GCC 5 will fold symbol address comparison, assuming each symbol has a
different address, which leads to abort. We should use separate
functions to compare symbol address.
PR gold/18663
* testsuite/Makefile.am (script_test_1_SOURCES): Set to
script_test_1a.cc script_test_1b.cc.
(script_test_11_r.o): Replace script_test_11.o with
script_test_11a.o script_test_11b.o.
(script_test_11.o): Removed.
(script_test_11a.o): New.
(script_test_11b.o): Likewise.
* testsuite/Makefile.in: Regenerated.
* testsuite/script_test_1.h: New file.
* testsuite/script_test_1b.cc: Likewise.
* testsuite/script_test_11.h: Likewise.
* testsuite/script_test_11b.c: Likewise.
* testsuite/script_test_1.cc: Renamed to ...
* testsuite/script_test_1a.cc: This.
Include "script_test_1.h".
(main): Call check_int and check_ptr.
* testsuite/script_test_11.c: Renamed to ...
* testsuite/script_test_11a.c: This.
Include "script_test_11.h".
(main): Call ptr_equal.
GCC 5 will generate a relocation for protected symbol:
https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=65248
when compiling for a shared library. It is undefined to access protected
symbol in IFUNC selector function inside a shared library.
PR gold/18628
* testsuite/ifuncdep2.c (global): Change protected to hidden.
* testsuite/ifuncmod1.c (global): Likewise.
* testsuite/ifuncmod5.c (global): Likewise.
When creating the special __start_ and __stop_ section symbols, gold
does not check the version script to see if they should be local
instead of global.
2015-07-21 Cary Coutant <ccoutant@gmail.com>
gold/
PR gold/18548
* symtab.cc (Symbol_table::do_define_in_output_data): Check for
forced local symbol even when oldsym != NULL.
(Symbol_table::do_define_in_output_segment): Likewise.
(Symbol_table::do_define_as_constant): Likewise.
Fix internal error when linking an archive library with no preceding objects.
gold/
PR gold/18698
* archive.cc (Library_base::should_include_member): Don't use entry
point for relocatable links, or if target is not yet valid.
* parameters.cc (Parameters::entry): Check target_valid().
gold/
PR gold/18696
* archive.cc (Library_base::should_include_member): Don't use entry
point for relocatable links, or if target is not yet valid.
* parameters.cc (Parameters::entry): Check target_valid().
gold/ChangeLog:
* aarch64.cc (AArch64_insn_utilities::is_adr): New method.
(AArch64_insn_utilities::aarch64_adr_encode_imm): New method.
(AArch64_insn_utilities::aarch64_adrp_decode_imm): New method.
(E843419_stub): New sub-class of Erratum_stub.
(AArch64_relobj::try_fix_erratum_843419_optimized): New method.
(AArch64_relobj::section_needs_reloc_stub_scanning): Try optimized fix.
(AArch64_relobj::create_erratum_stub): Add 1 argument.
(Target_aarch64::scan_erratum_843419_span): Pass in adrp insn offset.
For relocatable link, we should clear the SHF_COMPRESSED flag bit from
input group section.
PR gold/18689
* layout.cc (Layout::layout): Clear the SHF_COMPRESSED flag bit
from input group section for relocatable link.
* testsuite/Makefile.am (check_SCRIPTS): Add pr18689.sh.
(check_DATA): Add pr18689.stdout.
(MOSTLYCLEANFILES): Add pr18689a.o pr18689b.o.
(pr18689.stdout): New rule.
(pr18689a.o): Likewise.
(pr18689b.o): Likewise.
(pr18689.o): Likewise.
* testsuite/pr18689.c: New file.
* testsuite/pr18689.sh: Likewise.
* testsuite/Makefile.in: Regenerated.
All programs in binutils+gdb git repo now support gABI compression
with the SHF_COMPRESSED bit. This patch makes the zlib-gabi option
as compression default for gas, gold, ld and objcopy, instead of the
zlib-gnu option whose outputs are incompatible with gABI.
binutils/
* objcopy.c (copy_file): Set BFD_COMPRESS_GABI if not
zlib-gnu.
