Use f-strings where possible (#3984)

* Use f-strings where possible

Semi-automated using ikamensh/flynt

* Update gradio/utils.py

* Update gradio/interface.py

* formatting

---------

Co-authored-by: Abubakar Abid <abubakar@huggingface.co>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ No changes to highlight.
 ## Testing and Infrastructure Changes:
 
 - CI: Python backend lint is only run once, by [@akx](https://github.com/akx) in [PR 3960](https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio/pull/3960)
+- Format invocations and concatenations were replaced by f-strings where possible by [@akx](https://github.com/akx) in [PR 3984](https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio/pull/3984)
 
 ## Breaking Changes:
 

gradio/blocks.py

@@ -252,9 +252,7 @@ class Block:
                 api_name, [dep["api_name"] for dep in Context.root_block.dependencies]
             )
             if not (api_name == api_name_):
-                warnings.warn(
-                    "api_name {} already exists, using {}".format(api_name, api_name_)
-                )
+                warnings.warn(f"api_name {api_name} already exists, using {api_name_}")
                 api_name = api_name_
 
         if collects_event_data is None:
@@ -561,7 +559,7 @@ def get_api_info(config: Dict, serialize: bool = True):
         if skip_endpoint:
             continue
         if dependency["api_name"]:
-            api_info["named_endpoints"]["/" + dependency["api_name"]] = dependency_info
+            api_info["named_endpoints"][f"/{dependency['api_name']}"] = dependency_info
         elif mode == "interface" or mode == "tabbed_interface":
             pass  # Skip unnamed endpoints in interface mode
         else:
@@ -735,13 +733,13 @@ class Blocks(BlockContext):
                 if block_config["id"] == id:
                     break
             else:
-                raise ValueError("Cannot find block with id {}".format(id))
+                raise ValueError(f"Cannot find block with id {id}")
             cls = component_or_layout_class(block_config["type"])
             block_config["props"].pop("type", None)
             block_config["props"].pop("name", None)
             style = block_config["props"].pop("style", None)
             if block_config["props"].get("root_url") is None and root_url:
-                block_config["props"]["root_url"] = root_url + "/"
+                block_config["props"]["root_url"] = f"{root_url}/"
             # Any component has already processed its initial value, so we skip that step here
             block = cls(**block_config["props"], _skip_init_processing=True)
             if style and isinstance(block, components.IOComponent):
@@ -825,18 +823,18 @@ class Blocks(BlockContext):
     def __repr__(self):
         num_backend_fns = len([d for d in self.dependencies if d["backend_fn"]])
         repr = f"Gradio Blocks instance: {num_backend_fns} backend functions"
-        repr += "\n" + "-" * len(repr)
+        repr += f"\n{'-' * len(repr)}"
         for d, dependency in enumerate(self.dependencies):
             if dependency["backend_fn"]:
                 repr += f"\nfn_index={d}"
                 repr += "\n inputs:"
                 for input_id in dependency["inputs"]:
                     block = self.blocks[input_id]
-                    repr += "\n |-{}".format(str(block))
+                    repr += f"\n |-{block}"
                 repr += "\n outputs:"
                 for output_id in dependency["outputs"]:
                     block = self.blocks[output_id]
-                    repr += "\n |-{}".format(str(block))
+                    repr += f"\n |-{block}"
         return repr
 
