gradio/guides/05_custom-components/04_backend.md

# The Backend 🐍

This guide will cover everything you need to know to implement your custom component's backend processing.

## Which Class to Inherit From

All components inherit from one of three classes `Component`, `FormComponent`, or `BlockContext`.
You need to inherit from one so that your component behaves like all other gradio components.
When you start from a template with `gradio cc create --template`, you don't need to worry about which one to choose since the template uses the correct one. 
For completeness, and in the event that you need to make your own component from scratch, we explain what each class is for.

* `FormComponent`: Use this when you want your component to be grouped together in the same `Form` layout with other `FormComponents`. The `Slider`, `Textbox`, and `Number` components are all `FormComponents`.
* `BlockContext`: Use this when you want to place other components "inside" your component. This enabled `with MyComponent() as component:` syntax.
* `Component`: Use this for all other cases.

Tip: If your component supports streaming output, inherit from the `StreamingOutput` class.

Tip: If you inherit from `BlockContext`, you also need to set the metaclass to be `ComponentMeta`. See example below.

```python
from gradio.blocks import BlockContext
from gradio.component_meta import ComponentMeta

set_documentation_group("layout")


@document()
class Row(BlockContext, metaclass=ComponentMeta):
    pass
```

## The methods you need to implement

When you inherit from any of these classes, the following methods must be implemented.
Otherwise the Python interpreter will raise an error when you instantiate your component!

### `preprocess` and `postprocess`

Explained in the [Key Concepts](./key-component-concepts#the-value-and-how-it-is-preprocessed-postprocessed) guide. 
They handle the conversion from the data sent by the frontend to the format expected by the python function.

```python
    @abstractmethod
    def preprocess(self, x: Any) -> Any:
        """
        Convert from the web-friendly (typically JSON) value in the frontend to the format expected by the python function.
        """
        return x

    @abstractmethod
    def postprocess(self, y):
        """
        Convert from the data returned by the python function to the web-friendly (typically JSON) value expected by the frontend.
        """
        return y
```

### `as_example`

Takes in the original Python value and returns the modified value that should be displayed in the examples preview in the app. 
Let's look at the following example from the `Radio` component.

```python
def as_example(self, input_data):
    return next((c[0] for c in self.choices if c[1] == input_data), None)
```

Since `self.choices` is a list of tuples corresponding to (`display_name`, `value`), this converts the value that a user provides to the display value (or if the value is not present in `self.choices`, it is converted to `None`).

```python
@abstractmethod
def as_example(self, y):
    pass
```

### `api_info`

A JSON-schema representation of the value that the `preprocess` expects. 
This powers api usage via the gradio clients. 
You do **not** need to implement this yourself if you components specifies a `data_model`. 
The `data_model` in the following section.

```python
@abstractmethod
def api_info(self) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
    """
    A JSON-schema representation of the value that the `preprocess` expects and the `postprocess` returns.
    """
    pass
```

### `example_inputs`

The example inputs for this component displayed in the `View API` page. 
Must be JSON-serializable.
If your component expects a file, it is best to use a publicly accessible URL.

```python
@abstractmethod
def example_inputs(self) -> Any:
    """
    The example inputs for this component for API usage. Must be JSON-serializable.
    """
    pass
```

### `flag`

Write the component's value to a format that can be stored in the `csv` or `json` file used for flagging.
You do **not** need to implement this yourself if you components specifies a `data_model`. 
The `data_model` in the following section.

```python
@abstractmethod
def flag(self, x: Any | GradioDataModel, flag_dir: str | Path = "") -> str:
    pass
```

### `read_from_flag`
Convert from the format stored in the `csv` or `json` file used for flagging to the component's python `value`.
You do **not** need to implement this yourself if you components specifies a `data_model`. 
The `data_model` in the following section.

```python
@abstractmethod
def read_from_flag(
    self,
    x: Any,
    flag_dir: str | Path | None = None,
) -> GradioDataModel | Any:
    """
    Convert the data from the csv or jsonl file into the component state.
    """
    return x
```

## The `data_model`

The `data_model` is how you define the expected data format your component's value will be stored in the frontend.
It specifies the data format your `preprocess` method expects and the format the `postprocess` method returns.
It is not necessary to define a `data_model` for your component but it greatly simplifies the process of creating a custom component.
If you define a custom component you only need to implement three methods - `preprocess`, `postprocess`, and `example_inputs`!

You define a `data_model` by defining a [pydantic model](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/models/#basic-model-usage) that inherits from either `GradioModel` or `GradioRootModel`.

This is best explained with an example. Let's look at the core `Video` component, which stores the video data as a JSON object with two keys `video` and `subtitles` which point to separate files.

```python
from gradio.data_classes import FileData, GradioModel

class VideoData(GradioModel):
    video: FileData
    subtitles: Optional[FileData] = None

class Video(Component):
    data_model = VideoData
```

By adding these four lines of code, your component automatically implements the methods needed for API usage, the flagging methods, and example caching methods!
It also has the added benefit of self-documenting your code.
Anyone who reads your component code will know exactly the data it expects.

Tip: If your component expects files to be uploaded from the frontend, your must use the `FileData` model! It will be explained in the following section. 

Tip: Read the pydantic docs [here](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/models/#basic-model-usage).

The difference between a `GradioModel` and a `GradioRootModel` is that the `RootModel` will not serialize the data to a dictionary.
For example, the `Names` model will serialize the data to `{'names': ['freddy', 'pete']}` whereas the `NamesRoot` model will serialize it to `['freddy', 'pete']`.

```python
from typing import List

class Names(GradioModel):
    names: List[str]

class NamesRoot(GradioRootModel):
    root: List[str]
```

Even if your component does not expect a "complex" JSON data structure it can be beneficial to define a `GradioRootModel` so that you don't have to worry about implementing the API and flagging methods.

Tip: Use classes from the Python typing library to type your models. e.g. `List` instead of `list`.

## Handling Files

If your component expects uploaded files as input, or returns saved files to the frontend, you **MUST** use the `FileData` to type the files in your `data_model`.

When you use the `FileData`:

* Gradio knows that it should allow serving this file to the frontend. Gradio automatically blocks requests to serve arbitrary files in the computer running the server.

* Gradio will automatically place the file in a cache so that duplicate copies of the file don't get saved.

* The client libraries will automatically know that they should upload input files prior to sending the request. They will also automatically download files.

If you do not use the `FileData`, your component will not work as expected!


## Adding Event Triggers To Your Component

The events triggers for your component are defined in the `EVENTS` class attribute.
This is a list that contains the string names of the events.
Adding an event to this list will automatically add a method with that same name to your component!

You can import the `Events` enum from `gradio.events` to access commonly used events in the core gradio components.

For example, the following code will define `text_submit`, `file_upload` and `change` methods in the `MyComponent` class.

```python
from gradio.events import Events
from gradio.components import FormComponent

class MyComponent(FormComponent):

    EVENTS = [
        "text_submit",
        "file_upload",
        Events.change
    ]
```


Tip: Don't forget to also handle these events in the JavaScript code!

## Conclusion