Merge pull request #7 from tvercaut/modpb64xover

Switch algorithm to match modp_b64 for performance purposes
2024-11-21 03:13:50 +08:00 · 2024-02-26 09:34:47 +01:00 · 2024-02-26 09:34:47 +01:00 · 387b32f337
commit 387b32f337
parent d354224643 e522a49e11
9 changed files with 893 additions and 100 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/bigendiancmake.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bigendiancmake.yml
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: CMake on s390x emulation (Big endian system)
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+env:
+  # Customize the CMake build type here (Release, Debug, RelWithDebInfo, etc.)
+  BUILD_TYPE: RelWithDebInfo
+
+jobs:
+  build-linux-s390x:
+    # The CMake configure and build commands are platform agnostic and should work equally well on Windows or Mac.
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest  
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+    - uses: uraimo/run-on-arch-action@v2
+      name: Run commands
+      id: runcmd
+      with:
+        arch: s390x
+        distro: ubuntu_latest
+        install: |
+          apt-get update -q -y
+          apt-get -y install cmake
+          apt-get -y install make
+          apt-get -y install g++
+          apt-get -y install git
+        run: |
+          lscpu | grep Endian
+          cmake  -B ${{github.workspace}}/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{env.BUILD_TYPE}} .
+          cmake --build ${{github.workspace}}/build --config ${{env.BUILD_TYPE}}
+          cd ${{github.workspace}}/build
+          ctest -C ${{env.BUILD_TYPE}} --output-on-failure
--- a/.github/workflows/cmake.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cmake.yml
@ -22,12 +22,20 @@ jobs:
      if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
      run: sudo apt-get install -y clang-tidy

-    - name: Configure CMake
+    - name: Configure CMake (Windows)
+      if: runner.os == 'Windows'
      # Configure CMake in a 'build' subdirectory.
      # `CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE` is only required if you are using a single-configuration generator such as make.
      # See https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/variable/CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE.html?highlight=cmake_build_type
      run: cmake -B ${{github.workspace}}/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{env.BUILD_TYPE}} .

+    - name: Configure CMake (Other OS)
+      if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+      # Configure CMake in a 'build' subdirectory.
+      # `CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE` is only required if you are using a single-configuration generator such as make.
+      # See https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/variable/CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE.html?highlight=cmake_build_type
+      run: cmake -B ${{github.workspace}}/build -USE_ASAN=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{env.BUILD_TYPE}} .
+
    - name: Build
      # Build your program with the given configuration
      run: cmake --build ${{github.workspace}}/build --config ${{env.BUILD_TYPE}}
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.25)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
 project(base64)

 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)

+if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
+  set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE RelWithDebInfo)
+endif()
+
 # Warnings compiler flags
 if(MSVC)
  add_compile_options(/W4)
@ -24,6 +28,19 @@ else()
  message(STATUS "Found clang-tidy: ${CLANG_TIDY_EXE}.")
 endif()

+# Simplify the use of ASan
+option(USE_ASAN "Activate ASan compiler/linker options" OFF)
+if(USE_ASAN)
+  if(MSVC)
+    add_compile_options(/fsanitize=address)
+    add_link_options(/fsanitize=address)
+    set(CMAKE_MSVC_DEBUG_INFORMATION_FORMAT "$<IF:$<AND:$<C_COMPILER_ID:MSVC>,$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:MSVC>>,$<$<CONFIG:Debug,RelWithDebInfo>:EditAndContinue>,$<$<CONFIG:Debug,RelWithDebInfo>:ProgramDatabase>>")
+  else()
+    add_compile_options(-fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer)
+    add_link_options(-fsanitize=address)
+  endif()
+endif()
+
 add_executable(roundtrip_test test/roundtrip_test.cpp)
 target_include_directories(roundtrip_test PRIVATE include)

@ -32,10 +49,14 @@ add_test(NAME roundtrip_test COMMAND roundtrip_test)

 # Add some more tests
 include(FetchContent)
+if(${CMAKE_CXX_BYTE_ORDER} MATCHES BIG_ENDIAN)
+  set(FETCHCONTENT_QUIET FALSE)
+endif()
 FetchContent_Declare(
  googletest
  GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/google/googletest.git
  GIT_TAG        750d67d809700ae8fca6d610f7b41b71aa161808
+  GIT_PROGRESS   TRUE
  SYSTEM
 )
 # For Windows: Prevent overriding the parent project's compiler/linker settings
--- a/CPPLINT.cfg
+++ b/CPPLINT.cfg
@ -1 +1,2 @@
-filter=-legal/copyright
+filter=-legal/copyright
+filter=-readability/todo
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # base64
 A simple approach to convert strings from and to base64.
-Header only library.
+Header only c++ library (single header).

 ## Usage

@ -10,20 +10,27 @@ Header only library.
 #include "base64.hpp"

 int main() {
-  auto base64= to_base64("Hello, World!");
-  std::cout << base64 << std::endl; // SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ==
-  auto s = from_base64("SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ==");
-  std::cout << s << std::endl; // Hello, World!
+  auto encoded_str =  base64::to_base64("Hello, World!");
+  std::cout << encoded_str << std::endl; // SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ==
+  auto decoded_str = base64::from_base64("SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ==");
+  std::cout << decoded_str << std::endl; // Hello, World!
 }
 ```

 ## Notes
-This library relies on C++17.
+This library relies on C++17 but will exploit some C++20 features if available (e.g. `bit_cast`).