* doc/binutils.texi: Change --compress-debug-sections and
--compress-debug-sections=zlib to zlib-gabi.
binutils/testsuite/
* binutils-all/compress.exp: Update.
gas/
* as.c (parse_args): Make --compress-debug-sections and
--compress-debug-sections=zlib the same as
--compress-debug-sections=zlib-gabi.
* doc/as.texinfo: Change --compress-debug-sections and
--compress-debug-sections=zlib to zlib-gabi.
gold/
* compressed_output.cc (Output_compressed_section::set_final_data_size):
Make --compress-debug-sections=zlib the same as
--compress-debug-sections=zlib-gabi.
* testsuite/Makefile.am (flagstest_compress_debug_sections.check):
Expect ".debug_.*" with the SHF_COMPRESSED bit, instead of
".zdebug_".
* testsuite/Makefile.in: Regenerated.
ld/
* emultempl/elf32.em (gld${EMULATION_NAME}_handle_option): Make
--compress-debug-sections=zlib the same as
--compress-debug-sections=zlib-gabi.
* ld.texinfo: Change --compress-debug-sections=zlib to zlib-gabi.
ld/testsuite/
* ld-elf/zlibbegin.rS: Updated to .debug_.* with the
SHF_COMPRESSED bit.
* ld-elf/zlibnormal.rS: Likewise.
This patch adds SHF_COMPRESSED section decompression to gold.
PR gold/18321
* compressed_output.h (decompress_input_section): Add arguments
for ELF class, big endian and sh_flags.
* compressed_output.cc (decompress_input_section): Likewise.
Support the SHF_COMPRESSED section.
* dynobj.h (Dynobj): Add elfsize and is_big_endian member
functions.
* plugin.h (Pluginobj): Likewise.
* layout.cc (Layout::get_output_section_flags): Also clear the
SHF_COMPRESSED bit.
* object.h (Compressed_section_info): Add flag to store sh_flags.
(Object): Add pure virtual elfsize and is_big_endian member
functions.
* object.cc (need_decompressed_section): Don't skip the ".zdebug"
prefix here.
(build_compressed_section_map): Check SHF_COMPRESSED for
uncompressed size. Store sh_flags in Compressed_section_info.
Pass size, big_endian and sh_flags to decompress_input_section.
Skip the ".debug"/".zdebug" prefix when passing section name to
need_decompressed_section.
(Sized_relobj_file<size, big_endian>::do_find_special_section):
Don't check ".zdebug_*" sections.
(Object::decompressed_section_contents): Pass ELF class, big
endian and sh_flags to decompress_input_section.
* reloc.cc (Sized_relobj_file<size, big_endian>::write_sections):
Likewise.
* testsuite/Makefile.am (check_DATA): Add
debug_msg_cdebug_gabi.err and gdb_index_test_2_gabi.stdout.
(MOSTLYCLEANFILES): Add debug_msg_cdebug_gabi.err and
gdb_index_test_2_gabi.stdout.
(debug_msg_cdebug_gabi.o): New.
(odr_violation1_cdebug_gabi.o): Likewise.
(odr_violation2_cdebug_gabi.o): Likewise.
(debug_msg_cdebug_gabi.err): Likewise.
(check_SCRIPTS): Add gdb_index_test_2_gabi.sh.
(gdb_index_test_cdebug_gabi.o): Likewise.
(gdb_index_test_2_gabi): Likewise.
(gdb_index_test_2_gabi.stdout): Likewise.
* testsuite/gdb_index_test_2_gabi.sh: New file.
* testsuite/Makefile.in: Regenerated.
The psABI (AAELF) says this about mapping symbols:
4.6.5.1 Section-relative mapping symbols
Mapping symbols defined in a section define a sequence of
half-open address intervals that cover the address range of the
section. Each interval starts at the address defined by the
mapping symbol, and continues up to, but not including, the
address defined by the next (in address order) mapping symbol or
the end of the section. A section must have a mapping symbol
defined at the beginning of the section; however, if the section
contains only data then the mapping symbol may be omitted.
That makes it pretty clear that, in the absence of a mapping symbol,
the entire section can be treated as data.
gold/ChangeLog:
* aarch64.cc (AArch64_relobj::scan_errata): Drop missing symbol warning.
