{_eval} contain a
semicolon-separated list of commands that are @code{eval}ed one after
another.  If any of the commands return a nonzero exit status, libtool
generally exits with an error message.

Variables ending in @samp{_spec} are @code{eval}ed before being used by
libtool.

@node Cheap tricks
@section Cheap tricks

Here are a few tricks that you can use in order to make maintainership
easier:

@itemize @bullet
@item
When people report bugs, ask them to use the @samp{--config},
@samp{--debug}, or @samp{--features} flags, if you think they will help
you.  These flags are there to help you get information directly, rather
than having to trust second-hand observation.

@item
Rather than reconfiguring libtool every time I make a change to
@code{ltconfig.in} or @code{ltmain.in}, I keep a permanent
@code{libtool} script in my @var{PATH}, which sources @code{ltmain.in}
directly.

The following steps describe how to create such a script, where
@code{/home/src/libtool} is the directory containing the libtool source
tree, @code{/home/src/libtool/libtool} is a libtool script that has been
configured for your platform, and @code{~/bin} is a directory in your
@var{PATH}:

@example
trick$ @kbd{cd ~/bin}
trick$ @kbd{sed '/^# ltmain\.sh/q' /home/src/libtool/libtool > libtool}
trick$ @kbd{cat >> libtool
LTCONFIG_VERSION="@@VERSION@@"
. /home/src/libtool/ltmain.in
^D}
trick$ @kbd{chmod +x libtool}
trick$ @kbd{libtool --version}
ltmain.sh (GNU @@PACKAGE@@) @@VERSION@@
trick$
@end example
@end itemize

The output of the final @samp{libtool --version} command shows that the
@code{ltmain.in} script is being used directly.  Now, modify
@code{~/bin/libtool} or @code{/home/src/libtool/ltmain.in} directly in
order to test new changes without having to rerun @code{ltconfig}.

@page
@node Index
@unnumbered Index

@printindex cp

@c summarycontents
@contents
@bye