-A benchmark of various c/c++ base64 implementations can be found at https://github.com/gaspardpetit/base64/
+There are many implementations available and it may be worth looking at those. A benchmark of various c/c++ base64 implementations can be found at https://github.com/gaspardpetit/base64/

-There are many implementations available and it may be worth looking at those. For example, a different, unrelated, C++20 library for base64 encoding/decoding can be found at https://github.com/matheusgomes28/base64pp
+This implementation here adopts the approach of Nick Galbreath's `modp_b64` library also used by chromium (e.g.  https://github.com/chromium/chromium/tree/main/third_party/modp_b64 ) but offers it as a c++ single header file. This choice was based on the good computational performance of the underpinning algorithm. We also decided to avoid relying on a c++ `union` to perform type punning as this, while working in practice, is strictly speaking undefined behaviour in c++: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_punning#Use_of_union

-There is also an implementation that works with older C++ versions available at https://github.com/ReneNyffenegger/cpp-base64
+Faster c/c++ implementations exist althrough these likely exploit simd / openmp or similar acceleration techniques:
+- https://github.com/aklomp/base64
+- https://github.com/lemire/fastbase64 (From a [blog post](https://lemire.me/blog/2018/01/17/ridiculously-fast-base64-encoding-and-decoding/) by the authors: "My understanding is that our good results have been integrated in [Klomp’s base64 library](https://github.com/aklomp/base64).")
+- Other implementations related to the one by lemire: https://github.com/WojciechMula/base64-avx512 and https://github.com/WojciechMula/base64simd
+- https://github.com/powturbo/Turbo-Base64 (Note that this is licensed under GPL 3.0)

-There are also some more generic libraries available such as https://github.com/azawadzki/base-n
+Many other C++ centric appraches exists although they seem to focus on readibility or genericity at the cost of performance, e.g.:
+-  https://github.com/matheusgomes28/base64pp (C++20 library from which we borrowed the unit test code)
+-  https://github.com/ReneNyffenegger/cpp-base64 (Implementation that works with older C++ versions)
+-  https://github.com/azawadzki/base-n (more generic baseN such as N=16 and N=32)
--- a/include/base64.hpp
+++ b/include/base64.hpp
@ -1,110 +1,692 @@
 #ifndef BASE64_HPP_
 #define BASE64_HPP_

-#include <cstdint>
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>

+#if defined(__cpp_lib_bit_cast)
+#include <bit>  // For std::bit_cast.
+#endif
+
 namespace base64 {

-inline constexpr std::string_view base64_chars{
-    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
-    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-    "0123456789+/"};
+namespace detail {
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_bit_cast)
+using std::bit_cast;
+#else
+template <class To, class From>
+std::enable_if_t<sizeof(To) == sizeof(From) &&
+                     std::is_trivially_copyable_v<From> &&
+                     std::is_trivially_copyable_v<To>,
+                 To>
+bit_cast(const From& src) noexcept {
+  static_assert(std::is_trivially_constructible_v<To>,
+                "This implementation additionally requires "
+                "destination type to be trivially constructible");
+
+  To dst;
+  std::memcpy(&dst, &src, sizeof(To));
+  return dst;
+}
+#endif
+
+inline constexpr char padding_char{'='};
+inline constexpr uint32_t bad_char{0x01FFFFFF};
+
+#if !defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__) && !defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+#if (defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__) ||  \
+    (defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN) ||              \
+    (defined(_BYTE_ORDER) && _BYTE_ORDER == _BIG_ENDIAN) ||                 \
+    (defined(BYTE_ORDER) && BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN) ||                    \
+    (defined(__sun) && defined(__SVR4) && defined(_BIG_ENDIAN)) ||          \
+    defined(__ARMEB__) || defined(__THUMBEB__) || defined(__AARCH64EB__) || \
+    defined(_MIBSEB) || defined(__MIBSEB) || defined(__MIBSEB__) ||         \
+    defined(_M_PPC)
+#define __BIG_ENDIAN__
+#elif (defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) &&                                              \
+       __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__) || /* gcc */                 \
+    (defined(__BYTE_ORDER) &&                                                  \
+     __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN) /* linux header */                       \
+    || (defined(_BYTE_ORDER) && _BYTE_ORDER == _LITTLE_ENDIAN) ||              \
+    (defined(BYTE_ORDER) && BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN) /* mingw header */ || \
+    (defined(__sun) && defined(__SVR4) &&                                      \
+     defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN)) || /* solaris */                                 \
+    defined(__ARMEL__) ||                                                      \
+    defined(__THUMBEL__) || defined(__AARCH64EL__) || defined(_MIPSEL) ||      \
+    defined(__MIPSEL) || defined(__MIPSEL__) || defined(_M_IX86) ||            \
+    defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_IA64) || /* msvc for intel processors */     \
+    defined(_M_ARM) /* msvc code on arm executes in little endian mode */
+#define __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__) & !defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+#error "UNKNOWN Platform / endianness. Configure endianness explicitly."