     def render(self):
@@ -862,9 +860,7 @@ class Blocks(BlockContext):
                     )
                     if not (api_name == api_name_):
                         warnings.warn(
-                            "api_name {} already exists, using {}".format(
-                                api_name, api_name_
-                            )
+                            f"api_name {api_name} already exists, using {api_name_}"
                         )
                         dependency["api_name"] = api_name_
                 dependency["cancels"] = [
@@ -1924,10 +1920,10 @@ Received outputs:
             analytics_integration = "CometML"
             comet_ml.log_other("Created from", "Gradio")
             if self.share_url is not None:
-                comet_ml.log_text("gradio: " + self.share_url)
+                comet_ml.log_text(f"gradio: {self.share_url}")
                 comet_ml.end()
             elif self.local_url:
-                comet_ml.log_text("gradio: " + self.local_url)
+                comet_ml.log_text(f"gradio: {self.local_url}")
                 comet_ml.end()
             else:
                 raise ValueError("Please run `launch()` first.")
@@ -1975,7 +1971,7 @@ Received outputs:
             # happen the next time the app is launched
             self.app.startup_events_triggered = False
             if verbose:
-                print("Closing server running on port: {}".format(self.server_port))
+                print(f"Closing server running on port: {self.server_port}")
         except (AttributeError, OSError):  # can't close if not running
             pass
 

gradio/components.py

@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class IOComponent(Component):
         if file_name:
             file_name = client_utils.strip_invalid_filename_characters(file_name)
         elif guess_extension:
-            file_name = "file." + guess_extension
+            file_name = f"file.{guess_extension}"
         else:
             file_name = "file"
         f = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False, dir=temp_dir)
@@ -1168,9 +1168,7 @@ class CheckboxGroup(
             return [self.choices.index(choice) for choice in x]
         else:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Unknown type: "
-                + str(self.type)
-                + ". Please choose from: 'value', 'index'."
+                f"Unknown type: {self.type}. Please choose from: 'value', 'index'."
             )
 
     def postprocess(self, y: List[str] | str | None) -> List[str]:
@@ -1357,9 +1355,7 @@ class Radio(
                 return self.choices.index(x)
         else:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Unknown type: "
-                + str(self.type)
-                + ". Please choose from: 'value', 'index'."
+                f"Unknown type: {self.type}. Please choose from: 'value', 'index'."
             )
 
     def get_interpretation_neighbors(self, x):
@@ -1567,9 +1563,7 @@ class Dropdown(
                     return self.choices.index(x) if x in self.choices else None
         else:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Unknown type: "
-                + str(self.type)
-                + ". Please choose from: 'value', 'index'."
+                f"Unknown type: {self.type}. Please choose from: 'value', 'index'."
             )
 
     def set_interpret_parameters(self):
@@ -1758,7 +1752,7 @@ class Image(
         elif self.type == "filepath":
             file_obj = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
                 delete=False,
-                suffix=("." + fmt.lower() if fmt is not None else ".png"),
+                suffix=(f".{fmt.lower()}" if fmt is not None else ".png"),
             )
             im.save(file_obj.name)
             return self.make_temp_copy_if_needed(file_obj.name)
@@ -3032,9 +3026,9 @@ class Dataframe(Changeable, Selectable, IOComponent, JSONSerializable):
     def __validate_headers(headers: List[str] | None, col_count: int):
         if headers is not None and len(headers) != col_count:
             raise ValueError(
-                "The length of the headers list must be equal to the col_count int.\nThe column count is set to {cols} but `headers` has {headers} items. Check the values passed to `col_count` and `headers`.".format(
-                    cols=col_count, headers=len(headers)
-                )
+                f"The length of the headers list must be equal to the col_count int.\n"
+                f"The column count is set to {col_count} but `headers` has {len(headers)} items. "
+                f"Check the values passed to `col_count` and `headers`."
             )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -3707,7 +3701,7 @@ class Label(Changeable, Selectable, IOComponent, JSONSerializable):
         raise ValueError(
             "The `Label` output interface expects one of: a string label, or an int label, a "
             "float label, or a dictionary whose keys are labels and values are confidences. "
-            "Instead, got a {}".format(type(y))
+            f"Instead, got a {type(y)}"
         )
 
