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204 lines
9.5 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>Garbage Collector Interface</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<H1>C Interface</h1>
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On many platforms, a single-threaded garbage collector library can be built
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to act as a plug-in malloc replacement. (Build with -DREDIRECT_MALLOC=GC_malloc
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-DIGNORE_FREE.) This is often the best way to deal with third-party libraries
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which leak or prematurely free objects. -DREDIRECT_MALLOC is intended
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primarily as an easy way to adapt old code, not for new development.
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<P>
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New code should use the interface discussed below.
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<P>
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Code must be linked against the GC library. On most UNIX platforms,
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this will be gc.a.
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<P>
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The following describes the standard C interface to the garbage collector.
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It is not a complete definition of the interface. It describes only the
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most commonly used functionality, approximately in decreasing order of
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frequency of use. The description assumes an ANSI C compiler.
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The full interface is described in
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<A HREF="http://hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_source/gch.txt">gc.h</a>
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or <TT>gc.h</tt> in the distribution.
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<P>
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Clients should include gc.h.
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<P>
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In the case of multithreaded code,
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gc.h should be included after the threads header file, and
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after defining the appropriate GC_XXXX_THREADS macro.
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(For 6.2alpha4 and later, simply defining GC_THREADS should suffice.)
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Gc.h must be included
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in files that use either GC or threads primitives, since threads primitives
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will be redefined to cooperate with the GC on many platforms.
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<DL>
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<DT> <B>void * GC_MALLOC(size_t <I>nbytes</i>)</b>
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<DD>
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Allocates and clears <I>nbytes</i> of storage.
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Requires (amortized) time proportional to <I>nbytes</i>.
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The resulting object will be automatically deallocated when unreferenced.
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References from objects allocated with the system malloc are usually not
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considered by the collector. (See GC_MALLOC_UNCOLLECTABLE, however.)
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GC_MALLOC is a macro which invokes GC_malloc by default or, if GC_DEBUG
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is defined before gc.h is included, a debugging version that checks
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occasionally for overwrite errors, and the like.
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<DT> <B>void * GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC(size_t <I>nbytes</i>)</b>
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<DD>
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Allocates <I>nbytes</i> of storage.
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Requires (amortized) time proportional to <I>nbytes</i>.
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The resulting object will be automatically deallocated when unreferenced.
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The client promises that the resulting object will never contain any pointers.
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The memory is not cleared.
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This is the preferred way to allocate strings, floating point arrays,
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bitmaps, etc.
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More precise information about pointer locations can be communicated to the
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collector using the interface in
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<A HREF="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_source/gc_typedh.txt">gc_typed.h</a> in the distribution.
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<DT> <B>void * GC_MALLOC_UNCOLLECTABLE(size_t <I>nbytes</i>)</b>
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<DD>
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Identical to GC_MALLOC, except that the resulting object is not automatically
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deallocated. Unlike the system-provided malloc, the collector does
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scan the object for pointers to garbage-collectable memory, even if the
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block itself does not appear to be reachable. (Objects allocated in this way
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are effectively treated as roots by the collector.)
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<DT> <B> void * GC_REALLOC(void *old, size_t new_size) </b>
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<DD>
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Allocate a new object of the indicated size and copy (a prefix of) the
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old object into the new object. The old object is reused in place if
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convenient. If the original object was allocated with GC_malloc_atomic,
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the new object is subject to the same constraints. If it was allocated
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as an uncollectable object, then the new object is uncollectable, and
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the old object (if different) is deallocated.
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(Use GC_REALLOC with GC_MALLOC, etc.)
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<DT> <B> void GC_FREE(void *dead) </b>
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<DD>
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Explicitly deallocate an object. Typically not useful for small
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collectable objects. (Use GC_FREE with GC_MALLOC, etc.)
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<DT> <B> void * GC_MALLOC_IGNORE_OFF_PAGE(size_t <I>nbytes</i>) </b>
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<DD>
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<DT> <B> void * GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC_IGNORE_OFF_PAGE(size_t <I>nbytes</i>) </b>
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<DD>
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Analogous to GC_MALLOC and GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC, except that the client
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guarantees that as long
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as the resulting object is of use, a pointer is maintained to someplace
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inside the first 512 bytes of the object. This pointer should be declared
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volatile to avoid interference from compiler optimizations.
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(Other nonvolatile pointers to the object may exist as well.)
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This is the
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preferred way to allocate objects that are likely to be > 100KBytes in size.
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It greatly reduces the risk that such objects will be accidentally retained
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when they are no longer needed. Thus space usage may be significantly reduced.
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<DT> <B> void GC_gcollect(void) </b>
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<DD>
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Explicitly force a garbage collection.