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
+std::array<std::uint32_t, 256> constexpr decode_table_0 = {
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x000000f8, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x000000fc,
+    0x000000d0, 0x000000d4, 0x000000d8, 0x000000dc, 0x000000e0, 0x000000e4,
+    0x000000e8, 0x000000ec, 0x000000f0, 0x000000f4, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00000000,
+    0x00000004, 0x00000008, 0x0000000c, 0x00000010, 0x00000014, 0x00000018,
+    0x0000001c, 0x00000020, 0x00000024, 0x00000028, 0x0000002c, 0x00000030,
+    0x00000034, 0x00000038, 0x0000003c, 0x00000040, 0x00000044, 0x00000048,
+    0x0000004c, 0x00000050, 0x00000054, 0x00000058, 0x0000005c, 0x00000060,
+    0x00000064, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x00000068, 0x0000006c, 0x00000070, 0x00000074, 0x00000078,
+    0x0000007c, 0x00000080, 0x00000084, 0x00000088, 0x0000008c, 0x00000090,
+    0x00000094, 0x00000098, 0x0000009c, 0x000000a0, 0x000000a4, 0x000000a8,
+    0x000000ac, 0x000000b0, 0x000000b4, 0x000000b8, 0x000000bc, 0x000000c0,
+    0x000000c4, 0x000000c8, 0x000000cc, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff};
+
+std::array<std::uint32_t, 256> constexpr decode_table_1 = {
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x0000e003, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x0000f003,
+    0x00004003, 0x00005003, 0x00006003, 0x00007003, 0x00008003, 0x00009003,
+    0x0000a003, 0x0000b003, 0x0000c003, 0x0000d003, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00000000,
+    0x00001000, 0x00002000, 0x00003000, 0x00004000, 0x00005000, 0x00006000,
+    0x00007000, 0x00008000, 0x00009000, 0x0000a000, 0x0000b000, 0x0000c000,
+    0x0000d000, 0x0000e000, 0x0000f000, 0x00000001, 0x00001001, 0x00002001,
+    0x00003001, 0x00004001, 0x00005001, 0x00006001, 0x00007001, 0x00008001,
+    0x00009001, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x0000a001, 0x0000b001, 0x0000c001, 0x0000d001, 0x0000e001,
+    0x0000f001, 0x00000002, 0x00001002, 0x00002002, 0x00003002, 0x00004002,
+    0x00005002, 0x00006002, 0x00007002, 0x00008002, 0x00009002, 0x0000a002,
+    0x0000b002, 0x0000c002, 0x0000d002, 0x0000e002, 0x0000f002, 0x00000003,
+    0x00001003, 0x00002003, 0x00003003, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff};
+
+std::array<std::uint32_t, 256> constexpr decode_table_2 = {
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x00800f00, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00c00f00,
+    0x00000d00, 0x00400d00, 0x00800d00, 0x00c00d00, 0x00000e00, 0x00400e00,
+    0x00800e00, 0x00c00e00, 0x00000f00, 0x00400f00, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00000000,
+    0x00400000, 0x00800000, 0x00c00000, 0x00000100, 0x00400100, 0x00800100,
+    0x00c00100, 0x00000200, 0x00400200, 0x00800200, 0x00c00200, 0x00000300,
+    0x00400300, 0x00800300, 0x00c00300, 0x00000400, 0x00400400, 0x00800400,
+    0x00c00400, 0x00000500, 0x00400500, 0x00800500, 0x00c00500, 0x00000600,
+    0x00400600, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x00800600, 0x00c00600, 0x00000700, 0x00400700, 0x00800700,
+    0x00c00700, 0x00000800, 0x00400800, 0x00800800, 0x00c00800, 0x00000900,
+    0x00400900, 0x00800900, 0x00c00900, 0x00000a00, 0x00400a00, 0x00800a00,
+    0x00c00a00, 0x00000b00, 0x00400b00, 0x00800b00, 0x00c00b00, 0x00000c00,
+    0x00400c00, 0x00800c00, 0x00c00c00, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff};
+
+std::array<std::uint32_t, 256> constexpr decode_table_3 = {
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x003e0000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x003f0000,
+    0x00340000, 0x00350000, 0x00360000, 0x00370000, 0x00380000, 0x00390000,
+    0x003a0000, 0x003b0000, 0x003c0000, 0x003d0000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00000000,
+    0x00010000, 0x00020000, 0x00030000, 0x00040000, 0x00050000, 0x00060000,
+    0x00070000, 0x00080000, 0x00090000, 0x000a0000, 0x000b0000, 0x000c0000,
+    0x000d0000, 0x000e0000, 0x000f0000, 0x00100000, 0x00110000, 0x00120000,
+    0x00130000, 0x00140000, 0x00150000, 0x00160000, 0x00170000, 0x00180000,
+    0x00190000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x001a0000, 0x001b0000, 0x001c0000, 0x001d0000, 0x001e0000,
+    0x001f0000, 0x00200000, 0x00210000, 0x00220000, 0x00230000, 0x00240000,
+    0x00250000, 0x00260000, 0x00270000, 0x00280000, 0x00290000, 0x002a0000,
+    0x002b0000, 0x002c0000, 0x002d0000, 0x002e0000, 0x002f0000, 0x00300000,
+    0x00310000, 0x00320000, 0x00330000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff};
+
+// TODO fix decoding tables to avoid the need for different indices in big
+// endian?
