Chapter 17 is actually a list of definitions and descriptions used in the following chapters of the Standard when describing the actual library. Here, we use "Introduction" as an introduction to the GNU implementation of the ISO Standard C++ Library.
<foo> vs <foo.h>
The Standard C++ Library specifies 50 header files that must be
available to all hosted implementations. Actually, the word
"files" is a misnomer, since the contents of the headers
don't necessarily have to be in any kind of external file. The
only rule is that when you #include a certain header, the
contents of that header, as defined by the Standard, become
available to you, no matter how.
The names of the headers can be easily seen in
testsuite/17_intro/headers.cc,
which is a small testbed we use to make certain that the headers
all compile and run.
This section discusses issues surrounding the proper compilation of multithreaded applications which use the Standard C++ library. This information is GCC-specific since the C++ standard does not address matters of multithreaded applications. Unless explicitly prefaced, all information in this section is current as of the GCC 3.0 release and all later point releases.
Earlier GCC releases had a somewhat different approach to threading configuration and proper compilation. Before GCC 3.0, configuration of the threading model was dictated by compiler command-line options and macros (both of which were somewhat thread-implementation and port-specific). There were no guarantees related to being able to link code compiled with one set of options and macro setting with another set. For GCC 3.0, configuration of the threading model used with libraries and user-code is performed when GCC is configured and built using the --enable-threads and --disable-threads options. The ABI is stable for symbol name-mangling and limited functional compatibility exists between code compiled under different threading models.
All normal disclaimers aside, multithreaded C++ application are
only supported when libstdc++ and all user code was built with
compilers which report (via gcc/g++ -v ) the same thread
model and that model is not single. As long as your
final application is actually single-threaded, then it should be
safe to mix user code built with a thread model of
single with a libstdc++ and other C++ libraries built
with another thread model useful on the platform. Other mixes
may or may not work but are not considered supported. (Thus, if
you distribute a shared C++ library in binary form only, it may
be best to compile it with a GCC configured with
--enable-threads for maximal interchangeability and usefulness
with a user population that may have built GCC with either
--enable-threads or --disable-threads.)
When you link a multithreaded application, you will probably need to add a library or flag to g++. This is a very non-standardized area of GCC across ports. Some ports support a special flag (the spelling isn't even standardized yet) to add all required macros to a compilation (if any such flags are required then you must provide the flag for all compilations not just linking) and link-library additions and/or replacements at link time. The documentation is weak. Here is a quick summary to display how ad hoc this is: On Solaris, both -pthreads and -threads (with subtly different meanings) are honored. On OSF, -pthread and -threads (with subtly different meanings) are honored. On Linux/i386, -pthread is honored. On FreeBSD, -pthread is honored. Some other ports use other switches. AFAIK, none of this is properly documented anywhere other than in ``gcc -dumpspecs'' (look at lib and cpp entries).
See FAQ (general overview), 23 (containers), and 27 (I/O) for more information.
The libstdc++-v3 library (unlike libstdc++-v2, all of it, not just the STL) has been designed so that multithreaded applications using it may be written. The first problem is finding a fast method of implementation portable to all platforms. Due to historical reasons, some of the library is written against per-CPU-architecture spinlocks and other parts against the gthr.h abstraction layer which is provided by gcc. A minor problem that pops up every so often is different interpretations of what "thread-safe" means for a library (not a general program). We currently use the same definition that SGI uses for their STL subset. However, the exception for read-only containers only applies to the STL components.
Here is a small link farm to threads (no pun) in the mail archives that discuss the threading problem. Each link is to the first relevant message in the thread; from there you can use "Thread Next" to move down the thread. This farm is in latest-to-oldest order.
This section will be updated as new and interesting issues come to light.
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<foo> vs <foo.h>The new-style headers are fully supported in libstdc++-v3. The compiler
itself fully supports namespaces, including std::.
For those of you new to ISO C++98, no, that isn't a typo, the headers really have new names. Marshall Cline's C++ FAQ Lite has a good explanation in item [25.4].
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The ISO standard defines the following phrase:
We do so here, for the C++ library only. Behavior of the compiler, linker, runtime loader, and other elements of "the implementation" are documented elsewhere. Everything listed in Annex B, Implemenation Qualities, are also part of the compiler, not the library.
