gdb: call check_typedef at beginning of dwarf_expr_context::fetch_result

Bug 29374 shows this crash:

    $ ./gdb -nx --data-directory=data-directory -q -batch -ex "catch throw" -ex r -ex bt a.out
    ...
    /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/../gdbsupport/array-view.h:217: internal-error: copy: Assertion `dest.size () == src.size ()' failed.

The backtrace is:

    #0  internal_error (file=0x5555606504c0 "/home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/../gdbsupport/array-view.h", line=217, fmt=0x55556064b700 "%s: Assertion `%s' failed.") at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdbsupport/errors.cc:51
    #1  0x000055555d41c0bb in gdb::copy<unsigned char const, unsigned char> (src=..., dest=...) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/../gdbsupport/array-view.h:217
    #2  0x000055555deef28c in dwarf_expr_context::fetch_result (this=0x7fffffffb830, type=0x621007a86830, subobj_type=0x621007a86830, subobj_offset=0, as_lval=false) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/dwarf2/expr.c:1040
    #3  0x000055555def0015 in dwarf_expr_context::evaluate (this=0x7fffffffb830, addr=0x62f00004313e "0", len=1, as_lval=false, per_cu=0x60b000069550, frame=0x621007c9e910, addr_info=0x0, type=0x621007a86830, subobj_type=0x621007a86830, subobj_offset=0) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/dwarf2/expr.c:1091
    #4  0x000055555e084327 in dwarf2_evaluate_loc_desc_full (type=0x621007a86830, frame=0x621007c9e910, data=0x62f00004313e "0", size=1, per_cu=0x60b000069550, per_objfile=0x613000006080, subobj_type=0x621007a86830, subobj_byte_offset=0, as_lval=false) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/dwarf2/loc.c:1485
    #5  0x000055555e0849e2 in dwarf2_evaluate_loc_desc (type=0x621007a86830, frame=0x621007c9e910, data=0x62f00004313e "0", size=1, per_cu=0x60b000069550, per_objfile=0x613000006080, as_lval=false) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/dwarf2/loc.c:1529
    #6  0x000055555e0828c6 in dwarf_entry_parameter_to_value (parameter=0x621007a96e58, deref_size=0x0, type=0x621007a86830, caller_frame=0x621007c9e910, per_cu=0x60b000069550, per_objfile=0x613000006080) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/dwarf2/loc.c:1235
    #7  0x000055555e082f55 in value_of_dwarf_reg_entry (type=0x621007a86890, frame=0x621007acc510, kind=CALL_SITE_PARAMETER_DWARF_REG, kind_u=...) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/dwarf2/loc.c:1332
    #8  0x000055555e083449 in value_of_dwarf_block_entry (type=0x621007a86890, frame=0x621007acc510, block=0x61e000033568 "T\004\205\001\240\004\004\243\001T\237\004\240\004\261\004\001T\004\261\004\304\005\004\243\001T\237\004\304\005\310\005\001T\004\310\005\311\005\004\243\001T\237", block_len=1) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/dwarf2/loc.c:1365
    #9  0x000055555e094d40 in loclist_read_variable_at_entry (symbol=0x621007a99bd0, frame=0x621007acc510) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/dwarf2/loc.c:3889
    #10 0x000055555f5192e0 in read_frame_arg (fp_opts=..., sym=0x621007a99bd0, frame=0x621007acc510, argp=0x7fffffffbf20, entryargp=0x7fffffffbf60) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/stack.c:559
    #11 0x000055555f51c352 in print_frame_args (fp_opts=..., func=0x621007a99ad0, frame=0x621007acc510, num=-1, stream=0x6030000bad90) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/stack.c:887
    #12 0x000055555f521919 in print_frame (fp_opts=..., frame=0x621007acc510, print_level=1, print_what=LOCATION, print_args=1, sal=...) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/stack.c:1390
    #13 0x000055555f51f22e in print_frame_info (fp_opts=..., frame=0x621007acc510, print_level=1, print_what=LOCATION, print_args=1, set_current_sal=0) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/stack.c:1116
    #14 0x000055555f526c6d in backtrace_command_1 (fp_opts=..., bt_opts=..., count_exp=0x0, from_tty=0) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/stack.c:2079
    #15 0x000055555f527ae5 in backtrace_command (arg=0x0, from_tty=0) at /home/simark/src/binutils-gdb/gdb/stack.c:2198