* arm.cc (Arm_relobj::scan_section_for_cortex_a8_erratum): Drop missing
symbol warning.
2015-07-07 Han Shen <shenhan@google.com>
gold/ChangeLog:
2015-07-06 Han Shen <shenhan@google.com>
* aarch64.cc (AArch64_relobj::do_count_local_symbols): Make legal
of mapping symbols.
The crash reason is that the insn to be moved to stub may be a
relocation spot, so instead of placing the origin insn (that is insn
before-relocation) to the stub, I have to place the relocated one.
Note the relocation involved is non-pc-relative, so it is safe to move
the relocated insn.
gold/ChangeLog:
2015-06-29 Han Shen <shenhan@google.com>
* AArch64.cc (Erratum_stub::Insn_utilities): New typedef.
(Erratum_stub::update_erratum_insn): New method.
(Stub_table::relocate_stubs): Modified to place relocated insn.
(AArch64_relobj::fix_errata): Modified gold_assert.
gold/ChangeLog:
* aarch64.cc (AArch64_insn_utilities::BYTES_PER_INSN): Move
defintion outside class definition.
(AArch64_insn_utilities::AARCH64_ZR): New static constant.
(AArch64_insn_utilities::aarch64_op31): New member.
(AArch64_insn_utilities::aarch64_ra): New member.
(AArch64_insn_utilities::aarch64_mac): New member.
(AArch64_insn_utilities::aarch64_mlxl): New member.
(ST_E_835769): New global enum member.
(Stub_table::relocate_stubs): Add 835769 handler.
(Stub_template_repertoire::Stub_template_repertoire): Install new
stub type.
(AArch64_relobj::scan_errata): This func is renamed from
scan_erratum_843419.
(AArch64_relobj::do_count_local_symbols): Add 835769 handler.
(AArch64_relobj::do_relocate_sections): Add 835769 handler.
(AArch64_relobj::scan_sections_for_stubs): Add 835769 handler.
(Target_aarch64::scan_erratum_835769_span): New method.
(Target_aarch64::create_erratum_stub): New method.
(Target_aarch64::is_erratum_835769_sequence): New method.
(Target_aarch64::scan_erratum_843419_sequence): Move part of the
code into create_erratum_stub.
* options.h (fix_cortex_a53_835769): New option.
In aarch64.cc, Erratum_stub::STUB_ADDR_ALIGN and Reloc_stub::STUB_ADDR_ALIGN
are declared as static const int, and initialized in the class body. These
values are referenced from outside the class body, and with no optimization,
the references go unresolved.
gold/
* aarch64.cc (Erratum_stub::STUB_ADDR_ALIGN): Move initialization
outside class body.
(Reloc_stub::STUB_ADDR_ALIGN): Likewise.
When laying out .debug_* sections, we translate the names of compressed
debug sections that start with ".zdebug", but when processing input
section specs in a linker script, we do not handle the translation there.
This results in an internal error as reported in PR 17731.
gold/
PR gold/17731
* layout.cc (corresponding_uncompressed_section_name): New function.
(Layout::choose_output_section): Call it.
* layout.h (corresponding_uncompressed_section_name): New function.
* script-sections.cc (Input_section_info::set_section_name): Check
for compressed debug section (.zdebug style).
This patch adds -O0 to gold script_test_12 test, hoping that compiler
won't change the order of globel variables that the test assumes.
Changelog:
testsuite/Makefile.am: Add -O0 to compile script_test_12 test.
testsuite/Makefile.in: Regenerate.
If the section contains 'Q' in the name, is_cident() returns false,
__start and __stop symbols for the section are not generated..
* gold.h (is_cident): Correct typo.
Now fixing for 843419 is fully functional.
The first part of the erratum fix CL is here -
https://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2015-04/msg00229.html
gold/ChangeLog
2015-06-10 Han Shen <shenhan@google.com>
* aarch64.cc(global enum): New constants representing stub types.
(Stub_template): New POD struct.
(Stub_template_repertoire): New class.
(Stub_base): New class.
(Erratum_stub): New class.
(Reloc_stub): Refactored to be a subclass of Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::Stub_type): Removed.