[1.3.5] implementation-defined behavior- behavior, for a well-formed program construct and correct data, that depends on the implementation and that each implementation shall document.
For each entry, we give the section number of the standard, when applicable. This list is probably incomplet and inkorrekt.
[17.4.4.5] Non-reentrant functions are probably best discussed in the various sections on multithreading (see above).
[18.1]/4 The type of NULL is described
here.
[18.3]/8 Even though it's listed in the library sections, libstdc++-v3 has zero control over what the cleanup code hands back to the runtime loader. Talk to the compiler people. :-)
[18.4.2.1]/5 (bad_alloc),
[18.5.2]/5 (bad_cast),
[18.5.3]/5 (bad_typeid),
[18.6.1]/8 (exception),
[18.6.2.1]/5 (bad_exception): The what()
member function of class std::exception, and these other
classes publicly derived from it, simply returns the name of the
class. But they are the mangled names; you will need to call
c++filt and pass the names as command-line parameters to
demangle them, or call a
runtime demangler function.
(The classes in <stdexcept> have constructors which
require an argument to use later for what() calls, so the
question does not arise in most user-defined exceptions.)
[18.5.1]/7 The return value of
std::type_info::name() is the mangled type name (see the
previous entry for more).
[20.1.5]/5 "Implementors are encouraged to supply libraries that can accept allocators that encapsulate more general memory models and that support non-equal instances. In such implementations, any requirements imposed on allocators by containers beyond those requirements that appear in Table 32, and the semantics of containers and algorithms when allocator instances compare non-equal, are implementation-defined." As yet we don't have any allocators which compare non-equal, so we can't describe how they behave.
[21.1.3.1]/3,4,
[21.1.3.2]/2,
[23.*]'s foo::iterator,
[27.*]'s foo::*_type,
others...
Nope, these types are called implementation-defined because you
shouldn't be taking advantage of their underlying types. Listing them
here would defeat the purpose. :-)
[21.1.3.1]/5 I don't really know about the mbstate_t stuff... see the chapter 22 notes for what does exist.
[22.*] Anything and everything we have on locale implemenation will be described over here.
[26.2.8]/9 I have no idea what
complex<T>'s pow(0,0) returns.
[27.4.2.4]/2 Calling
std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio after I/O has already been
performed on the standard stream objects will
flush the buffers, and
destroy and recreate the underlying buffer instances. Whether or not
the previously-written I/O is destroyed in this process depends mostly
on the --enable-libio choice: for stdio, if the written data is
already in the stdio buffer, the data may be completely safe!
I/O sentry ctor/dtor They can perform additional work than the minimum required. I don't think we're currently taking advantage of this yet.
[27.7.1.3]/16,
[27.8.1.4]/10
The effects of pubsetbuf/setbuf are described
in this chapter.
[27.8.1.4]/16 Calling fstream::sync when
a get area exists will... whatever fflush() does, I think.
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Some of the semantics of the libstdc++-v3 implementation are controlled by preprocessor macros, both during build/installation and during compilation of user code. Many of these choices are made when the library is built and installed (actually, during the configuration step, with the various --enable/--disable choices being translated to #define/#undef).
All library macros begin with _GLIBCPP_. The fact that
these symbols start with a leading underscore should give you a clue
that (by default) they aren't meant to be changed by the user. :-)
These macros are all gathered in the file c++config.h,
which is generated during installation. You must assume that
these macros cannot be redefined by your own code, unless we
document otherwise here. Some of the choices control code which has
already been compiled (i.e., libstdc++.a/.so). If you explicitly
#define or #undef these macros, the headers may see different
code paths, but the libraries which you link against will not.
If you want to experiment with different values, you must change the
config headers before building/installing the library.
Below are macros which, for 3.1 and later, you may change yourself, in your own code with #define/#undef or with -D/-U compiler flags. The default state of the symbol is listed. "Configurable" (or "Not configurable") means that the symbol is initially chosen (or not) based on --enable/--disable options at configure time.
_GLIBCPP_DEPRECATED_GLIBCPP_CONCEPT_CHECKSReturn to top of page or to the FAQ.
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