     @staticmethod

gradio/external.py

@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ def load_blocks_from_repo(
         "models": from_model,
         "spaces": from_spaces,
     }
-    assert src.lower() in factory_methods, "parameter: src must be one of {}".format(
-        factory_methods.keys()
-    )
+    assert (
+        src.lower() in factory_methods
+    ), f"parameter: src must be one of {factory_methods.keys()}"
 
     if api_key is not None:
         if Context.hf_token is not None and Context.hf_token != api_key:
@@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ def chatbot_postprocess(response):
 
 
 def from_model(model_name: str, api_key: str | None, alias: str | None, **kwargs):
-    model_url = "https://huggingface.co/{}".format(model_name)
-    api_url = "https://api-inference.huggingface.co/models/{}".format(model_name)
-    print("Fetching model from: {}".format(model_url))
+    model_url = f"https://huggingface.co/{model_name}"
+    api_url = f"https://api-inference.huggingface.co/models/{model_name}"
+    print(f"Fetching model from: {model_url}")
 
     headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {api_key}"} if api_key is not None else {}
 
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ def from_model(model_name: str, api_key: str | None, alias: str | None, **kwargs
         }
 
     if p is None or p not in pipelines:
-        raise ValueError("Unsupported pipeline type: {}".format(p))
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported pipeline type: {p}")
 
     pipeline = pipelines[p]
 
@@ -406,9 +406,9 @@ def from_model(model_name: str, api_key: str | None, alias: str | None, **kwargs
 def from_spaces(
     space_name: str, api_key: str | None, alias: str | None, **kwargs
 ) -> Blocks:
-    space_url = "https://huggingface.co/spaces/{}".format(space_name)
+    space_url = f"https://huggingface.co/spaces/{space_name}"
 
-    print("Fetching Space from: {}".format(space_url))
+    print(f"Fetching Space from: {space_url}")
 
     headers = {}
     if api_key is not None:
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ def from_spaces(
     try:
         config = json.loads(result.group(1))  # type: ignore
     except AttributeError:
-        raise ValueError("Could not load the Space: {}".format(space_name))
+        raise ValueError(f"Could not load the Space: {space_name}")
     if "allow_flagging" in config:  # Create an Interface for Gradio 2.x Spaces
         return from_spaces_interface(
             space_name, config, alias, api_key, iframe_url, **kwargs
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ def from_spaces_interface(
 ) -> Interface:
 
     config = streamline_spaces_interface(config)
-    api_url = "{}/api/predict/".format(iframe_url)
+    api_url = f"{iframe_url}/api/predict/"
     headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
     if api_key is not None:
         headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {api_key}"

gradio/external_utils.py

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def encode_to_base64(r: requests.Response) -> str:
         # Case 3: the data prefix is included in the response headers
         else:
             pass
-        new_base64 = "data:{};base64,".format(content_type) + base64_repr
+        new_base64 = f"data:{content_type};base64,{base64_repr}"
         return new_base64
 
 

gradio/flagging.py

@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ def _get_dataset_features_info(is_new, components):
                 "_type": "Value",
             }
             if isinstance(component, tuple(file_preview_types)):
-                headers.append(component.label + " file")
+                headers.append(f"{component.label} file")
                 for _component, _type in file_preview_types.items():
                     if isinstance(component, _component):
                         infos["flagged"]["features"][
-                            (component.label or "") + " file"
+                            f"{component.label or ''} file"
                         ] = {"_type": _type}
                         break
 
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ class HuggingFaceDatasetSaver(FlaggingCallback):
                 csv_data.append(filepath)
                 if isinstance(component, tuple(file_preview_types)):
                     csv_data.append(
-                        "{}/resolve/main/{}".format(self.path_to_dataset_repo, filepath)
+                        f"{self.path_to_dataset_repo}/resolve/main/{filepath}"
                     )
             csv_data.append(flag_option)
             writer.writerow(utils.sanitize_list_for_csv(csv_data))
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class HuggingFaceDatasetSaver(FlaggingCallback):
         with open(self.log_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as csvfile:
             line_count = len([None for row in csv.reader(csvfile)]) - 1
 