The problem is that the type that gets passed down to
dwarf_expr_context::fetch_result (the type of a variable of which we're
trying to read the entry value) is a typedef whose size has never been
computed yet (check_typedef has never been called on it).  As we get in
the DWARF_VALUE_STACK case (line 1028 of dwarf2/expr.c), the `len`
variable is therefore set to 0, instead of the actual type length.  We
then call allocate_value on subobj_type, which does call check_typedef,
so the length of the typedef gets filled in at that point.  We end up
passing to the copy function a source array view of length 0 and a
target array view of length 4, and the assertion fails.

Fix this by calling check_typedef on both type and subobj_type at the
beginning of fetch_result.

I tried writing a test for this using the DWARF assembler, but I haven't
succeeded.  It's possible that we need to get into this specific code
path (value_of_dwarf_reg_entry and all) to manage to get to
dwarf_expr_context::fetch_result with a typedef type that has never been
resolved.  In all my attempts, the typedef would always be resolved
already, so the bug wouldn't show up.

As a fallback, I made a gdb.dwarf2 test with compiler-generated .S
files.  I don't particularly like those, but I think it's better than no
test.  The .cpp source code is the smallest reproducer I am able to make
from the reproducer given in the bug (thanks to Pedro for suggestions on
how to minimize it further than I had).  Since I tested on both amd64
and aarch64, I added versions of the test for these two architectures.

Change-Id: I182733ad08e34df40d8bcc47af72c482fabf4900
Bug: https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=29374

gdb/dwarf2/expr.c

@@ -917,6 +917,11 @@ dwarf_expr_context::fetch_result (struct type *type, struct type *subobj_type,
   if (subobj_type == nullptr)
     subobj_type = type;
 
+  /* Ensure that, if TYPE or SUBOBJ_TYPE are typedefs, their length is filled
+     in instead of being zero.  */
+  check_typedef (type);
+  check_typedef (subobj_type);
+
   if (this->m_pieces.size () > 0)
     {
       ULONGEST bit_size = 0;

gdb/testsuite/gdb.dwarf2/entry-value-typedef.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This file is part of GDB.
+
+   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
+
+/* This file isn't used by the test.  The .S file generated from this .cpp
+   file is.  */
+
+#include <sstream>
+
+using type = int;
+
+static void
+func (const type &t)
+{
+  std::ostringstream oss;
+  throw oss.str ();
+}
+
+int
+main ()
+{
+  func (1234);
+}

gdb/testsuite/gdb.dwarf2/entry-value-typedef.exp

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Copyright 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+# The program associated to this test case uncovered a bug in GDB (PR 29374)
+# where a typedef type was used before it was resolved.
+
+if { [istarget "x86_64-*-linux*"] } {
+    set suffix amd64
+} elseif { [istarget "aarch64-*-linux*"] } {
+    set suffix aarch64
+} else {
+    unsupported "unsupported architecture"
+    return
+}
+
+standard_testfile -$suffix.S
+
+if {[gdb_compile "$srcdir/$subdir/$srcfile" "$binfile" executable {c++}] != ""} {
+    return
+}
+
+clean_restart $binfile
+
+if {![runto_main]} {
+    return
+}
+
+gdb_test "catch throw" "Catchpoint $::decimal \\(throw\\)"
+gdb_test "continue" "Catchpoint $::decimal \\(exception thrown\\).*"
+
+# Without the corresponding fix, GDB would hit an internal error before
+# printing the frame for main.
+gdb_test "backtrace" " $::hex in func \\(t=t@entry=@$::hex: 1234\\).* $::hex in main .*"