+inline constexpr size_t decidx0{0};
+inline constexpr size_t decidx1{1};
+inline constexpr size_t decidx2{2};
+
+#elif defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+
+std::array<std::uint32_t, 256> constexpr decode_table_0 = {
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x00f80000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00fc0000,
+    0x00d00000, 0x00d40000, 0x00d80000, 0x00dc0000, 0x00e00000, 0x00e40000,
+    0x00e80000, 0x00ec0000, 0x00f00000, 0x00f40000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00000000,
+    0x00040000, 0x00080000, 0x000c0000, 0x00100000, 0x00140000, 0x00180000,
+    0x001c0000, 0x00200000, 0x00240000, 0x00280000, 0x002c0000, 0x00300000,
+    0x00340000, 0x00380000, 0x003c0000, 0x00400000, 0x00440000, 0x00480000,
+    0x004c0000, 0x00500000, 0x00540000, 0x00580000, 0x005c0000, 0x00600000,
+    0x00640000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x00680000, 0x006c0000, 0x00700000, 0x00740000, 0x00780000,
+    0x007c0000, 0x00800000, 0x00840000, 0x00880000, 0x008c0000, 0x00900000,
+    0x00940000, 0x00980000, 0x009c0000, 0x00a00000, 0x00a40000, 0x00a80000,
+    0x00ac0000, 0x00b00000, 0x00b40000, 0x00b80000, 0x00bc0000, 0x00c00000,
+    0x00c40000, 0x00c80000, 0x00cc0000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff};
+
+std::array<std::uint32_t, 256> constexpr decode_table_1 = {
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x0003e000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x0003f000,
+    0x00034000, 0x00035000, 0x00036000, 0x00037000, 0x00038000, 0x00039000,
+    0x0003a000, 0x0003b000, 0x0003c000, 0x0003d000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00000000,
+    0x00001000, 0x00002000, 0x00003000, 0x00004000, 0x00005000, 0x00006000,
+    0x00007000, 0x00008000, 0x00009000, 0x0000a000, 0x0000b000, 0x0000c000,
+    0x0000d000, 0x0000e000, 0x0000f000, 0x00010000, 0x00011000, 0x00012000,
+    0x00013000, 0x00014000, 0x00015000, 0x00016000, 0x00017000, 0x00018000,
+    0x00019000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x0001a000, 0x0001b000, 0x0001c000, 0x0001d000, 0x0001e000,
+    0x0001f000, 0x00020000, 0x00021000, 0x00022000, 0x00023000, 0x00024000,
+    0x00025000, 0x00026000, 0x00027000, 0x00028000, 0x00029000, 0x0002a000,
+    0x0002b000, 0x0002c000, 0x0002d000, 0x0002e000, 0x0002f000, 0x00030000,
+    0x00031000, 0x00032000, 0x00033000, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff};
+
+std::array<std::uint32_t, 256> constexpr decode_table_2 = {
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x00000f80, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00000fc0,
+    0x00000d00, 0x00000d40, 0x00000d80, 0x00000dc0, 0x00000e00, 0x00000e40,
+    0x00000e80, 0x00000ec0, 0x00000f00, 0x00000f40, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00000000,
+    0x00000040, 0x00000080, 0x000000c0, 0x00000100, 0x00000140, 0x00000180,
+    0x000001c0, 0x00000200, 0x00000240, 0x00000280, 0x000002c0, 0x00000300,
+    0x00000340, 0x00000380, 0x000003c0, 0x00000400, 0x00000440, 0x00000480,
+    0x000004c0, 0x00000500, 0x00000540, 0x00000580, 0x000005c0, 0x00000600,
+    0x00000640, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x00000680, 0x000006c0, 0x00000700, 0x00000740, 0x00000780,
+    0x000007c0, 0x00000800, 0x00000840, 0x00000880, 0x000008c0, 0x00000900,
+    0x00000940, 0x00000980, 0x000009c0, 0x00000a00, 0x00000a40, 0x00000a80,
+    0x00000ac0, 0x00000b00, 0x00000b40, 0x00000b80, 0x00000bc0, 0x00000c00,
+    0x00000c40, 0x00000c80, 0x00000cc0, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff};
+
+std::array<std::uint32_t, 256> constexpr decode_table_3 = {
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x0000003e, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x0000003f,
+    0x00000034, 0x00000035, 0x00000036, 0x00000037, 0x00000038, 0x00000039,
+    0x0000003a, 0x0000003b, 0x0000003c, 0x0000003d, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x00000000,
+    0x00000001, 0x00000002, 0x00000003, 0x00000004, 0x00000005, 0x00000006,
+    0x00000007, 0x00000008, 0x00000009, 0x0000000a, 0x0000000b, 0x0000000c,
+    0x0000000d, 0x0000000e, 0x0000000f, 0x00000010, 0x00000011, 0x00000012,
+    0x00000013, 0x00000014, 0x00000015, 0x00000016, 0x00000017, 0x00000018,
+    0x00000019, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x0000001a, 0x0000001b, 0x0000001c, 0x0000001d, 0x0000001e,
+    0x0000001f, 0x00000020, 0x00000021, 0x00000022, 0x00000023, 0x00000024,
+    0x00000025, 0x00000026, 0x00000027, 0x00000028, 0x00000029, 0x0000002a,
+    0x0000002b, 0x0000002c, 0x0000002d, 0x0000002e, 0x0000002f, 0x00000030,
+    0x00000031, 0x00000032, 0x00000033, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff,
+    0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x01ffffff};
+
+// TODO fix decoding tables to avoid the need for different indices in big
+// endian?