-        self.repo.push_to_hub(commit_message="Flagged sample #{}".format(line_count))
+        self.repo.push_to_hub(commit_message=f"Flagged sample #{line_count}")
 
         return line_count
 
@@ -497,12 +497,10 @@ class HuggingFaceDatasetJSONSaver(FlaggingCallback):
                 filepath = None
 
             if isinstance(component, tuple(file_preview_types)):
-                headers.append(component.label or "" + " file")
+                headers.append(f"{component.label or ''} file")
 
                 csv_data.append(
-                    "{}/resolve/main/{}/{}".format(
-                        self.path_to_dataset_repo, unique_name, filepath
-                    )
+                    f"{self.path_to_dataset_repo}/resolve/main/{unique_name}/{filepath}"
                     if filepath is not None
                     else None
                 )
@@ -520,7 +518,7 @@ class HuggingFaceDatasetJSONSaver(FlaggingCallback):
         if is_new:
             json.dump(infos, open(self.infos_file, "w"))
 
-        self.repo.push_to_hub(commit_message="Flagged sample {}".format(unique_name))
+        self.repo.push_to_hub(commit_message=f"Flagged sample {unique_name}")
         return unique_name
 
     def get_unique_name(self):
@@ -555,7 +553,7 @@ class FlagMethod:
         try:
             self.flagging_callback.flag(list(flag_data), flag_option=self.value)
         except Exception as e:
-            print("Error while flagging: {}".format(e))
+            print(f"Error while flagging: {e}")
             if self.visual_feedback:
                 return "Error!"
         if not self.visual_feedback:

gradio/helpers.py

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Examples:
         elif isinstance(examples, str):
             if not Path(examples).exists():
                 raise FileNotFoundError(
-                    "Could not find examples directory: " + examples
+                    f"Could not find examples directory: {examples}"
                 )
             working_directory = examples
             if not (Path(examples) / LOG_FILE).exists():
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ def make_waveform(
         mix_pcts = [x / (n - 1) for x in range(n)]
         rgb_colors = [((1 - mix) * c1_rgb + (mix * c2_rgb)) for mix in mix_pcts]
         return [
-            "#" + "".join([format(int(round(val * 255)), "02x") for val in item])
+            "#" + "".join(f"{int(round(val * 255)):02x}" for val in item)
             for item in rgb_colors
         ]
 

gradio/interface.py

@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ class Interface(Blocks):
                 if len(self.output_components) == 1:
                     component.label = "output"
                 else:
-                    component.label = "output " + str(i)
+                    component.label = f"output {i}"
 
         if self.allow_flagging != "never":
             if (
@@ -461,9 +461,7 @@ class Interface(Blocks):
     def render_title_description(self) -> None:
         if self.title:
             Markdown(
-                "<h1 style='text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1rem'>"
-                + self.title
-                + "</h1>"
+                f"<h1 style='text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1rem'>{self.title}</h1>"
             )
         if self.description:
             Markdown(self.description)
@@ -785,13 +783,13 @@ class Interface(Blocks):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         repr = f"Gradio Interface for: {self.__name__}"
-        repr += "\n" + "-" * len(repr)
+        repr += f"\n{'-' * len(repr)}"
         repr += "\ninputs:"
         for component in self.input_components:
-            repr += "\n|-{}".format(str(component))
+            repr += f"\n|-{component}"
         repr += "\noutputs:"
         for component in self.output_components:
-            repr += "\n|-{}".format(str(component))
+            repr += f"\n|-{component}"
         return repr
 
     async def interpret_func(self, *args):
@@ -850,13 +848,11 @@ class TabbedInterface(Blocks):
             css=css,
         )
         if tab_names is None:
-            tab_names = ["Tab {}".format(i) for i in range(len(interface_list))]
+            tab_names = [f"Tab {i}" for i in range(len(interface_list))]
         with self:
             if title:
                 Markdown(
-                    "<h1 style='text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1rem'>"
-                    + title
-                    + "</h1>"
+                    f"<h1 style='text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1rem'>{title}</h1>"
                 )
             with Tabs():
                 for (interface, tab_name) in zip(interface_list, tab_names):