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<DT> <B> void GC_enable_incremental(void) </b>
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<DD>
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Cause the garbage collector to perform a small amount of work
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every few invocations of GC_malloc or the like, instead of performing
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an entire collection at once. This is likely to increase total
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running time. It will improve response on a platform that either has
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suitable support in the garbage collector (Irix and most other Unix
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versions, win32 if the collector was suitably built) or if "stubborn"
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allocation is used (see <A HREF="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_source/gch.txt">gc.h</a>).
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On many platforms this interacts poorly with system calls
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that write to the garbage collected heap.
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<DT> <B> GC_warn_proc GC_set_warn_proc(GC_warn_proc p) </b>
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<DD>
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Replace the default procedure used by the collector to print warnings.
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The collector
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may otherwise write to sterr, most commonly because GC_malloc was used
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in a situation in which GC_malloc_ignore_off_page would have been more
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appropriate. See <A HREF="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_source/gch.txt">gc.h</a> for details.
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<DT> <B> void GC_register_finalizer(...) </b>
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<DD>
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Register a function to be called when an object becomes inaccessible.
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This is often useful as a backup method for releasing system resources
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(<I>e.g.</i> closing files) when the object referencing them becomes
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inaccessible.
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It is not an acceptable method to perform actions that must be performed
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in a timely fashion.
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See <A HREF="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_source/gch.txt">gc.h</a> for details of the interface.
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See <A HREF="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/finalization.html">here</a> for a more detailed discussion
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of the design.
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<P>
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Note that an object may become inaccessible before client code is done
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operating on its fields. Suitable synchronization is usually required.
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See <A HREF="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=604131.604153">here</a>
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or <A HREF="http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2002/HPL-2002-335.html">here</a>
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for details.
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</dl>
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<P>
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If you are concerned with multiprocessor performance and scalability,
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you should consider enabling and using thread local allocation (<I>e.g.</i>
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GC_LOCAL_MALLOC, see <TT>gc_local_alloc.h</tt>. If your platform
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supports it, you should build the collector with parallel marking support
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(-DPARALLEL_MARK, or --enable-parallel-mark).
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<P>
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If the collector is used in an environment in which pointer location
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information for heap objects is easily available, this can be passed on
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to the colllector using the interfaces in either <TT>gc_typed.h</tt>
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or <TT>gc_gcj.h</tt>.
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<P>
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The collector distribution also includes a <B>string package</b> that takes
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advantage of the collector. For details see
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<A HREF="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_source/cordh.txt">cord.h</a>
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<H1>C++ Interface</h1>
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There are three distinct ways to use the collector from C++:
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<DL>
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<DT> <B> STL allocators </b>
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<DD>
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Users of the <A HREF="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl">SGI extended STL</a>
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can include <TT>new_gc_alloc.h</tt> before including
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STL header files.
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(<TT>gc_alloc.h</tt> corresponds to now obsolete versions of the
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SGI STL.)
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This defines SGI-style allocators
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<UL>
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<LI> alloc
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<LI> single_client_alloc
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<LI> gc_alloc
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<LI> single_client_gc_alloc
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</ul>
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which may be used either directly to allocate memory or to instantiate
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container templates. The first two allocate uncollectable but traced
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memory, while the second two allocate collectable memory.
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The single_client versions are not safe for concurrent access by
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multiple threads, but are faster.
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<P>
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For an example, click <A HREF="http://hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_alloc_exC.txt">here</a>.
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<P>
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Recent versions of the collector also include a more standard-conforming
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allocator implemention in <TT>gc_allocator.h</tt>. It defines
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<UL>
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<LI> traceable_allocator
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<LI> gc_allocator
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</ul>
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Again the former allocates uncollectable but traced memory.
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This should work with any fully standard-conforming C++ compiler.
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<DT> <B> Class inheritance based interface </b>
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<DD>
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Users may include gc_cpp.h and then cause members of certain classes to
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be allocated in garbage collectable memory by inheriting from class gc.
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For details see <A HREF="http://hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_source/gc_cpph.txt">gc_cpp.h</a>.
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<DT> <B> C interface </b>
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<DD>
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It is also possible to use the C interface from
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<A HREF="http://hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_source/gch.txt">gc.h</a> directly.
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On platforms which use malloc to implement ::new, it should usually be possible
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to use a version of the collector that has been compiled as a malloc
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replacement. It is also possible to replace ::new and other allocation
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functions suitably.
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<P>
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Note that user-implemented small-block allocation often works poorly with
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an underlying garbage-collected large block allocator, since the collector
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has to view all objects accessible from the user's free list as reachable.
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This is likely to cause problems if GC_malloc is used with something like
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the original HP version of STL.
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This approach works with the SGI versions of the STL only if the
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<TT>malloc_alloc</tt> allocator is used.
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</dl>
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</body>
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</html>
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