+inline constexpr size_t decidx0{1};
+inline constexpr size_t decidx1{2};
+inline constexpr size_t decidx2{3};
+
+#endif
+
+std::array<char, 256> constexpr encode_table_0 = {
+    'A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'D', 'D',
+    'D', 'E', 'E', 'E', 'E', 'F', 'F', 'F', 'F', 'G', 'G', 'G', 'G', 'H', 'H',
+    'H', 'H', 'I', 'I', 'I', 'I', 'J', 'J', 'J', 'J', 'K', 'K', 'K', 'K', 'L',
+    'L', 'L', 'L', 'M', 'M', 'M', 'M', 'N', 'N', 'N', 'N', 'O', 'O', 'O', 'O',
+    'P', 'P', 'P', 'P', 'Q', 'Q', 'Q', 'Q', 'R', 'R', 'R', 'R', 'S', 'S', 'S',
+    'S', 'T', 'T', 'T', 'T', 'U', 'U', 'U', 'U', 'V', 'V', 'V', 'V', 'W', 'W',
+    'W', 'W', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'Y', 'Y', 'Y', 'Y', 'Z', 'Z', 'Z', 'Z', 'a',
+    'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'd', 'd', 'd', 'd',
+    'e', 'e', 'e', 'e', 'f', 'f', 'f', 'f', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'h', 'h', 'h',
+    'h', 'i', 'i', 'i', 'i', 'j', 'j', 'j', 'j', 'k', 'k', 'k', 'k', 'l', 'l',
+    'l', 'l', 'm', 'm', 'm', 'm', 'n', 'n', 'n', 'n', 'o', 'o', 'o', 'o', 'p',
+    'p', 'p', 'p', 'q', 'q', 'q', 'q', 'r', 'r', 'r', 'r', 's', 's', 's', 's',
+    't', 't', 't', 't', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'v', 'v', 'v', 'v', 'w', 'w', 'w',
+    'w', 'x', 'x', 'x', 'x', 'y', 'y', 'y', 'y', 'z', 'z', 'z', 'z', '0', '0',
+    '0', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1', '2', '2', '2', '2', '3', '3', '3', '3', '4',
+    '4', '4', '4', '5', '5', '5', '5', '6', '6', '6', '6', '7', '7', '7', '7',
+    '8', '8', '8', '8', '9', '9', '9', '9', '+', '+', '+', '+', '/', '/', '/',
+    '/'};
+
+std::array<char, 256> constexpr encode_table_1 = {
+    'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O',
+    'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd',
+    'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's',
+    't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
+    '8', '9', '+', '/', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K',
+    'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',
+    'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o',
+    'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3',
+    '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G',
+    'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V',
+    'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k',
+    'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',
+    '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/', 'A', 'B', 'C',
+    'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R',
+    'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g',
+    'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
+    'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+',
+    '/'};
+
+}  // namespace detail

 template <class OutputBuffer, class InputIterator>
 inline OutputBuffer encode_into(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end) {
-  static_assert(std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<decltype(*begin)>, char> ||
-                std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<decltype(*begin)>, unsigned char> ||
-                std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<decltype(*begin)>, std::byte>);
+  typedef std::decay_t<decltype(*begin)> input_value_type;
+  static_assert(std::is_same_v<input_value_type, char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<input_value_type, signed char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<input_value_type, unsigned char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<input_value_type, std::byte>);
+  typedef typename OutputBuffer::value_type output_value_type;
+  static_assert(std::is_same_v<output_value_type, char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<output_value_type, signed char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<output_value_type, unsigned char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<output_value_type, std::byte>);
+  const size_t binarytextsize = end - begin;
+  const size_t encodedsize = (binarytextsize / 3 + (binarytextsize % 3 > 0))
+                             << 2;
+  OutputBuffer encoded(encodedsize, detail::padding_char);

-  size_t counter = 0;
-  uint32_t bit_stream = 0;
-  size_t offset = 0;
-  OutputBuffer encoded;
-  encoded.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(
-      1.5 * static_cast<double>(std::distance(begin, end))));
-  while (begin != end) {
-    auto const num_val = static_cast<unsigned char>(*begin);
-    offset = 16 - counter % 3 * 8;
-    bit_stream += static_cast<uint32_t>(num_val << offset);
-    if (offset == 16) {
-      encoded.push_back(base64_chars[bit_stream >> 18 & 0x3f]);
-    }
-    if (offset == 8) {
-      encoded.push_back(base64_chars[bit_stream >> 12 & 0x3f]);
-    }
-    if (offset == 0 && counter != 3) {
-      encoded.push_back(base64_chars[bit_stream >> 6 & 0x3f]);
-      encoded.push_back(base64_chars[bit_stream & 0x3f]);
-      bit_stream = 0;
-    }
-    ++counter;
-    ++begin;
+  const uint8_t* bytes = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&*begin);
+  char* currEncoding = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&encoded[0]);
+
+  for (size_t i = binarytextsize / 3; i; --i) {
+    const uint8_t t1 = *bytes++;
+    const uint8_t t2 = *bytes++;
+    const uint8_t t3 = *bytes++;
+    *currEncoding++ = detail::encode_table_0[t1];
+    *currEncoding++ =
+        detail::encode_table_1[((t1 & 0x03) << 4) | ((t2 >> 4) & 0x0F)];
+    *currEncoding++ =
+        detail::encode_table_1[((t2 & 0x0F) << 2) | ((t3 >> 6) & 0x03)];