(Reloc_stub::offset): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::set_offset): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::destination_address): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::set_destination_address): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::reset_destination_address): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::stub_type): Renamed and moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::stub_size): Renamed and moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::stub_insns): Renamed and moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::write): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::invalid_offset): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::invalid_address): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::stub_type_): Renamed and moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::stub_insns_): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::offset_): Moved to Stub_base.
(Reloc_stub::destination_address_): Moved to Stub_base.
(Stub_table::The_aarch64_relobj): New typedef.
(Stub_table::The_erratum_stub): New typedef.
(Stub_table::The_erratum_stub_less): New typedef.
(Stub_table::The_erratum_stub_set): New typedef.
(Stub_table::The_erratum_stub_set_iter): New typedef.
(Stub_table::empty): Added emptiness testing for erratum stubs.
(Stub_table::add_erratum_stub): New method to add an erratum stub.
(Stub_table::find_erratum_stub): New method.
(Stub_table::find_erratum_stubs_for_input_section): New method.
(Stub_table::erratum_stub_address): New method.
(Stub_table::update_date_size_changed_p): Modified to handle erratum stubs.
(Stub_table::do_addralign): Modified to handle erratum stubs.
(Stub_table::erratum_stubs_): New member.
(Stub_table::erratum_stub_size_): New member.
(Stub_table::relocate_stubs): Modified to handle erratum stubs.
(Stub_table::do_write): Modified to handle erratum stubs.
(AArch64_relobj::The_erratum_stub): New typedef.
(AArch64_relobj::Erratum_stub_set_iter): New typedef.
(AArch64_relobj::fix_errata): New method.
(Target_aarch64::The_reloc_stub_type): Removed.
(Target_aarch64::The_erratum_stub): New typede.
(AArch64_relocate_functions::construct_b): New method.
The gABI allows STT_COMMON symbols to appear in executables and shared
objects, so that the dynamic loader can resolve commons across modules.
When reading a shared object, however, an STT_COMMON symbol should be
treated as a regular definition at link time.
In a relocatable object, the gABI requires that any STT_COMMON symbols
must also be defined in the special SHN_COMMON section (which we extend
to include target-specific small and large common sections). Thus,
there is no need for gold to treat STT_COMMON symbols as common unless
the st_shndx field is also set to a common section.
gold/
PR gold/18288
* resolve.cc (symbol_to_bits): Remove type parameter; adjust all
callers. Don't use STT_COMMON to check for common symbols.
(Symbol_table::resolve): Warn if relocatable object has STT_COMMON
symbol that's not in a common section.
* symtab.h (Symbol::is_common): Don't use STT_COMMON to check for
common symbols.
Add --discard-none to keep all local symbols.
gold/
PR gold/17498
* object.cc (Sized_relobj_file::do_count_local_symbols): Discard
temporary locals in merge sections.
* options.cc (General_options::parse_discard_all): New method.
(General_options::parse_discard_locals): New method.
(General_options::parse_discard_none): New method.
(General_options::General_options): Initialize discard_locals_.
* options.h (--discard-all): Convert to special option.
(--discard-locals): Likewise.
(--discard-none): New option.
(General_options::discard_all): New method.
(General_options::discard_locals): New method.
(General_options::discard_sec_merge): New method.
(General_options::Discard_locals): New enum.
(General_options::discard_locals_): New data member.
Gold undercounts the number of program headers it's going to add when
initially evaluating the SIZEOF_HEADERS expression. As a result, scripts
that use it end up skipping a page unnecessarily when the starting address
is too low. The undercounting is because it doesn't count the PT_INTERP
segment.
Then, when finalizing symbols, gold overcounts the program headers: all
segments have already been created, but we still count the headers we
expected to add from the script.
This patch fixes both problems.
gold/
* script-sections.cc (Script_sections::Script_sections): Initialize
segments_created_.
(Script_sections::create_note_and_tls_segments): Set flag when
segments are created.
(Script_sections::expected_segment_count): Count PT_INTERP.
(Script_sections::attach_sections_using_phdrs_clause): Set flag when
segments are created.
* script-sections.h (Script_sections::segments_created_): New data
member.