gradio/interpretation.py

@@ -196,9 +196,7 @@ async def run_interpret(interface: Interface, raw_input: List):
                 input_component = interface.input_components[i]
                 if not isinstance(input_component, TokenInterpretable):
                     raise ValueError(
-                        "Input component {} does not support `shap` interpretation".format(
-                            input_component
-                        )
+                        f"Input component {input_component} does not support `shap` interpretation"
                     )
 
                 tokens, _, masks = input_component.tokenize(x)
@@ -247,7 +245,7 @@ async def run_interpret(interface: Interface, raw_input: List):
                 scores.append(None)
                 alternative_outputs.append([])
             else:
-                raise ValueError("Unknown intepretation method: {}".format(interp))
+                raise ValueError(f"Unknown intepretation method: {interp}")
         return scores, alternative_outputs
     elif interface.interpretation:  # custom interpretation function
         processed_input = [
@@ -297,9 +295,7 @@ def quantify_difference_in_label(
 
     else:
         raise ValueError(
-            "This interpretation method doesn't support the Output component: {}".format(
-                output_component
-            )
+            f"This interpretation method doesn't support the Output component: {output_component}"
         )
 
 
@@ -328,7 +324,5 @@ def get_regression_or_classification_value(
 
     else:
         raise ValueError(
-            "This interpretation method doesn't support the Output component: {}".format(
-                output_component
-            )
+            f"This interpretation method doesn't support the Output component: {output_component}"
         )

gradio/networking.py

@@ -62,9 +62,7 @@ def get_first_available_port(initial: int, final: int) -> int:
         except OSError:
             pass
     raise OSError(
-        "All ports from {} to {} are in use. Please close a port.".format(
-            initial, final - 1
-        )
+        f"All ports from {initial} to {final - 1} are in use. Please close a port."
     )
 
 
@@ -121,9 +119,7 @@ def start_server(
             s.close()
         except OSError:
             raise OSError(
-                "Port {} is in use. If a gradio.Blocks is running on the port, you can close() it or gradio.close_all().".format(
-                    server_port
-                )
+                f"Port {server_port} is in use. If a gradio.Blocks is running on the port, you can close() it or gradio.close_all()."
             )
         port = server_port
 
@@ -134,9 +130,9 @@ def start_server(
             raise ValueError(
                 "ssl_certfile must be provided if ssl_keyfile is provided."
             )
-        path_to_local_server = "https://{}:{}/".format(url_host_name, port)
+        path_to_local_server = f"https://{url_host_name}:{port}/"
     else:
-        path_to_local_server = "http://{}:{}/".format(url_host_name, port)
+        path_to_local_server = f"http://{url_host_name}:{port}/"
 
     # Strip IPv6 brackets from the address if they exist.
     # This is needed as http://[::1]:port/ is a valid browser address,

gradio/pipelines.py

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def load_from_pipeline(pipeline: pipelines.base.Pipeline) -> Dict:
             },
         }
     else:
-        raise ValueError("Unsupported pipeline type: {}".format(type(pipeline)))
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported pipeline type: {type(pipeline)}")
 
     # define the function that will be called by the Interface
     def fn(*params):

gradio/reload.py

@@ -55,5 +55,5 @@ def run_in_reload_mode():
             message += ","
         message += f" '{abs_parent}'"
 
-    print(message + "\n")
+    print(f"{message}\n")
     os.system(command)

gradio/themes/base.py

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class ThemeClass:
             + "\n}"
         )
 