+    *currEncoding++ = detail::encode_table_1[t3];
  }
-  if (offset == 16) {
-    encoded.push_back(base64_chars[bit_stream >> 12 & 0x3f]);
-    encoded.push_back('=');
-    encoded.push_back('=');
-  }
-  if (offset == 8) {
-    encoded.push_back(base64_chars[bit_stream >> 6 & 0x3f]);
-    encoded.push_back('=');
+
+  switch (binarytextsize % 3) {
+    case 0: {
+      break;
+    }
+    case 1: {
+      const uint8_t t1 = bytes[0];
+      *currEncoding++ = detail::encode_table_0[t1];
+      *currEncoding++ = detail::encode_table_1[(t1 & 0x03) << 4];
+      // *currEncoding++ = detail::padding_char;
+      // *currEncoding++ = detail::padding_char;
+      break;
+    }
+    case 2: {
+      const uint8_t t1 = bytes[0];
+      const uint8_t t2 = bytes[1];
+      *currEncoding++ = detail::encode_table_0[t1];
+      *currEncoding++ =
+          detail::encode_table_1[((t1 & 0x03) << 4) | ((t2 >> 4) & 0x0F)];
+      *currEncoding++ = detail::encode_table_1[(t2 & 0x0F) << 2];
+      // *currEncoding++ = detail::padding_char;
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      throw std::runtime_error{"Invalid base64 encoded data"};
+    }
  }
+
  return encoded;
 }

+template <class OutputBuffer>
+inline OutputBuffer encode_into(std::string_view data) {
+  return encode_into<OutputBuffer>(std::begin(data), std::end(data));
+}
+
 inline std::string to_base64(std::string_view data) {
  return encode_into<std::string>(std::begin(data), std::end(data));
 }

 template <class OutputBuffer>
-inline OutputBuffer decode_into(std::string_view data) {
-  using value_type = typename OutputBuffer::value_type;
-  static_assert(std::is_same_v<value_type, char> ||
-                std::is_same_v<value_type, unsigned char> ||
-                std::is_same_v<value_type, std::byte>);
+inline OutputBuffer decode_into(std::string_view base64Text) {
+  typedef typename OutputBuffer::value_type output_value_type;
+  static_assert(std::is_same_v<output_value_type, char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<output_value_type, signed char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<output_value_type, unsigned char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<output_value_type, std::byte>);
+  if (base64Text.empty()) {
+    return OutputBuffer();
+  }

-  size_t counter = 0;
-  uint32_t bit_stream = 0;
-  OutputBuffer decoded;
-  const size_t encoded_size = std::size(data);
-  if ((encoded_size % 4) != 0) {
+  if ((base64Text.size() & 3) != 0) {
    throw std::runtime_error{
        "Invalid base64 encoded data - Size not divisible by 4"};
  }
-  const size_t numlasteqs = std::count(data.rbegin(), data.rbegin() + 4, '=');
-  if (numlasteqs > 2) {
+
+  const size_t numPadding =
+      std::count(base64Text.rbegin(), base64Text.rbegin() + 4, '=');
+  if (numPadding > 2) {
    throw std::runtime_error{
        "Invalid base64 encoded data - Found more than 2 padding signs"};
  }
-  decoded.reserve(encoded_size);
-  for (std::string_view::value_type c : data) {
-    auto const num_val = base64_chars.find(c);
-    if (num_val != std::string::npos) {
-      auto const offset = 18 - counter % 4 * 6;
-      bit_stream += static_cast<uint32_t>(num_val) << offset;
-      if (offset == 12) {
-        decoded.push_back(static_cast<value_type>(bit_stream >> 16 & 0xff));
-      }
-      if (offset == 6) {
-        decoded.push_back(static_cast<value_type>(bit_stream >> 8 & 0xff));
-      }
-      if (offset == 0 && counter != 4) {
-        decoded.push_back(static_cast<value_type>(bit_stream & 0xff));
-        bit_stream = 0;
-      }
-    } else if (c != '=') {
+
+  const size_t decodedsize = (base64Text.size() * 3 >> 2) - numPadding;
+  OutputBuffer decoded(decodedsize, '.');
+
+  const uint8_t* bytes = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&base64Text[0]);
+  char* currDecoding = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&decoded[0]);
+
+  for (size_t i = (base64Text.size() >> 2) - (numPadding != 0); i; --i) {
+    const uint8_t t1 = *bytes++;
+    const uint8_t t2 = *bytes++;
+    const uint8_t t3 = *bytes++;
+    const uint8_t t4 = *bytes++;
+
+    const uint32_t d1 = detail::decode_table_0[t1];
+    const uint32_t d2 = detail::decode_table_1[t2];
+    const uint32_t d3 = detail::decode_table_2[t3];
+    const uint32_t d4 = detail::decode_table_3[t4];
+
+    const uint32_t temp = d1 | d2 | d3 | d4;
+
+    if (temp >= detail::bad_char) {
      throw std::runtime_error{
-          "Invalid base64 encoded data - Found invalid character"};
+          "Invalid base64 encoded data - Invalid character"};
    }
-    counter++;
+
+    // Use bit_cast instead of union and type punning to avoid
+    // undefined behaviour risk:
+    // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_punning#Use_of_union
+    const std::array<char, 4> tempBytes =
+        detail::bit_cast<std::array<char, 4>, uint32_t>(temp);
+
+    *currDecoding++ = tempBytes[detail::decidx0];
+    *currDecoding++ = tempBytes[detail::decidx1];
+    *currDecoding++ = tempBytes[detail::decidx2];
  }
+
+  switch (numPadding) {
+    case 0: {
+      break;
+    }
+    case 1: {
+      const uint8_t t1 = *bytes++;
+      const uint8_t t2 = *bytes++;
+      const uint8_t t3 = *bytes++;
+
+      const uint32_t d1 = detail::decode_table_0[t1];
+      const uint32_t d2 = detail::decode_table_1[t2];
+      const uint32_t d3 = detail::decode_table_2[t3];
+
+      const uint32_t temp = d1 | d2 | d3;
+
+      if (temp >= detail::bad_char) {
+        throw std::runtime_error{
+            "Invalid base64 encoded data - Invalid character"};
+      }
+
+      // Use bit_cast instead of union and type punning to avoid