In PR 15370, it is noted that gold does not distinguish between
"*(.foo .bar)" and "*(.foo) *(.bar)" in linker scripts. In both
cases, gold groups all .foo sections together, followed by all
.bar sections, whereas in the first case, it should collect all
.foo and .bar sections in the order seen.
If you add sort specs, the Gnu linker has some bizarre corner
cases that I do not try to replicate. In particular,
"*(SORT_BY_NAME(.foo) SORT_BY_NAME(.bar))" does the same thing
as "*(.foo) *(.bar)". But if you apply a sort spec
to just one of several patterns, say, "*(SORT_BY_NAME(.foo) .bar)",
the Gnu linker will collect any .bar section it sees before the
first .foo, then all .foo sections, then all remaining .bar
sections. With this patch, if any of the input patterns have a
sort spec, gold will group them all as it did before; e.g.,
all .foo sections followed by all .bar sections.
2015-06-03 Cary Coutant <ccoutant@gmail.com>
gold/
PR gold/15370
* script-sections.cc
(Output_section_element_input::set_section_addresses): When there
are several patterns with no sort spec, put all sections in the same
bin.
* testsuite/Makefile.am (script_test_12): New testcase.
(script_test_12i): New testcase.
* testsuite/Makefile.in: Regenerate.
* testsuite/script_test_12.t: New test linker script.
* testsuite/script_test_12i.t: New test linker script.
* testsuite/script_test_12a.c: New test source file.
* testsuite/script_test_12b.c: New test source file.
When --build-id=tree is selected, gold would schedule a set of
tasks to run to compute md5 hashes in parallel on chunks of the
file. The scheduling was done before the
Write_after_input_sections_task ran, so if we are compressing
debug sections, the output file will change size and be remapped
to a new address, sometimes causing the build id computation to
crash, but even when it doesn't crash, it wouldn't include the
debug information in the hash computation.
This patch delays the scheduling of the md5 tasks until after
Write_after_input_sections_task.
gold/
PR gold/17819
* gold.cc (queue_final_tasks): When --build-id=tree, queue a
separate task to schedule the build id computation.
* layout.cc (Hash_task::Hash_task): Remove build_id_blocker,
add Output_file and offset.
(Hash_task::run): Get and release the input views.
(Hash_task::is_runnable): Always return NULL (always runnable).
(Layout::queue_build_id_tasks): Remove.
(Layout::write_build_id): Add array_of_hashes and size_of_hashes
parameters; use them instead of class members.
(Build_id_task_runner::run): New function.
(Close_task_runner::run): Pass array_of_hashes and size_of_hashes
to write_build_id.
* layout.h (Layout::queue_build_id_tasks): Remove.
(Layout::write_build_id): Add array_of_hashes and size_of_hashes
parameters.
(Layout::array_of_hashes_): Remove.
(Layout::size_of_array_of_hashes_): Remove.
(Layout::input_view_): Remove.
(Build_id_task_runner): New class.
(Close_task_runner::Close_task_runner): Add array_of_hashes and
size_of_hashes parameters.
(Close_task_runner::array_of_hashes_): New data member.
(Close_task_runner::size_of_hashes_): New data member.
* testsuite/Makefile.am
(flagstest_compress_debug_sections_and_build_id_tree): New test.
* testsuite/Makefile.in: Regenerate.
PowerPC64 ELFv1 requires a tweak to find_functions in order to return
code addresses, rather than OPD entry addresses.
* reloc.cc (Sized_relobj_file::find_functions): Use function_location.
* powerpc.cc (Target_powerpc::do_calls_non_split): New function.
(addi_12_1, addis_2_12, addis_12_1, cmpld_7_12_0): New constants.
(lis_0): Rename from lis_0_0.
Completely removing the assert probably wasn't the best idea, so
reinstate it for allocated sections. Also cope with debug info
potentially referring to a missing plt call stub.
And a tidy. find_global_entry now returns an Address, so make temps
holding the return value of type Address, and compare against
invalid_address.
* powerpc.cc (Target_powerpc::do_dynsym_value): Use Address rather
than unsigned int for find_global_entry result temp. Compare
against invalid_address.
(Target_powerpc::do_plt_address_for_global): Likewise.