-        return css_code + "\n" + dark_css_code
+        return f"{css_code}\n{dark_css_code}"
 
     def to_dict(self):
         """Convert the theme into a python dictionary."""
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ class Base(ThemeClass):
                 raise ValueError(f"Color shortcut {shortcut} not found.")
             elif mode == "size":
                 for size in sizes.Size.all:
-                    if size.name == prefix + "_" + shortcut:
+                    if size.name == f"{prefix}_{shortcut}":
                         return size
                 raise ValueError(f"Size shortcut {shortcut} not found.")
 

gradio/tunneling.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class Tunnel:
 
         # Check if the file exist
         binary_name = f"frpc_{platform.system().lower()}_{machine.lower()}"
-        binary_path = str(Path(__file__).parent / binary_name) + f"_v{VERSION}"
+        binary_path = f"{Path(__file__).parent / binary_name}_v{VERSION}"
 
         extension = ".exe" if os.name == "nt" else ""
 

gradio/utils.py

@@ -74,11 +74,8 @@ def version_check():
         ]
         if StrictVersion(latest_pkg_version) > StrictVersion(current_pkg_version):
             print(
-                "IMPORTANT: You are using gradio version {}, "
-                "however version {} "
-                "is available, please upgrade.".format(
-                    current_pkg_version, latest_pkg_version
-                )
+                f"IMPORTANT: You are using gradio version {current_pkg_version}, "
+                f"however version {latest_pkg_version} is available, please upgrade."
             )
             print("--------")
     except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
@@ -110,7 +107,7 @@ def initiated_analytics(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
     def initiated_analytics_thread(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         try:
             requests.post(
-                analytics_url + "gradio-initiated-analytics/", data=data, timeout=5
+                f"{analytics_url}gradio-initiated-analytics/", data=data, timeout=5
             )
         except (requests.ConnectionError, requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout):
             pass  # do not push analytics if no network
@@ -124,7 +121,7 @@ def launch_analytics(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
     def launch_analytics_thread(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         try:
             requests.post(
-                analytics_url + "gradio-launched-analytics/", data=data, timeout=5
+                f"{analytics_url}gradio-launched-analytics/", data=data, timeout=5
             )
         except (requests.ConnectionError, requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout):
             pass  # do not push analytics if no network
@@ -183,7 +180,7 @@ def launched_telemetry(blocks: gradio.Blocks, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
     def launched_telemtry_thread(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         try:
             requests.post(
-                analytics_url + "gradio-launched-telemetry/", data=data, timeout=5
+                f"{analytics_url}gradio-launched-telemetry/", data=data, timeout=5
             )
         except Exception:
             pass
@@ -197,7 +194,7 @@ def integration_analytics(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
     def integration_analytics_thread(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         try:
             requests.post(
-                analytics_url + "gradio-integration-analytics/", data=data, timeout=5
+                f"{analytics_url}gradio-integration-analytics/", data=data, timeout=5
             )
         except (requests.ConnectionError, requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout):
             pass  # do not push analytics if no network
@@ -216,7 +213,7 @@ def error_analytics(message: str) -> None:
     def error_analytics_thread(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         try:
             requests.post(
-                analytics_url + "gradio-error-analytics/", data=data, timeout=5
+                f"{analytics_url}gradio-error-analytics/", data=data, timeout=5
             )
         except (requests.ConnectionError, requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout):
             pass  # do not push analytics if no network
@@ -229,7 +226,7 @@ async def log_feature_analytics(feature: str) -> None:
     async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
         try:
             async with session.post(
-                analytics_url + "gradio-feature-analytics/", data=data
+                f"{analytics_url}gradio-feature-analytics/", data=data
             ):
                 pass
         except (aiohttp.ClientError):
@@ -736,7 +733,7 @@ def sanitize_value_for_csv(value: str | Number) -> str | Number:
     if any(value.startswith(prefix) for prefix in unsafe_prefixes) or any(
         sequence in value for sequence in unsafe_sequences
     ):
-        value = "'" + value
+        value = f"'{value}"
     return value
 