+      // undefined behaviour risk:
+      // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_punning#Use_of_union
+      const std::array<char, 4> tempBytes =
+          detail::bit_cast<std::array<char, 4>, uint32_t>(temp);
+      *currDecoding++ = tempBytes[detail::decidx0];
+      *currDecoding++ = tempBytes[detail::decidx1];
+      break;
+    }
+    case 2: {
+      const uint8_t t1 = *bytes++;
+      const uint8_t t2 = *bytes++;
+
+      const uint32_t d1 = detail::decode_table_0[t1];
+      const uint32_t d2 = detail::decode_table_1[t2];
+
+      const uint32_t temp = d1 | d2;
+
+      if (temp >= detail::bad_char) {
+        throw std::runtime_error{
+            "Invalid base64 encoded data - Invalid character"};
+      }
+
+      const std::array<char, 4> tempBytes =
+          detail::bit_cast<std::array<char, 4>, uint32_t>(temp);
+      *currDecoding++ = tempBytes[detail::decidx0];
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      throw std::runtime_error{
+          "Invalid base64 encoded data - Invalid padding number"};
+    }
+  }
+
  return decoded;
 }

+template <class OutputBuffer, class InputIterator>
+inline OutputBuffer decode_into(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end) {
+  typedef std::decay_t<decltype(*begin)> input_value_type;
+  static_assert(std::is_same_v<input_value_type, char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<input_value_type, signed char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<input_value_type, unsigned char> ||
+                std::is_same_v<input_value_type, std::byte>);
+  std::string_view data(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&*begin), end - begin);
+  return decode_into<OutputBuffer>(data);
+}
+
 inline std::string from_base64(std::string_view data) {
  return decode_into<std::string>(data);
 }
--- a/scripts/run-s390x-emulation.sh
+++ b/scripts/run-s390x-emulation.sh
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+#
+#docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static:register --reset
+docker run -it multiarch/ubuntu-core:s390x-focal /bin/bash
+apt-get update -q -y && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends make cmake g++ git
+#software-properties-common
+cd home
+git clone https://github.com/tvercaut/base64.git
+cd base64
+git checkout modpb64xover
+cmake -B ./build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug .
+cmake --build ./build --config Debug
+cd build
+ctest -C Debug --output-on-failure
+
--- a/test/base64_tests.cpp
+++ b/test/base64_tests.cpp
@ -192,36 +192,36 @@ TEST(Base64Decode, DecodesEmptyString) {
 TEST(Base64Decode, DecodesZeroArray) {
  std::string const input{"AAAA"};
  std::vector<std::uint8_t> const expected{0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
-  auto const actual{base64::from_base64(input)};
+  auto const actual{base64::decode_into<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>(input)};

-  ASSERT_EQ(actual, std::string(expected.begin(), expected.end()));
+  ASSERT_EQ(actual, expected);
 }

 // NOLINTNEXTLINE
 TEST(Base64Decode, DecodesZeroArrayTwice) {
  std::string const input{"AAAAAAAA"};
  std::vector<std::uint8_t> const expected{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
-  auto const actual{base64::from_base64(input)};
+  auto const actual{base64::decode_into<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>(input)};

-  ASSERT_EQ(actual, std::string(expected.begin(), expected.end()));
+  ASSERT_EQ(actual, expected);
 }

 // NOLINTNEXTLINE
 TEST(Base64Decode, DecodesZeroArrayOneByte) {
  std::string const input{"AA=="};
  std::vector<std::uint8_t> const expected{0x00};
-  auto const actual{base64::from_base64(input)};
+  auto const actual{base64::decode_into<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>(input)};

-  ASSERT_EQ(actual, std::string(expected.begin(), expected.end()));
+  ASSERT_EQ(actual, expected);
 }

 // NOLINTNEXTLINE
 TEST(Base64Decode, DecodesZeroArrayTwoBytes) {
  std::string const input{"AAA="};
  std::vector<std::uint8_t> const expected{0x00, 0x00};
-  auto const actual{base64::from_base64(input)};
+  auto const actual{base64::decode_into<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>(input)};

-  ASSERT_EQ(actual, std::string(expected.begin(), expected.end()));
+  ASSERT_EQ(actual, expected);
 }

 // NOLINTNEXTLINE
@ -233,8 +233,8 @@ TEST(Base64Decode, DecodesQuickFox) {
      0x72, 0x6f, 0x77, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x78, 0x20, 0x6a, 0x75,
      0x6d, 0x70, 0x73, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68,
      0x65, 0x20, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x7a, 0x79, 0x20, 0x64, 0x6f, 0x67};
-  auto const actual{base64::from_base64(input)};
-  ASSERT_EQ(actual, std::string(expected.begin(), expected.end()));
+  auto const actual{base64::decode_into<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>(input)};
+  ASSERT_EQ(actual, expected);
 }

 // NOLINTNEXTLINE
@ -246,10 +246,9 @@ TEST(Base64RoundTripTests, AllPossibleBytes) {

  auto const encode_string = base64::encode_into<std::string>(
      begin(all_possible_bytes), end(all_possible_bytes));
-  auto const decoded_bytes = base64::from_base64(encode_string);
-  // ASSERT_TRUE(decoded_bytes);
-  ASSERT_EQ(std::string(all_possible_bytes.begin(), all_possible_bytes.end()),
-            decoded_bytes);
+  auto const decoded_bytes =
+      base64::decode_into<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>(encode_string);
+  ASSERT_EQ(all_possible_bytes, decoded_bytes);
 }

 // NOLINTNEXTLINE
@ -294,10 +293,8 @@ TEST(Base64RoundTripTests, ExhaustiveTests) {

  for (auto const& b64_string : base64_strings) {