(Target_powerpc::Relocate::relocate): Likewise. Don't assert
on plt call stub existence for debug info. Do assert for plt
and global entry stub existence if an alloc section.
Global entry stubs are used on ELFv2 to provide addresses for
functions not defined in a non-PIC executable but whose address is
taken, in much the same way as PLT stub code is used on other
targets to provide function addresses. We don't want to insert a
global entry stub just because (bogus) debug info refers to the
address of a non-local function, but we also don't want gold to die.
* powerpc.cc (Target_powerpc::Relocate::relocate): Don't assert
on missing global entry stub due to bogus debug info.
Keep gold consistent with bfd erratum-fixing option names, so as to
ease life in Makefile/scripts.
gold/
* options.h (--fix-cortex-a53-843419): Rename option.
* aarch64.cc (AArch64_relobj::do_count_local_symbols): Use renamed
option.
(AArch64_relobj::scan_sections_for_stubs): Use renamed option.
This patch adds option --weak-unresolved-symbols to treat unresolved symbols as
weak references. This is helpful when we want the link to succeed with unresolved
symbols and the dynamic loader to not complain at run-time. Option
--warn-unresolved-symbols lets the link succeed but could fail at run-time with
unresolved symbol warnings especially when the unresolved symbols have GOT entries
and dynamic relocations against them, like when -fPIE is used.
This patch adds option --weak-unresolved-symbols to treat unresolved symbols as
weak references. This is helpful when we want the link to succeed with unresolved
symbols and the dynamic loader to not complain at run-time. Option
--warn-unresolved-symbols lets the link succeed but could fail at run-time with
unresolved symbol warnings especially when the unresolved symbols have GOT entries
and dynamic relocations against them, like when -fPIE is used.
2015-04-23 Sriraman Tallam <tmsriram@google.com>
* options.h (--weak-unresolved-symbols): New option.
* symtab.cc (Symbol_table::sized_write_globals): Change symbol
binding to weak with new option.
* symtab.h (is_weak_undefined): Check for new option.
(is_strong_undefined): Check for new option.
* testsuite/Makefile.am (weak_unresolved_symbols_test): New test.
* testsuite/Makefile.in: Regenerate.
* testsuite/weak_unresolved_symbols_test.cc: New file.
It implemented scanning the binary and reporting occurrences to users
when '--fix-cortex-a53' is turned on. With this, gold users will be
able to see if or not there are such erratum occurrences in the output
binary. Also included in the CL is reading/recording mapping symbols,
which is needed during scan.
gold/ChangeLog:
* aarch64.cc (AArch64_insn_utilities): New utility class.
(AArch64_relobj::Mapping_symbol_position): New struct.
(AArch64_relobj::Mapping_symbol_info): New typedef.
(AArch64_relobj::do_count_local_symbols): New function overriding
parent's implementation.
(AArch64_relobj::mapping_symbol_info_): New member
(AArch64_relobj::scan_erratum_843419): New method.
(Target_aarch64::scan_erratum_843419_span): New method.
(Target_aarch64::is_erratum_843419_sequence): New method.
* options.h (fix_cortex_a53): New option.
This patch fixes Symbol::final_value_is_known so that a defined TLS symbol
in a PIE link is treated as having a known final value, thus allowing
GD->LE TLS optimization, eliminating an unnecessary GOT entry and dynamic
relocation.
gold/
* symtab.cc (Symbol::final_value_is_known): Check for TLS symbol
in a PIE link.
* testsuite/Makefile.am (tls_pie_test.sh): New test.
* testsuite/Makefile.in: Regenerate.
* testsuite/tls_pie_test.sh: New.
gold/
* debug.h (DEBUG_LOCATION): New.
(DEBUG_ALL): Include DEBUG_LOCATION.
(debug_string_to_enum): Add DEBUG_LOCATION.
* dwarf_reader.cc (Sized_dwarf_line_info::read_lines): Fix debug
output to print correct context.
(Sized_dwarf_line_info::do_addr2line): Add debug output. Return
up to 4 more locations at the beginning of the function.
* symtab.cc (Symbol_table::detect_odr_violations): Get canonical
result before sorting list of line numbers.
* testsuite/debug_msg.sh: Allow range of line numbers for
canonical results on optimized code.