 
@@ -763,10 +760,10 @@ def append_unique_suffix(name: str, list_of_names: List[str]):
         return name
     else:
         suffix_counter = 1
-        new_name = name + f"_{suffix_counter}"
+        new_name = f"{name}_{suffix_counter}"
         while new_name in set_of_names:
             suffix_counter += 1
-            new_name = name + f"_{suffix_counter}"
+            new_name = f"{name}_{suffix_counter}"
         return new_name
 
 
@@ -907,7 +904,7 @@ def tex2svg(formula, *args):
     DPI = 300
     plt.rc("mathtext", fontset="cm")
     fig = plt.figure(figsize=(0.01, 0.01))
-    fig.text(0, 0, r"${}$".format(formula), fontsize=FONTSIZE)
+    fig.text(0, 0, rf"${formula}$", fontsize=FONTSIZE)
     output = BytesIO()
     fig.savefig(
         output,

test/test_blocks.py

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class TestBlocksMethods:
 
     def test_partial_fn_in_config(self):
         def greet(name, formatter):
-            return formatter("Hello " + name + "!")
+            return formatter(f"Hello {name}!")
 
         greet_upper_case = partial(greet, formatter=capwords)
         with gr.Blocks() as demo:
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ class TestCallFunction:
             text = gr.Textbox()
             btn = gr.Button()
             btn.click(
-                lambda x: "Hello, " + x,
+                lambda x: f"Hello, {x}",
                 inputs=text,
                 outputs=text,
             )
@@ -646,12 +646,12 @@ class TestCallFunction:
             text2 = gr.Textbox()
             btn = gr.Button()
             btn.click(
-                lambda x: "Hello, " + x,
+                lambda x: f"Hello, {x}",
                 inputs=text,
                 outputs=text,
             )
             text.change(
-                lambda x: "Hi, " + x,
+                lambda x: f"Hi, {x}",
                 inputs=text,
                 outputs=text2,
             )
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ class TestBatchProcessing:
         def batch_fn(x):
             results = []
             for word in x:
-                results.append("Hello " + word)
+                results.append(f"Hello {word}")
             return (results,)
 
         with gr.Blocks() as demo:
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ class TestBatchProcessing:
             def batch_fn(x):
                 results = []
                 for word in x:
-                    results.append("Hello " + word)
+                    results.append(f"Hello {word}")
                     yield (results,)
 
             with gr.Blocks() as demo:
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ class TestBatchProcessing:
             def batch_fn(x):
                 results = []
                 for word in x:
-                    results.append("Hello " + word)
+                    results.append(f"Hello {word}")
                 return (results,)
 
             with gr.Blocks() as demo:
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ class TestBatchProcessing:
             def batch_fn(x, y):
                 results = []
                 for word1, word2 in zip(x, y):
-                    results.append("Hello " + word1 + word2)
+                    results.append(f"Hello {word1}{word2}")
                 return (results,)
 
             with gr.Blocks() as demo:

test/test_components.py

@@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@ class TestHTML:
         """
 
         def bold_text(text):
-            return "<strong>" + text + "</strong>"
+            return f"<strong>{text}</strong>"
 
         iface = gr.Interface(bold_text, "text", "html")
         assert iface("test") == "<strong>test</strong>"

test/test_examples.py

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class TestProcessExamples:
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_caching(self):
         io = gr.Interface(
-            lambda x: "Hello " + x,
+            lambda x: f"Hello {x}",
             "text",
             "text",
             examples=[["World"], ["Dunya"], ["Monde"]],
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class TestProcessExamples:
 
     def test_end_to_end_cache_examples(self):
         def concatenate(str1, str2):
-            return str1 + " " + str2
+            return f"{str1} {str2}"
 
         io = gr.Interface(
             concatenate,

test/test_interfaces.py

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class TestInterface:
 
     def test_partial_functions(self):
         def greet(name, formatter):
-            return formatter("Hello " + name + "!")
+            return formatter(f"Hello {name}!")
 
         greet_upper_case = partial(greet, formatter=capwords)
         demo = Interface(fn=greet_upper_case, inputs="text", outputs="text")

test/test_mix.py

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ os.environ["GRADIO_ANALYTICS_ENABLED"] = "False"
 
 class TestSeries:
     def test_in_interface(self):
-        io1 = gr.Interface(lambda x: x + " World", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
-        io2 = gr.Interface(lambda x: x + "!", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
+        io1 = gr.Interface(lambda x: f"{x} World", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
+        io2 = gr.Interface(lambda x: f"{x}!", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
         series = mix.Series(io1, io2)
         assert series("Hello") == "Hello World!"
 
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ class TestSeries:
 
 class TestParallel:
     def test_in_interface(self):
-        io1 = gr.Interface(lambda x: x + " World 1!", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
-        io2 = gr.Interface(lambda x: x + " World 2!", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
+        io1 = gr.Interface(lambda x: f"{x} World 1!", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
+        io2 = gr.Interface(lambda x: f"{x} World 2!", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
         parallel = mix.Parallel(io1, io2)
         assert parallel("Hello") == ["Hello World 1!", "Hello World 2!"]
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class TestParallel:
         io1 = gr.Interface(
             lambda x: (x, x + x), "textbox", [gr.Textbox(), gr.Textbox()]
         )
-        io2 = gr.Interface(lambda x: x + " World 2!", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
+        io2 = gr.Interface(lambda x: f"{x} World 2!", "textbox", gr.Textbox())
         parallel = mix.Parallel(io1, io2)
         assert parallel("Hello") == [
             "Hello",

test/test_routes.py

@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ class TestRoutes:
         with Blocks() as demo:
             i = Textbox()
             o = Textbox()
-            i.change(lambda x: x + "1", i, o, api_name="p")
-            i.change(lambda x: x + "2", i, o, api_name="q")
+            i.change(lambda x: f"{x}1", i, o, api_name="p")
+            i.change(lambda x: f"{x}2", i, o, api_name="q")
 
         app, _, _ = demo.launch(prevent_thread_lock=True)
         client = TestClient(app)
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ class TestRoutes:
         with Blocks() as demo:
             i = Textbox()
             o = Textbox()
-            i.change(lambda x: x + "0", i, o, api_name="p")
-            i.change(lambda x: x + "1", i, o, api_name="p")
+            i.change(lambda x: f"{x}0", i, o, api_name="p")
+            i.change(lambda x: f"{x}1", i, o, api_name="p")
 
         app, _, _ = demo.launch(prevent_thread_lock=True)
         client = TestClient(app)
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ class TestRoutes:
         with Blocks() as demo:
             i = Textbox()
             o = Textbox()
-            i.change(lambda x: x + "0", i, o, api_name="p")
-            i.change(lambda x: x + "1", i, o, api_name="p")
-            i.change(lambda x: x + "2", i, o, api_name="p_1")
+            i.change(lambda x: f"{x}0", i, o, api_name="p")
+            i.change(lambda x: f"{x}1", i, o, api_name="p")
+            i.change(lambda x: f"{x}2", i, o, api_name="p_1")
 
         app, _, _ = demo.launch(prevent_thread_lock=True)
         client = TestClient(app)
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class TestRoutes:
         def batch_fn(x):
             results = []
             for word in x:
-                results.append("Hello " + word)
+                results.append(f"Hello {word}")
             return (results,)
 
         with gr.Blocks() as demo:

website/homepage/src/index/__init__.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def build(output_dir, jinja_env, latest_gradio_stable):
     template = jinja_env.get_template("index/template.html")
     star_request = requests.get("https://api.github.com/repos/gradio-app/gradio").json()
     star_count = (
-        "{:,}".format(star_request["stargazers_count"])
+        f"{star_request['stargazers_count']:,}"
         if "stargazers_count" in star_request
         else ""
     )