    auto const decoded = base64::from_base64(b64_string);
-    // ASSERT_TRUE(decoded);

-    auto const encoded_round_trip =
-        base64::encode_into<std::string>(begin(decoded), end(decoded));
+    auto const encoded_round_trip = base64::to_base64(decoded);
    ASSERT_EQ(encoded_round_trip, b64_string);
  }
 }
@ -324,6 +321,126 @@ TEST(Base64OverloadTests, EncodesString1) {
  }
 }

+// NOLINTNEXTLINE
+TEST(Base64RoundTripTests, TypeMixTests) {
+  const std::string strinput{"Hello, World!"};
+  const std::string stroutput{"SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ=="};
+
+  typedef std::vector<std::uint8_t> u8vec_type;
+  const u8vec_type uvecinput(strinput.begin(), strinput.end());
+  const u8vec_type uvecoutput(stroutput.begin(), stroutput.end());
+
+  typedef std::vector<std::int8_t> s8vec_type;
+  const s8vec_type svecinput(strinput.begin(), strinput.end());
+  const s8vec_type svecoutput(stroutput.begin(), stroutput.end());
+
+  // str -> str
+  {
+    auto tmp1 =
+        base64::encode_into<std::string>(strinput.begin(), strinput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp1, stroutput);
+    auto tmp2 =
+        base64::decode_into<std::string>(stroutput.begin(), stroutput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp2, strinput);
+    auto tmp3 = base64::encode_into<std::string>(strinput);
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp3, stroutput);
+    auto tmp4 = base64::decode_into<std::string>(stroutput);
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp4, strinput);
+    auto tmp5 = base64::to_base64(strinput);
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp5, stroutput);
+    auto tmp6 = base64::from_base64(stroutput);
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp6, strinput);
+  }
+
+  // str -> u8
+  {
+    auto tmp1 =
+        base64::encode_into<u8vec_type>(strinput.begin(), strinput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp1, uvecoutput);
+    auto tmp2 =
+        base64::decode_into<u8vec_type>(stroutput.begin(), stroutput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp2, uvecinput);
+    auto tmp3 = base64::encode_into<u8vec_type>(strinput);
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp3, uvecoutput);
+    auto tmp4 = base64::decode_into<u8vec_type>(stroutput);
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp4, uvecinput);
+  }
+
+  // str -> s8
+  {
+    auto tmp1 =
+        base64::encode_into<s8vec_type>(strinput.begin(), strinput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp1, svecoutput);
+    auto tmp2 =
+        base64::decode_into<s8vec_type>(stroutput.begin(), stroutput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp2, svecinput);
+    auto tmp3 = base64::encode_into<s8vec_type>(strinput);
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp3, svecoutput);
+    auto tmp4 = base64::decode_into<s8vec_type>(stroutput);
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp4, svecinput);
+  }
+
+  // u8 -> str
+  {
+    auto tmp1 =
+        base64::encode_into<std::string>(uvecinput.begin(), uvecinput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp1, stroutput);
+    auto tmp2 =
+        base64::decode_into<std::string>(uvecoutput.begin(), uvecoutput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp2, strinput);
+  }
+
+  // u8 -> u8
+  {
+    auto tmp1 =
+        base64::encode_into<u8vec_type>(uvecinput.begin(), uvecinput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp1, uvecoutput);
+    auto tmp2 =
+        base64::decode_into<u8vec_type>(uvecoutput.begin(), uvecoutput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp2, uvecinput);
+  }
+
+  // u8 -> s8
+  {
+    auto tmp1 =
+        base64::encode_into<s8vec_type>(uvecinput.begin(), uvecinput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp1, svecoutput);
+    auto tmp2 =
+        base64::decode_into<s8vec_type>(uvecoutput.begin(), uvecoutput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp2, svecinput);
+  }
+
+  // s8 -> str
+  {
+    auto tmp1 =
+        base64::encode_into<std::string>(svecinput.begin(), svecinput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp1, stroutput);
+    auto tmp2 =
+        base64::decode_into<std::string>(svecoutput.begin(), svecoutput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp2, strinput);
+  }
+
+  // s8 -> u8
+  {
+    auto tmp1 =
+        base64::encode_into<u8vec_type>(svecinput.begin(), svecinput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp1, uvecoutput);
+    auto tmp2 =
+        base64::decode_into<u8vec_type>(svecoutput.begin(), svecoutput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp2, uvecinput);
+  }
+
+  // s8 -> s8
+  {
+    auto tmp1 =
+        base64::encode_into<s8vec_type>(svecinput.begin(), svecinput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp1, svecoutput);
+    auto tmp2 =
+        base64::decode_into<s8vec_type>(svecoutput.begin(), svecoutput.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(tmp2, svecinput);
+  }
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
  return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
--- a/test/roundtrip_test.cpp
+++ b/test/roundtrip_test.cpp
@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ int runtests() {
            << (std::is_signed<char>::value ? "signed" : "unsigned")
            << std::endl;

+  std::cout << "endianness is "
+#if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
+            << "little endian"
+#else
+            << "big endian"
+#endif
+            << std::endl;
+
  for (auto& length : lengths) {
    std::string original;
    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {